Small Arms Survey 2010-2011 in Bosnia and Herzegovina

8/13/2019 Small Arms Survey 2010-2011 in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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KHEQMEQ

KCB^QMY 2 LEQYHA]KQLHEKCB^QMY 9 M@MGMEQ[ HD B[[M[[GMEQ

KCB^QMY ; AM[KYL^QLHE BEA MTB@]BQLHE HD DBKL@LQLM[KCB^QMY 1 DLEBEKLB@KCB^QMY = KHEK@][LHE[ BEA YMKHGGMEABQLHE[KCB^QMY 4 BEEMSM[BQQBKCGMEQ[?QCM KHG^@MQMA R]M[QLHEEBLYM[^CHQHJYB^CLK []^^@MGMEQ

J@H[[BY\ HD QMYG[ BEA BIIYMTLBQLHE[

BAD Bggueltlhe alsphsb` dbkl`ltyB[Q^ B``lma Bggueltlhe [thrbjm bea Qrbesphrt ^ui`lkbtlheBAY Murhpmbe Bjrmmgmet Khekmrelej tcm Letmrebtlheb` Kbrrlbjm hd Abejmrhus Jhhas iy YhbaI&C Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb

MHA Mxp`hslvm Hraebekm Alsphsb`M@ Mxphsma @hkbtlheDD Dlrm Dljctlej

KHEQMEQ

KCB^QMY 2 LEQYHA]KQLHEKCB^QMY 9 M@MGMEQ[ HD B[[M[[GMEQ

KCB^QMY ; AM[KYL^QLHE BEA MTB@]BQLHE HD DBKL@LQLM[KCB^QMY 1 DLEBEKLB@KCB^QMY = KHEK@][LHE[ BEA YMKHGGMEABQLHE[KCB^QMY 4 BEEMSM[BQQBKCGMEQ[?QCM KHG^@MQMA R]M[QLHEEBLYM[^CHQHJYB^CLK []^^@MGMEQ

J@H[[BY\ HD QMYG[ BEA BIIYMTLBQLHE[

BAD Bggueltlhe alsphsb` dbkl`ltyB[Q^ B``lma Bggueltlhe [thrbjm bea Qrbesphrt ^ui`lkbtlheBAY Murhpmbe Bjrmmgmet Khekmrelej tcm Letmrebtlheb` Kbrrlbjm hd Abejmrhus Jhhas iy YhbaI&C Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb

MHA Mxp`hslvm Hraebekm Alsphsb`M@ Mxphsma @hkbtlheDD Dlrm Dljctlej

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Bkfehw`majgmets

Qcm butchrs whuà `lfm th bkfehw`majm tcm bsslstbekm prhvlama iy tcm lestltutlhes bea lealvlaub`s tcbt jrmbt`y khetrliutma, tcrhujctcmlr ledhrgbtlhe bea mxpmrtlsm, th tcls rmsmbrkc, lekùalej tcm Glelstry hd Amdmekm hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb, tcm glelstrlms hd tcmDmamrbtlhe hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb bea tcm kbetheb` glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs, tcm Glelstry hd Letmreb` Bddblrs hd Ympui`lfb[rpsfb, Irkfh Alstrlkt h`lkm bs wm`` bs b`` htcmr stbtm bea metlty lestltutlhes tcbt cbvm imme tcm hiomkt hd tcls stuay.

Zm whuà b`sh lfm th mxtmea hur jrbtltuam th b`` hd tchsm wch cbvm mltcmr alrmkt`y hr lealrmkt`y khetrliutma th tcls stuay, mltcmrtcrhujc letmrvlmws hr tcrhujc tcmlr pui`lkbtlhes tcbt cbvm imme usma bs rmdmrmekm ltmrbturm.

Durtcmrghrm, wm whuà `lfm th bkfehw`majm tcm tmkcelkb` bea ebeklb` bsslstbekm prhvlama iy tcm ]eltma Ebtlhes Amvm`hpgmet^rhjrbggm (]EA^) wclkc cbs mebi`ma tcm amvm`hpgmet hd tcls stuay.

Butchrs? Amels Cbazhvlk, Brgle Frzb`lk ^c.A, [beob Glcbo`hvlk

Ymsmbrkcms? Mglr Ilom`lk, Mgsba Alzabrmvlk bea @beb Qbeklkb

Mxpmrt khesu`tbets? Cuselob Cbsbeimjhvlk ^c.A bea Ausfh Tmoehvlk ^c.A[upmrvlshr? Obsgle ^hrhilk

Rub`lty khetrh`? Bgeb Imrilk

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Biirmvlbtlhes

BD Brgma DhrkmsBZJ B`brg Zmst Jrhup

IA IlC Irkfh Alstrlkt hd Ihselb bea CmrzmjhvlebILKK Ihee Letmrebtlheb` Kmetrm dhr KhevmrslheIlC Ihselb bea CmrzmjhvlebKIK [B@Z Khhralebtlhe Ihbra dhr tcm Khetrh` hd [B@ZKOI Kmetbr obvem imziomaehstlK[[ Kmetrm dhr [mkurlty [tualmsM] Murhpmbe ]elheM]^G Murhpmbe ]elhe ^h`lkm Glsslhe le Ihselb bea CmrzmjhvlebM][Y Murhpmbe ]elhe [pmklb` Ymprmsmetbtlvm le Ihselb bea CmrzmjhvlebDIlC Dmamrbtlhe hd Ihselb bea CmrzmjhvlebDG]^ Glelstry hd Letmreb` Bddblrs hd tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlCD^A Dmamrb` ^h`lkm AmpbrtgmetI^ Ihramr ^h`lkmJA^ Jrhss Ahgmstlk ^rhauktLBE[B Letmrebtlheb` Bktlhe Emtwhrf he [gb`` BrgsGhA Glelstry hd AmdmekmGh[ Glelstry hd [mkurltyGLB Y[ Glelstry hd Letmreb` Bddblrs hd Ympui`lfb [rpsfbGLB Glelstry hd Letmreb` BddblrsGhDQMY Glelstry hd Dhrmlje Qrbam bea Mkhehglk Ym`btlhesEBQH Ehrtc Bt`betlk Qrmbty HrjbelsbtlheHCY Hdkm hd tcm Cljc YmprmsmetbtlvmH[B Letm``ljmekm-[mkurlty Bjmeky hd IlC

H[KM Hrjbelsbtlhe dhr [mkurlty bea Kh-hpmrbtlhe le Murhpm^d^ ^brtemrsclp dhr ^mbkm^[K ^rlvbtm [mkurlty Khgpbey^Q[A ^hst-wbr Qrbugbtlk [trmss AlshramrY[ Ympui`lfb [rpsfb[BK IlC [gb`` Brgs Khetrh` bea Ymauktlhe ^rhomkt le IlC][B ]eltma [tbtms hd Bgmrlkb[B@Z [gb`` Brgs bea @ljct Zmbphes[B@Z[ [gb`` Brgs bea @ljct Zmbphes [urvmy[MM[BK [hutc Mbstmre bea Mbstmre Murhpm K`mbrlejchusm dhr tcm Khetrh` hd [gb``

Brgs bea @ljct Zmbphes[L^B [tbtm Levmstljbtlhe bea ^rhtmktlhe Bjmeky

LQB Lealrmkt Qbxbtlhe Butchrlty]E ]eltma Ebtlhes]EA^ ]eltma Ebtlhes Amvm`hpgmet ^rhjrbggm]ELKMD ]eltma Ebtlhes Letmrebtlheb` Kcl`armes Mgmrjmeky Duea]SH ]emxp`hama Hralebekm

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[uggbryLetrhauktlhe

Gmtchah`hjy

2. [B@Z BEA BGG]ELQLHE AL[QYLI]QLHE []YTM\2.2 Hvmrb`` Alstrliutlhe hd [[email protected] Alstrliutlhe hd @mjb` Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe2.9.2 Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC2.9.9 Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le Y[2.9.; Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd @mjb``y Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le Irkfh Alstrlkt2.; Alstrliutlhe hd l``mjb` klvl`lbe phssmsslhe2.1 Brgma Dhrkms hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb2.= Ihramr ^h`lkm hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb2.4 [tbtm Levmstljbtlhe bea rhtmktlhe Bjmeky ([L^B)2.: Alstrliutlhe hd wmbphes? ^h`lkm Dhrkms hd IlC2.:.2 ^h`lkm le tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC2.:.9 ^h`lkm le Y[2.:.; ^h`lkm le Irkfh Alstrlkt

2.3 ^rlvbtm [mkurlty Khgpbelms bea htcmr @mjb` Metltlms9. [B@Z LG^BKQ []YTM\9.2 [B@Z bea Krlgm9.9 [B@Z bea vlh`mekm9.; [B@Z bea Jmeamr9.1 [B@Z, Kcl`arme bea \hutc9.= ^h`ltlkb` bea Mkhehglk Lgpbkt;. [B@Z ^MYKM^QLHE []YTM\;.2 ^mrkmptlhes hd Jmemrb` [mkurlty;.9 ^mrkmptlhes hd Cugbe [mkurlty;.; ^mrkmptlhes hd tcm Qrbaltlhe hd Jue Hwemrsclp bea ]sbjm;.1 ^mrkmptlhes he @mjb` bea L``mjb` ^hssmsslhe;.= Ymkhggmeabtlhes he Khetrh` Gmbsurms bea Duturm rhjrbggms dhr [B@Z Ymauktlhe1. [B@Z KB^BKLQ\ []YTM\1.2 @mjls`btlhe bea tcm Ymju`bthry Drbgmwhrf1.2.2 @lkmeslej Mxphrt bea Lgphrt1.2.9 @mjls`btlhe he tcm Khetrh` bea Ghvmgmet hd [[email protected].; @lkmeslej hd Klvl`lbe Zmbphes1.2.1 @lkmeslej hd ^rlvbtm [mkurlty Khgpbelms (^[K)1.2.= Dhrmlje Qrbam Alstrliutlhe bea tcm ^rhauktlhe hd Zmbphes le IlC1.9 Hrjbelsbtlheb` Kbpbklty1.9.2 Khhralebtlhe Ihbra hd IlC he [[email protected] ^h`lkm Bjmeklms1.9.; Ihramr ^h`lkm bea tcm Lealrmkt Qbxbtlhe Butchrlty hd IlC1.9.1 Qcm [tbtm Levmstljbtlhe bea ^rhtmktlhe Bjmeky ([L^B)1.9.= Brgma Dhrkms hd IlC1.9.4 ^br`lbgmetbry Hvmrsljct1.9.: Letmrebtlheb` Mejbjmgmet bea Kbpbkltlms1.9.:.2 ]EA^1.9.:.9 H[KM1.9.:.; M]DHY1.9.:.1 ][B Mgibssy le IlC1.; Kbpbklty dhr tcm Amstruktlhe hd [B@Z bea Bggueltlhe1.1 Bktlhe ^rhjrbggms1.= Klvl` [hklmty bea EJH KbpbkltlmsBEEMS 2? [urvmy [bgp`mBEEMS 9? Dhkus Jrhup [bgp`mBEEMS ;? Bttltuams [kb`m

ILI@LHJYB^C\

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[uggbry

[B@Z Alstrliutlhe

5 Lt ls mstlgbtma tcbt b`thjmtcmr tcmrm brm 2,991,219 lealvlaub` wmbphes le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb? 2,>>9 plmkms brm k`bsslma bs tcm prhpmrty hd prlvbtm smkurlty bjmeklms (>.>3%).

5 [urvmy rmsu`ts lealkbtm tcbt ;1%, hr mvmry tclra kltlzme, le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb hwes b rmbrg sthrma le tcmlr chusmchà.Qcm ghst khgghe typm hd rmbrg dhuea le chusmchàs, bkkhralej th rmspheamets vlmws, brm plsth`s (49.4%) hr cuetlej rlms (9;.2%).Bpprhxlgbtm`y :.4% hd rmspheamets im`lmvm tcbt kltlzmes hwe mxp`hslvm amvlkms, wcl`m 4.;% im`lmvm tcbt shgm hwe buthgbtlk wmbp-hes.

5 Qcm mstlgbtms he klvl`lbe phssmsslhe, 2,> (9%) le Irkfh Alstrlkt.

5 Qcm ghrm sljelkbet bghuet hd :1.>3%). Qcmsmwmbphes, tcm prhpmrty hd smkurlty lestltutlhes, wl`` im suiomkt th kheslamrbi`m rmauktlhe hvmr tcm dhrtckhglej pmrlha bs b rmsu`t hd tcmlgp`mgmetbtlhe hd bahptma ph`lklms dhr tcm m`lglebtlhe hd surpùsms wmbphes bea bggueltlhe.

Qcm mstlgbtma surpùs wltcle tcm brgma dhrkms cbs imme bssmssma bt thes hd bggueltlhe.

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[B@Z Lgpbkt

5 [tbtlstlkb` abtb drhg tcm `bw medhrkmgmet bjmeklms lealkbtms tcbt tcm hvmrb`` rbtm hd krlgleb` bktlvlty cbs rmgblema bt tcmsbgm mvm` hvmr tcm bst dmw ymbrs, wcl`m tcm eugimr hd [B@Z leklamets cbs arbstlkb``y lekrmbsma. Qcm eugimr hd krlgleb` hddmesms

khgglttma uslej rmbrgs lekrmbsma iy =>% aurlej tcm pmrlha 9>>: bea 9>>


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Qcm prmahglebet bttltuams khekmrelej bpprhbkcms th ghtlvbtm tcm vhùetbry surrmeamr hd l``mjb` wmbphes wmrm kmetrma he cbrscmrpuelscgmets dhr l``mjb` phssmsslhe bea ebeklb` khgpmesbtlhe le mxkcbejm dhr wmbphes.

5 [B@Z Kbpbklty

5 Qcmrm brm eh ilealej letmrebtlheb` `mjb` ehrgs wltcle tcm ahgble hd [B@Z khetrh` tcbt whuà mekhurbjm mbkc stbtm th mebktph`lky th khgibt tcmlr prh`ldmrbtlhe bea th lgp`mgmet khetrh` hd [B@Z he lts hwe. Bs sukc, Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb cbs bahptmadhr b stbtm strbtmjy kheslstlej hd `mjb` rmju`btlhes, tcm mstbi`lscgmet hd hrjbelsbtlheb` kbpbkltlms wltcle tcm strukturms hd butchrltykhgpmtmet dhr gbttmrs pmrtblelej th [B@Z, letmrebtlheb` khhpmrbtlhe bea klvl` shklmty bktlvltlms. Qcm Khhralebtlhe Ihbra he [B@Zwbs mstbi`lscma iy tcm Khuekl` hd Glelstmrs hd IlC bea ls le kcbrjm hd tcm lgp`mgmetbtlhe bea cbrghelsbtlhe hd `mjls`bturm wltc letmr-ebtlheb` bkts.

5 @mjls`btlvm pmrtblelej th tcm mxphrt bea lgphrt hd wmbphes bea gl`ltbry mqulpgmet, tcm ghvmgmet hd wmbphes bea tcm lssu-

bekm hd `lkmesms th prlvbtm smkurlty khgpbelms ls, he tcm wch`m, qultm wm`` rmju`btma bea dhr tcm ghst pbrt cbrghelsma wltc Murhpmbestbeabras. Chwmvmr, khetrh` bea `lkmeslej hd klvl`lbe phssmsslhe hd wmbphes emmas th im durtcmr b`ljema bea rmju`btma wltc tcm amkl-slhe hd tcm Khuekl` hd Glelstmrs he tcm cbrghelsbtlhe hd tcls ahgble wltc letmrebtlheb` bkts.

5 Jhvmregmet lestltutlhes le IlC brm rmsphesli`m dhr lgp`mgmetbtlhe hd hvmrb`` khetrh` hvmr [B@Z le bkkhrabekm wltc letmr-ebtlheb` bkts. Bahptlhe hd tcm @bw he Dhrmlje Qrbam le Jhhas bea [mrvlkms hd [trbtmjlk Lgphrtbekm th tcm [mkurlty hd tcm [tbtm cbsmesurma b ueldhrg bpprhbkc th tcm lssubekm hd `lkmesms dhr tcm mxphrt, lgphrt, irhfmrlej bea trbeslt hd wmbphes bea gl`ltbry mqulp-gmet.

5 ^h`lkm bjmeklms, wclkc tcm rmspheamets sbw bs imlej ghst rmsphesli`m dhr tcm smkurlty hd kltlzmes, cbvm gbrfma stmbayprhjrmss le khgibtlej [B@Z le rmkmet ymbrs. Iy bktlvm`y pbrtlklpbtlej le tcm lgp`mgmetbtlhe hd tcm strbtmjy bea Bktlhe ^`be dhr[B@Z Khetrh` le IlC ph`lkm dhrkms cbvm kh``mktma b kheslamrbi`m bghuet hd l``mjb` wmbphes bea bggueltlhe, amspltm tcm dbkt tcbt

39% hd tcm hvmrb`` bghuet wbs vhùetbrl`y surrmeamrma iy kltlzmes. Durtcmrghrm, tcm kh``mktlhe hd 323,>9= plmkms hd bggueltlhe,24,=;= glems bea htcmr mxp`hslvm amvlkms, >,>>> wmbphes bea 99,=>> theshd bggueltlhe bea mxp`hslvm amvlkms ls suiomkt th tcm ph`lky he amstruktlhe. Mecbekmgmet hd tcm leaustrlb` kbpbklty dhr tcmamstruktlhe hd bggueltlhe thjmtcmr wltc b khgghe ph`ltlkb` wl`` brm prmkhealtlhes dhr tcm dhrgbtlhe hd b gla-tmrg shùtlhe th tcls lssum.

5 Qcm `mbalej letmrebtlheb` hrjbelsbtlhe prhvlalej bsslstbekm bea supphrt th IlC lestltutlhes he gbttmrs rm`btma th [B@Zkhetrh` ls tcm ]EA^ IlC, wclkc prhvlams tmkcelkb` bea ebeklb` bla dhr iulàlej lestltutlheb` kbpbkltlms wltcle tcls ahgble. Htcmrletmrebtlheb` hrjbelsbtlhes bea jhvmregmets cbvm b`sh bktlvm`y meahrsma IlC mddhrts blgma bt [B@Z khet

5 Klvl` shklmty prhjrbggms, b`tchujc ehtlkmbi`m, brm stl`` lesudklmet th ghil`lsm tcm wlamr pui`lk bea brm lgp`mgmetma wltcletcm drbgmwhrf hd letmrebtlheb khgguelty supphrt.

5 Qcm gbohrlty hd rmspheamets pmrkmlvma [B@Z bs b gbohr tcrmbt th cugbe smkurlty bea als lfm wmbphes, wcmtcmr `mjb hr l `mjb .

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Letrhauktlhe

Qcm kheslamrbi`m bghuet hd sgb`` brgs bea `ljct wmbphes ([B@Z) le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb ls b `mjbky bea b rm`lk hd tcm wbr tcbtgbrfma tcm mbr`y 2>1 lealkbtma tcbt 2>3-9>29, ls dhkusma

he strmejtcmelej tcm kbpbkltlms hd IlC khekmrelej tcm amstruktlhe hd surpùs wmbphes bea gueltlhes, tcm mecbekmgmet hd tcm `mjls`b-tlvm drbgmwhrf he [B@Z, sukc bs tcm rmjlstrbtlhe, sthrbjm, trbam bea rmauktlhe hd wmbphes bea bggueltlhe. Qcm [gb`` Brgs [urvmy9>2> hddmrs up-th-abtm ledhrgbtlhe he tcm hvmrb`` sltubtlhe le tcls mà bea kbe im usma bs b shurkm hd ledhrgbtlhe he tcm kcb``mejmstcbt dbkm amklslhe-gbfmrs, tcm letmrebtlheb` khgguelty bea tcm pui`lk le b phst-khelkt shklmty wltc b sljelkbet prmsmekm hd [B@Z.

Bs sukc, tcm blg hd tcls survmy ls th hddmr mgplrlkb``y-ibsma dbkts he tcm hvmrb`` prmsmekm bea lgpbkt hd [B@Z le IlC bea tcm khr-rmsphealej phtmetlb` dhr tcmlr prmsmekm th b amstbil`lslej bddmkt he tcm pmbkmdu` bea smkurm mevlrhegmet le tcmkhuetry. Bt tcm sbgmtlgm, tcm rmsu`ts kbe im usma bs be lealkbthr dhr duturm bktlvltlms bea bktlhes he [B@Z khetrh` bea bs b khgprmcmeslvm shurkm hdabtb he lssums rm`btma th [B@Z.

Qcm survmy ls khgprlsma hd qubetltbtlvm bea qub`ltbtlvm beb`ysms hd mstlgbtms lssums le rm`btlhe th [B@Z le Ihselb beaCmrzmjhvleb mekhgpbsslej dhur brmbs?

[B@Z bea Bggueltlhe Alstrliutlhe [urvmy6 [B@Z Lgpbkt [urvmy6 [B@Z ^mrkmptlhe [urvmy6 [B@Z Kbpbklty [urvmy.

^rlhr th am`vlej leth tcm gmtchah`hjlkb` strukturm, ls lt lgphrtbet th rst mstbi`lsc b ameltlhe hd [B@Z le rmjbra th tcm tmrgleh`hjlkb``yusma le tcm survmy. Bs tcmrm ls b `bkf hd letmrebtlheb` khesmesus he tcm ameltlhe hd [B@Z tcm tmrg [B@Z usma cmrm rmdmrs th tcmameltlhes jlvme le tcm [trbtmjy bea Bktlhe ^`be dhr [gb`` Brgs bea @ljct Zmbphes Khetrh` le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb 9>>3-9>29bs wm`` bs tcm ameltlhe hd [B@Z [tbeabras arbdtma iy [MM[BK.

Bkkhralej th tcm dhrgmr, tcm tmrg sgb`` brgs bea ljct wmbphes mevm`hps twh tmrgs? sgb`` brgs, wclkc khvmrs rmvh`v-mrs, plsth`sbea buthgbtlk jues, rlms bea kbrilems, gbkclemjues, rlms, bssbu`t rlms bea `ljct gbkclemjues thjmtcmr wltc tcmlr bsshklbtmabggueltlhe. Zcmrmbs, @ljct wmbphes khvmrs cmbvy gbkclemjues, cbea-cmà rhkfmt `buekcmrs, phrtbi`m bea betl-blrkrbdt kbeehes,rmkhl``mss kbeehes, ibzhhfbs kb`lirbtma th b gbxlgug hd 32gg, phrtbi`m rhkfmt systmgs bea phrtbi`m betl-blrkrbdt systmgs bea tcmlrbsshklbtma bggueltlhe. Qcm `bttmr, [MM[BK ameltlhe hd [B@Z, lekùams b`` `mtcb` khevmetlheb` gueltlhes tcbt kbe im kbrrlma iy belealvlaub` khgibtbet hr b `ljct vmclk`m tcbt ah eht rmqulrm b suistbetlb` `hjlstlks bea gbletmebekm kbpbil`lty.

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Gmtchah`hjy

[mvmrb` alddmrmet gmtchas wmrm usma dhr tcm kh``mktlhe hd ledhrgbtlhe dhr tcls survmy, lekùalej b qumstlheeblrm gmtcha ibsma he bsbgp`m hd 2,=>> rmspheamets drhg bkrhss tcm metlrm khuetry, alskusslhes `ma le dhkus jrhups, letmrvlmws cmà wltc fmy bkthrs, amsf

beb`ysms, khetmet beb`ysms bea tcm trlbeju`btlhe gmtcha. Qcm survmy wbs kheauktma drhg Ouem th [mptmgimr 9>2>.

Aurlej tcm prmpbrbthry pcbsm fmy ledhrgbtlhe prhvlamrs wmrm amsljebtma, sukc bs stbtm bea metlty hdklb`s, ph`lkm butchrltlms, letmr -ebtlheb` hdklb`s, mxpmrts bs wm`` bs htcmr bkthrs amb`lej wltc gbttmrs pmrtblelej th [B@Z. Aurlej tcls stbjm, rm`mvbet gbtmrlb` beapui`lkbtlhes he [B@Z bea rm`btma lssums wmrm kh``mktma.

Qcm rst stbjm hd tcm rmsmbrkc mekhgpbssma tcm prmpbrbtlhe hd gbtmrlb` dhr tcm kheaukt hd qubetltbtlvm mà-rmsmbrkc? b qumstlhe -eblrm dhr tcm survmy bea b smt hd qumstlhes amsljema dhr dhkus jrhups bea letmrvlmws bs wm`` bs mstbi`lsclej tcm rmsmbrkc pbttmre beasbgp`m. Qbflej leth kheslamrbtlhe tcm smesltlvlty hd tcm thplk, baaltlheb` maukbtlheb stmps wmrm tbfme th mesurm tcbt tcm qumstlheeblrmstbdd gbletblema b kheslstmet bpprhbkc tcrhujchut tcm mà rmsmbrkc.

Qcm qubetltbtlvm mà-rmsmbrkc wbs kheauktma le tcm smkhea stbjm hd tcm stuay, uslej b rmprmsmetbtlvm sbgp`m hd 2,=>> rmspheamets.

Qcm sbgp`m wbs ibsma he tcm 2 fmy bkthrs bs pbrt hd tcm màwhrf, dhr tcm ghst pbrt rmprmsmetbtlvms drhg stbtm bea metlty lestltutlhes, lekùalejtcm ph`lkm, mgp`hymms hd letmrebtlheb hrjbelsbtlhes, prhdmsshrs, [B@Z vlktlgs, mxpmrts le smkurlty lssums bea slgl`br.

Qcm [tuay he [gb`` Brgs bea @ljct Zmbphes wbs khgglsslhema iy tcm ]EA^ IlC bea amvm`hpma iy tcm Kmetrm hr [mkurlty [tua-lms (K[[) IlC hvmr tcm pmrlha Ouem th [mptmgimr 9>2>. Qcm stuay ls ibsma he tcm pui`lk-hplelhe ph`` (qumstlheeblrm), alskusslheswltcle tcm dhkus jrhups, letmrvlmws kheauktma wltc jhvmregmet hdklb`s (stbtm bea metlty `mvm`), ph`lkm hdklb`s, bkbamglks, mxpmrts,klvl` shklmty rmprmsmetbtlvms bea letmrebtlheb` hrjbelsbtlhes bs wm`` bs he abtb hitblema drhg hdklb` shurkms bea abtb pui`lscma iytcm Jhvmregmet bea tcm metltlms, tcm gmalb bea htcmr shurkms. Qcm stuay ls ibsma he [MM[BK prhthkh`s bea ls le bkkhrabekm wltc

rmjlheb` stbeabras/julam`lems he alsbrgbgmet bt tcm glkrh `mvm` ([MM[BK YGA[/J >=.3>).

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2. [B@Z BEA BGG]ELQLHE AL[QYLI]QLHE []YTM\

Qcm rst pbrt hd tcls survmy prhvlams be lesljct leth tcm qubetlty bea alstrliutlhe hd [B@Z le IlC6 spmklb` dhkus ls jlvme th mstlgbtmshe tcm `mjb` bea l``mjb` klvl`lbe phssmsslhe hd wmbphes. Dhr tcm purphsms hd tcm beb`ysms he tcm alstrliutlhe hd `mjb``y hwema wmbp-hes twh shurkms wmrm usma? hdklb` stbtlstlks lssuma iy tcm ph`lkm butchrltlms bea tcm bttltuams hd kltlzmes he tcm `mjb` phssmsslhe

hd wmbphes. Le tcm khetmxt hd mstlgbtms he l``mjb` phssmsslhe, tcm survmy rm`lma sh`m`y he kltlzmes bttltuams prhvlama tcrhujc tcmpui`lk-hplelhe ph``.

Le hramr th prhvlam be lesljct leth tcm khgp`mxlty hd tcls mà lt wbs emkmssbry th cljc ljct tcm mxlstlej baglelstrbtlvm khgpmtmekms le IlC. Qcm

khgpmtmeky hd stbtm butchrltlms, bs prmskrlima ueamr tcm mxlstlej Khestltutlhe bea `mjls`btlhe, brm eht meahwma wltc tcm rmspheslil lty dhr abtbkh` mktlhe he [B@Z, bs tcls db` s ueamr tcm khgpmtmekms hd tcm metlty glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs bea Irkfh Alstrlkt ph lkm. Le tcm Dmamrbtlhehd IlC tcls khgpmtmekm ls durtcmr amvh`vma th tcm kbetheb` `mvm`. Qcm dbkt hd tcm gbttmr rmgbles tcbt tcm alddusma ph lkm strukturm gbfms abtb

kh` mktlhe wltcle tcm ahgble hd smkurlty ghrm aldku`t bea tcmrmiy rmprmsmet be histbk`m th tcm krmbtlhe bea lgp`mgmetbtlhe hd pui lk ph lky le

tcls brmb

52.2 Hvmrb`` Alstrliutlhe hd [B@Z

Qcm dh``hwlej lealkbthrs brm ibsma he abtb hitblema drhg tcm rm`mvbet butchrltlms bea tcm survmy ealejs. Ebgm`y, tcm survmy ea -lejs lealkbtm tcbt tcmrm brm 2,911,219 rmbrgs le IlC hd wclkc 2,>>9 (>.>3%) rmbrgs. Qcm khekùslhe kbe im arbwe tcbt tcm eugimr hd wmbphes le klvl`lbe phssmsslhe mxkmmas tcmebtlheb` chàlejs th b rbtlh hd 3?2, wclkc ls `mss dbvhurbi`m wcme khgpbrma j`hib``y .

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11/81

Qbi`m 2? Bssmssgmet hd tcm thtb` qubetlty hd rmbrgs le IlC

Zcme khgpbrlej tcm cljc pmrkmetbjm hd wmbphes le klvl`-lbe phssmsslhe th tcm pmrkmetbjm dhuea le ebtlheb` ch`a-

lejs lt imkhgms bppbrmet tcbt b ghrm letmesm bea khgprm-cmeslvm bpprhbkc th tcls lssum emmas th im rblsma. B cljc `mvm`hd alstrliutlhe hd wmbphes bghejst klvl`lbes kbe khetrliutm thbea hr lekltm vlh`mekm bea krlgm, tcus amkrmbslej hpphrtueltlmsdhr prhspmrlty bea amvm`hpgmet. Brgma vlh`mekm fl``s, ihtc al-rmkt`y bea lealrmkt`y, cuearmas hd tchusbeas hd pmhp`m mbkc ymbr

bea leourms khuet`mss ghrm, hdtme wltc ldm`hej khesmqumekms.

[ukc b cljc khekmetrbtlhe hd klvl`lbe phssmsslhe kbe smrvm bsbe lealkbtlhe hd tcm lejrblema trbaltlhe hd b jue-hwemrsclp ku`-turm. Ehemtcm`mss, htcmr kbusms cbvm b`sh khetrliutma th tclspcmehgmehe, ymt tcm kbusms bea ghtlvms dhr jue hwemrsclp lsb thplk wclkc ls alskussma durtcmr le htcmr kcbptmrs.

5

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12/81

2.9 Alstrliutlhe hd @mjb` Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe

Eh kmetrb` abtbibsm mxlsts dhr rmkhralej mltcmr tcm eugimr hd `lkmesms tcbt brm jrbetma th klvl`lbes hr tcm eugimr hd rmbrgs cmà iyph`lkm bjmeklms le IlC6 chwmvmr, shgm prhjrmss cbs imme ehtma le tcls ahgble, pmrtblelej ghst`y th `mjb` rmju`btlhe. Le rmsphesm thtcm lebil`lty th bkclmvm b ph`ltlkb` khesmesus he tcm mebktgmet hd b stbtm `bw he wmbphes, tcm Khuekl` hd Glelstmrs hd IlC rmeamrma b

amklslhe th cbrghelsm tcm mxlstlej mjls`btlvm drbgmwhrf, bt b`` `mvm`s hd jhvmregmet, wltc letmrebtlheb` mjls`btlhe wltcle tcls ahgble.Qh rmltmrbtm, tcls brmb ls rmju`btma ueamr tcm khgpmtmeky hd tcm metlty le Y[, kbetheb` khgpmtmeky le tcm Dmamrbtlhe bea tcm khgpm-tmeky hd Irkfh Alstrlkt hd IlC. B`tchujc tcm amba`lem dhr lgp`mgmetlej tcls amklslhe wbs eht gmt iy tcm butchrltlms, kmrtble prhjrmsswbs gbam. [hgm `mvm`s hd jhvmregmet, sukc bs [brbomvh Kbethe, tcm Cmrzmjhvleb-Emrmtvb Kbethe (CEF), _melkb-Ahiho Kbethe(_AF), Quz`b Kbethe (QF) bea Irkfh Alstrlkt, cbvm mebktma emw `mjb` rmju`btlhes tcbt brm `brjm`y cbrghelsma wltc tcm Khuekl` Alrmk-tlvm >3/=2/MK bea tcm ]E ^rhthkh` he Zmbphes. Le htcmr kbethes tcmbrmb hd klvl`lbe phssmsslhe ls eht bamqubtm y rmju`btma. Le shgm kbsms tcm @bw he Bkqulsltlhe, hssmsslhe bea tcm Kbrrylej hd Dlrm-brgs bea Bggueltlhe hd tcm [hklb`lst Ympui`lk hd IlC ls stl`` le usma bea kmrtble prhvlslhes hd tcls @bw brm lgphssli`m th lgp`mgmet.Qcm mddhrts hd tcm GLB hd tcm DIlC th rmju`btm tcm brmb hd prhkurmgmet, phssmsslhe bea tcm imbrlej hd rmbrgs bea bggueltlhe ls hdehtm, le pbrtlku`br lts mddhrts th mesurm b slej`m cbrghelsma bw he tcm mvm` hd tcm DIlC.

Chwmvmr, tcmsm mddhrts brm ampmeabet uphe tcm wl``lejemss hd kbetheb` jhvmregmets th bjrmm th trbesdmr khgpmtmekm le tcls brmb th

tcm metlty, wclkc ls shgmwcbt hd be uermb`lstlk mxpmktbtlhe. Qcm mà hd klvl`lbe phssmsslhe le Y[ ls rmju`btma iy tcm 9>>: @bw heBrgs bea Bggueltlhe (Bgmeama le 9>>< ). Qcls @bw ls eht sudklmet`y cbrghelsma wltc Murhpmbe stbeabras bea durtcmr bgmea-gmets brm emmama le hramr th prhkmma wltc tcm Khuekl` hd Glelstmrs Amklslhe tcbt b`` `mjb` shùtlhes le tcls brmb gust im cbrghelsmawltc letmrebtlheb` `bw bea le du`` rmspmkt hd b`` Murhpmbe ehrgs.

Bslam drhg tcm bihvm gmetlhema strukturb` prhi`mgs bea `mjls`btlvm alddmrmekms, abtb he tcm eugimr hd klvl`lbe rmjlstmrma wmbphescbs imme kh``mktma ibsma sh`m`y he tcm khralb`lty bea ueamrstbealej hd `bw medhrkmgmet bjmeklms bt tcm stbtm, metlty, kbetheb` beaalstrlkt `mvm`s. Qcm abtb kh``mktma rm`btms th tcm eugimrs hd schrt bea `hej-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs hwema iy klvl`lbes. Qcm `bttmr rmdmrs thtwh typms hd wmbphes (plsth`s bea rmvh`vmrs), wcl`m tcm dhrgmr jmemrb``y rm`btms th cuetlej wmbphes (cuetlej rlms bea kbrilems).Qcm kh``mktma ledhrgbtlhe cbs prhaukma rmb`lstlk lealkbthrs he tcm eugimr hd `mjb` rmbrgs bea tcm thtb` eugimr hd cuetlej rmbrgs(smm Qbi`m 9)6 tcls lssum cbs jlvme rlsm th pui`lk alskusslhe bea spmku`btlhe hvmr tcm `bst dmw ymbrs .

Bkkhralej th be beb`ysls hd tcm rmsu`ts kh``mktma drhg tcm ph`lkm bjmeklms le IlC, tcm thtb` qubetlty hd `mjb``y rmjlstmrma rmbrgsbghuets th ;11 tcm thtb` qubetlty hdrmjlstmrma rmbrgs cbs amkrmbsma iy =,4>1 plmkms. Qcls rmauktlhe ls, ghst prhibi`y, b khesmqumekm hd emw rmju`btlhes letrhaukmale tcm mà hd wmbphes bea bggueltlhe hwemrsclp. Qcm emw `mjls`btlvm shùtlhes, wclkc brm he`y lgp`mgmetma le kmrtble pbrts hd IlC,stlpu`btm tcm gbeabthry rmemwb` hd rmjlstrbtlhe. [lgu`tbemhus y, strlktmr mjb` rmju`btlhes wmrm letrhaukma he chw th hitble b `lkmekm,wclkc rmqulrm b kmrtble ebeklb` khetrliutlhe. Chwmvmr, tcls ls he`y b tmetbtlvm khekùslhe ibsma he tcm prmglsm tcbt tcm rmauktlhe lermjlstmrma rmbrgs ls rm`btma th tcm ghrm strlejmet lkmeslej rmju`btlhe. Qcls typm hd bpprhbkc ls eht emkmssbrl`y hiomktlvm bea `mbvmsrhhg dhr htcmr dbkthrs tcbt khuà cbvm cba be lgpbkt he tcm eugimr hd `lkmesma rmbrgs. Kheslamrlej tcbt tcm hvmrb`` blg wbs eht thlevmstljbtm tcm kbusms hd tcm rmauktlhe le amgbea dhr `lkmekms, tcls survmy ala eht awm`` thh gukc le tcls smjgmet.

Zcl`m hismrvlej tcm bdhrmgmetlhema eugimr hd mjb` klvl`lbe rmbrgs (;1% brm schrt-ibrrm``ma

rmbrgs (9>3,1=3 plsth`s bea rmvh`vmrs), wcl`m 1>% db`` ueamr tcm kbtmjhry hd `hej-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs hr cuetlej wmbphes. Le rmdmr-mekm th tcm tmrrlthrlb` alstrliutlhe hd `mjb` klvl`lbe rmbrgs, =4% (2,>9 plmkms). Qcm tbi`m im`hw prhvlams durtcmr

amtbl` he tcm thphjrbpclk bea tmrrlthrlb` alstrliutlhe hd rmbrgs.

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13/81

Qbi`m 9? Hvmrvlmw hd tcm alstrliutlhe hd `mjb` klvl`lbe wmbphes

52.9.2 Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC

Qcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC ahms eht cbvm b slej`m bw he wmbphes bt tcm metlty mvm`. Lestmba, tcm mjb` rmju`btlhes jhvmrelej tcls lssumwmrm bahptma bt tcm kbetheb` `mvm`. Le hramr th prhvlam b imttmr lesljct leth tcm prhkmaurms dhr tcm bkqulsltlhe hd b rmbrg kmrtblepbrbjrbpcs lekùama le tcm @bw he Bkqulrlej, ^hssmsslhe bea tcm Imbrlej hd Dlrmbrgs bea Bggueltlhe hd [brbomvh Kbethe wmrmbeb`ysma. ]e`lfm tcm htcmr kbetheb` `bws, tcls @bw ls, dhr ghst pbrt, cbrghelsma wltc letmrebtlheb` bkts.

Le hramr th hitble b `lkmesm th bkqulrm b rmbrg bea bggueltlhe b kltlzme cbs th gmmt kmrtble prmkhealtlhes? cm/scm gust im 23 hrbihvm, kbeeht im psykch`hjlkb``y hr gmetb``y lgpblrma bea gust eht cbvm imme khevlktma hd b krlgleb` hr glehr hddmekm aurlej tcmprmvlhus vm ymbrs.

Bdtmr gmmtlej tcmsm bea htcmr khealtlhes, bs stlpu`btma ueamr tcm @bw, tcm kltlzme tcme suiglts b rmqumst dhr bpprhvb` th tcm ^h`lkmAmpbrtgmet hd tcm GLB hd [brbomvh Kbethe . Qcm Kclmd hd h`lkm, bacmrlej th tcm prhkmaurm, tcme dhrgs b tcrmm-gmgimr khgglsslhele hramr th mvbùbtm tcm rmqumst.

Cuetlej hr `hej-ibrrm``ma wmbphes brm lssuma he`y th tchsm pmrshes wch cbvm pbssma b cuetlej mxbglebtlhe bea brm gmgimrs hd bcuetlej bsshklbtlhe. Chwmvmr, le tmrgs hd cuetlej wmbphes, tcm @bw ahms eht khetble b k`busm tcbt pmrglts b `lkmekm th im jrbetmath b kltlzme dhr tcm purphsm hd tcm prhtmktlhe hd prlvbtm prhpmrty.

[lekm 9>>1, tcm GLB hd tcm DIlC cbs gbam b eugimr hd bttmgpts th trbesdmr tcmsm rmju`btlhes th tcm metlty `mvm`6 chwmvmr, tcmsmbttmgpts cbvm imme uesukkmssdu` aum th tcm dblùrm hd rmprmsmetbtlvms le tcm ^br`lbgmet hd tcm DIlC th supphrt sukc b `mjb` shù-tlhe. Qcm sbgm bpprhbkc bs tcm GLB hd tcm DILC kbe im hismrvma kurrmet`y tcrhujc tcm prhkmss hd lgp`mgmetbtlhe hd tcm Khuekl` hdGlelstmrs hd IlC Amklslhe khekmrelej tcm cbrghelsbtlhe hd tcm mxlstlej `bws he wmbphes wltc letmrebtlheb` stbeabras. Qcmrm brm ehlealkbtlhes tcbt kbetheb` hdklb`s wl`` pmrdhrg tcm trbesdmr hd khgpmtmeky wltcle tcls ahgble th tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC. Qcm bttltuam hdtcm rmprmsmetbtlvms hd tcm GLB hd tcm DIlC ls tcbt b uelma metlty `bw whuà mstbi`lsc b ghrm strlejmet bea qub`lty hrlmetbtma `mvm` hdkhetrh` hvmr tcm klvl`lbe phssmsslhe hd wmbphes.

He tcm ibsls hd abtb kh``mktma drhg tcm tme kbetheb` glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs, tcm DIlC cbs 214,=19 rmbrgs rmjlstmrma ueamrklvl`lbe phssmsslhe. Zcme khgpbrma wltc tcm rmsu`ts drhg tcm `bst survmy kheauktma le 9>>1 tcmrm cbs imme b s`ljct lekrmbsm le tcmeugimr hd `mjb` klvl`lbe rmbrgs bghuetlej th 9,>:; plmkms.

Qcm tbi`m im`hw schws tcm thphjrbpclk bea tmrrlthrlb` alstrliutlhe hd rmjlstmrma wmbphes le tcm 2> kbethes hd tcm DIlC.

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14/81

5 2.9.9 Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le Y[

Be lealvlaub` le Y[ kbe hitble b rmbrg bea hr blr-plsth` ibsma sh`m`y he tcm butchrlsbtlhe hd tcm khgpmtmet hrjbelsbtlheb` uelt hd tcmGLB hd Y[. Qcm lealvlaub` gust prhvlam vb`la prhhd hd baarmss. Cuetlej wmbphes kbe im hitblema iy gmgimrs hd cuetlej bsshklb-tlhes bdtmr cbvlej pbssma b cuetlej mxbglebtlhe.

Bt tcm mea hd Gby 9>2> tcm GLB hd Y[ rmphrtma cbvlej lssuma 22>,>39 wmbphes `lkmesms dhr schrt-ibrrm``ma (plsth`s bea rmvh`vmrs)bea 34,::9 `lkmesms dhr `hej-ibrrm``ma wmbphes (cuetlej rlms bea kbrilems). Qcm hvmrb`` eugimr hd klvl`lbe phssmsslhe hd rmjlstmrmawmbphes bghuets th 21(9>>,319 wmbphes. Bs b`rmbay stbtma, tcm rmbshes dhr tcls trmea khu`a im aum th tcm emw strlktmr rmju`btlhes dhr

hitblelej b `lkmesm bea b`sh tcm `bkf hd rm-rmjlstrbtlhe hd mxlstlej `lkmekms.

Qbi`m ;? Zmbphes rmjlstmrma le Y[

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2.9.; Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe hd @mjb``y Ymjlstmrma Zmbphes le Irkfh Alstrlkt

Qcm butchrlsbtlhe dhr tcm prhvlslhe, phssmsslhe bea kbrrylej hd rmbrgs ls lssuma iy tcm ph`lkm hd Irkfh Alstrlkt. Qcls butchrlsbtlhe lslssuma ibsma he be lealvlaub` wrlttme rmqumst, wcmrmuphe b kmrtlkbtm dhr tcm rmjlstmrma wmbphe ls lssuma. Qcls kmrtlkbtm ls lssumadhr b vm-ymbr pmrlha wltc tcm phsslil`lty hd rmemwb` ibsma uphe b rmqumst iy tcm kmrtlkbtm hwemr. Zmbphes, wmbphes khgphemets

bea bggueltlhe kbe im hitblema he`y iy tcm pmrshe wchsm ebgm bppmbrs he tcm kmrtlkbtm.

]phe tcm bahptlhe hd tcm @bw he Zmbphes bea Bggueltlhe, Irkfh Alstrlkt ^h`lkm leltlbtma tcm rmp`bkmgmet hd `lkmekms dhr b`` kltlzmesle phssmsslhe hd `mjb``y hwema wmbphes. Qcrhujchut tcm prhkmss, wclkc wbs leltlbtma le 9>>;, IA ^h`lkm lssuma 4,>>> `lkmesms, hut

hd wclkc ;,=>> wmrm lkmekms dhr schrt-ibrrm` (plsth`s bea rmvh`vmrs) bea 9,=>> dhr hej-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs (cuetlej rlms bea kbrilems)

Qbi`m 1? Zmbphes rmjlstmrma le IA

Qcrhujchut tcm rmsmbrkc Irkfh Alstrlkt ph`lkm hdklb`s phletma th tcm prhi`mg hd tcm `brjm qubetlty hd rmjlstmrma klvl`lbe rmbrgs (bp -prhxlgbtm`y ;,=>>) wltchut b rmemwma kmrtlkbtm stbtus. Qcmsm wmbphes rmgble rmjlstmrma le tcm hutabtma rmkhras gbletblema dhrtcm pmrlha drhg 2>;.

Bkkhralej th tcm hplelhe hd Irkfh Alstrlkt ph`lkm hdklb`s, tcmrm brm eugmrhus rmbshes dhr tcls dblùrm th rmemw wmbphes kmrtlkbtm.Hem hd tcm prlgbry rmbshes dhr tcls ls tcbt b `brjm eugimr hd kltlzmes cbvm kcbejma tcmlr p`bkm hd rmslamekm, hr, le htcmr whras,tcmy cbvm gljrbtma drhg Irkfh Alstrlkt th emljcihurlej khuetrlms wltchut rst amrmjlstmrlej tcmlr wmbphes. [mkhea`y, khuà im tcm

dbkt tcbt aurlej tcm wbr gbey wmbphes wmet glsslej hr wmrm smlzma, wltchut tcm hwemrs rmphrtlej lt th tcm rm`mvbet butchrltlms. Qcmtclra bea kruklb` rmbshe ls tcm ambtc hd tcm hwemrs hd wmbphes. Be lggmesm eugimr hd kltlzmes cbvm mltcmr alma hr wmrm fl``ma beatcm butchrltlms cbvm eh rmkhra hd wcbt cbppmema th tcm rmbrgs rmjlstmrma th tcmsm lealvlaub`s, jlvme tcbt tcmy brm lekùama le tcmrmkhras abtlej drhg 2


16/81

2.; Alstrliutlhe hd L``mjb` Klvl`lbe ^hssmsslhe

Le tmrgs hd tcm alstrliutlhe hd l``mjb` rmbrgs, lt schuà im strmssma tcbt le IlC, bs wm`` bs htcmr khuetrlms le tcm rmjlhe, hdklb` stbtlstl-kb` abtb khekmrelej tcm eugimr hd l``mjb` rmbrgs ahms eht mxlst. Le baaltlhe, rmprmsmetbtlvms hd tcm glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs beahtcmr pbrtlklpbets dbl`ma th prhvlam mstlgbtms. Chwmvmr, b `brjm eugimr hd tcm phpu`btlhe wbs brgma aurlej tcm khelkt le tcm elem-

tlms bea `btmr amghil`lsma bdtmr tcm rbtlkbtlhe hd tcm Abythe ^mbkm Bjrmmgmet . Ehem hd tcm pbrtlklpbets khuà, wltc bey kmrtblety,stbtm tcbt aurlej tcm prhkmss hd amghil`lsbtlhe tcmsm lealvlaub`s cbeama hvmr tcmlr rmbrgs. Qcm prmsmekm hd l``mjb` rmbrgs beatcmlr alvmrslty le IlC ahms chwmvmr lealkbtm tcbt tcmsm wmbphes, bs rmgebets hd tcm khelkt, bkkhuet dhr tcm ghst sljelkbet eugimrhd l``mjb` rmbrgs.

Dhr tcm purphsms hd kh``mktlej lealkbthrs he tcm skhpm hd tcm prhi`mg bea tcm alstrliutlhe bea qubetlty hd l``mjb` rmbrgs tcm survmyrm`lma he stbtlstlkb` abtb hitblema drhg ph`lkm bjmeklms he tcm eugimr hd rmbrgs kh``mktma bs b rmsu`t hd khgglttma krlgleb` bkts,rmbrgs smlzma drhg klvl`lbes bea he tcm rmsu`ts hitblema tcrhujc tcm qumstlheeblrm drhg tcm [urvmy he ûi`lk Hplelhe he tcm wmbp-hes sltubtlhe bea kltlzmes sbdmty.

Qcm rmsu`ts prhvlam ghrm ledhrgbtlhe he tcmsm lssums bea tcm tcrmbt phsma iy rmbrgs, lealkbtlej tcm eugimr hd l``mjb` rmbrgs leklvl`lbe phssmsslhe. Qcls shrt hd ledhrgbtlhe wbs tbfme leth bkkhuet wltc b kmrtble mvm` hd rmsmrvbtlhe, bs tcm rmsmbrkc gmtchah`hjy

wbs ibsma he tcm `bst phpu`btlhe kmesus kheauktma le 2


17/81

Qcm hitblema rmsu`ts jlvm tcm lealkbtlhe tcbt tcm bvmrbjm chusmchà le IlC hwe b thtb` hd 2.14 rmbrgs pmr chusmchà. Dhr tcm pur -phsms hd stbtlstlkb` prhkmsslej, lt ls emkmssbry th krmbtm be lesljct leth tcm hvmrb`` phpu`btlhe le IlC bs wm`` bs tcm eugimr hd chusm-chàs. Hdklb` abtb drhg tcm Bjmeky dhr [tbtlstlks hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb schws tcbt le 9>>< IlC cba ;,319,=44 kltlzmes wltc bebvmrbjm hd ;.9: gmgimrs pmr chusmchà bea 2,2:=,>.


18/81

Qcm lealkbthrs tcbt wmrm amvm`hpma drhg tcls qumstlhe khgilema wltc tcm eugimr hd chusmch`as bkkhralej th hdklb` mstlgbtms(2,2:=,>


19/81

Imbrlej le glea tcbt tcls qumstlhe rm`btms th lealvlaub`s tcbt brm im`lmvma th hwe b rmbrg, tcm dh``hwlej gmtchah`hjy wbs bpp`lmawcme kb`ku`btlej tcm mstlgbtms le tmrgs hd chusmchàs? iy uslej tcm mstlgbtm tcbt mbkc chusmchà bvmrbjms ;.9: gmgimrs, tcmlealkbthrs schw tcbt 1;4,3;3 chusmchàs phssmss b wmbphe.

Qcm lealkbthrs drhg tcm tcrmm prmvlhus beswmrs lgp`y alddmrmet mstlgbtms he tcm eugimr hd chusmchàs wltc b rmbrg (smm tbi`mim`hw).

]slej tcm gmalbe vbùm, le hramr th hitble bkkurbtm abtb, tcm jurm hd 132,3


20/81

Qcm beb`ysls hd beswmrs le tmrgs hd jmeamr he tcm `mvm` hd IlC lealkbtms tcbt hem tclra hd whgme baglttma th `lvlej le b chusmchàwltc b rmbrg, wcl`m le tmrgs hd jmhjrbpclk spbklej tcmrm wmrm eh sljelkbet alddmrmekms. Hem tclra hd tcm uribe, rurb` bea suiuribephpu`btlhes baglttma th hwelej wmbphes, wclkc lealkbtms be mqub` alstrliutlhe hd wmbphes le chusmchàs bkrhss IlC.

He tcm [kb`m hd Bttltuams tcm eugimr hd rmspheamets tcbt beswmrma bdrgbtlvm`y th tcm qumstlhe he phssmsslhe hd rmbrgs le chusm-chàs, bs wm`` bs th tcm qumstlhe khekmrelej tcmlr bwbrmemss hd chusmchàs le phssmsslhe hd b wmbphe, wbs cljcmr wcme khgpbrmath tcm survmy kheauktma le Gbrkc 9>>1 . Qcm 9>2> survmy lealkbtms be lekrmbsm le tcm eugimr hd pmrshes stbtlej tcbt tcmy phssmssrmbrgs le tcmlr chusmchàs hd ;1% (hr =2> rmspheamets).

Le hramr th hitble stbtlstlkb` lealkbthrs he tcm eugimr hd l``mjb` klvl`lbe rmbrgs ltwbs emkmssbry th suitrbkt tcm ;1


21/81

2.1 Brgma Dhrkms hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb

Qcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC wmrm mstbi`lscma ueamr tcm prhvlslhes hd tcm @bw he Amdmekm . Qcm BD IlC brm b prhdmsslheb` ueldhrggl`ltbry lestltutlhe khetrh``ma iy IlC.

Qcm amklslhe hd tcm ^rmslameky hd IlC he tcm slzm, strukturm bea `hkbtlhe hd tcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC rmju`btms tcm eugimr, wclkcbghuets th 24,>>> gmgimrs khgprlsma hd 2>,>>> gl`ltbry pmrsheem` (hdkmrs, ehe-khgglsslhema hdkmrs bea shàlmrs), 2,>>> klvl`pmrsheem` bea =,>>> rmsmrvlsts.

Qcm qubetlty hd duektlheb` wmbphery bea gl`ltbry mqulpgmet hd tcm BD hd IlC gmmts tcm rmkhggmeama strukturb` rmqulrmgmets, iut letmrgs hd lts tbktlkb` bea tmkcelkb` kcbrbktmrlstlks lt ls th shgm mxtmet hish`mtm . Qcm ibslk krltmrlb usma dhr tcm sm`mktlhe hd wmbphesth mqulp tcm BD hd IlC wmrm ibsma he tcm kurrmet khealtlhe hd tcm mqulpgmet bea lts tmkcelkb` vb`lalty. Aurlej tcm prhkmss hd amdmekmrmdhrg lt wbs uermb`lstlk th metmr slgu`tbemhus`y leth tcm ghamrelsbtlhe prhkmss, wclkc whuà cbvm rmqulrma tcm b``hkbtlhe hd khesla-mrbi`m ebeklb` bssmts.

[hgm hd tcm khrm wmbphes sm`mktma iy tcm Glelstry hd Amdmekm hd IlC (GhA) brm `lstma im`hw.

5 G24B2 rlm5 G4> gbkclemjue5 G:4selpmr rlm5 betl-tbef ibzhhfb H[B G: gg5 chwltzmr A-;>O 299 gg gu`tlp`m rhkfmt `buekcmr systmg5 sm`d-prhpm``ma B^YB 1> 299 gg5 G4> B; tbef5 brghurma pmrsheem` kbrrlmr G22; B25 khgibt cm`lkhptmrs ]C-2C bea Gl3/Gl2:GQT

Qcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC sm`mktma stbeabra EBQH mqulpgmet, tcus baaltlheb``y lekrmbslej tcm b`rmbay `brjm bghuet hd surpùsbggueltlhe, `beaglems bea mxp`hslvm amvlkms. Qcm ^rmslameky hd IlC rmeamrma tcm Amklslhe he tcm ^rleklp`ms hd Mqulpgmet beaZmbphes [urpùsms Alsphsb` he tcm 2> Ouem 9>>>>4, wltc tcm mstbi`lscgmethd tcm Glelstry hd Amdmekm hd IlC, th abtm, eh tmeamr rmeamrlej wmbphes bea hr bggueltlhe sb`ms cbs imme pui`lscma . Qcls leal-kbtms tcbt tcm GhA hd IlC cbs eht shà bey wmbphes hr bggueltlhe. Qcm ls rmjbra`mss hd tcm dbkt tcbt tcm GhA hd IlC ls le kcbrjmhd rmb`lslej vm mxlstlej khetrbkts dhr tcm sb`ms hd wmbphes bea bggueltlhe, sljema iy tcm prmvlhus metlty glelstrlms hd amdmekm, bsprmskrlima iy tcm amklslhe hd tcm ^rmslameky, schuà im b phlet hd dhkus. Le bkkhrabekm wltc tcm bdhrmgmetlhema metlty khetrbkts, tcmGhA am`lvmrma tcm im`hw qubetltlms hd bggueltlhe th tcm Ympui`lk hd \mgme.

5 Iu``mts 29.: x


22/81

wmbphes bea bggueltlhe, le spltm hd tcm dbkt tcbt tcm GhA khetleums wltc prmpbrbtlhes dhr tcm pui`lkbtlhe hd tmeamrs dhr tcm sb`m hd

surpùs wmbphes.

Le tcm dh``hwlej smktlhe prmsmets abtb he tcm sthrbjm hd bggueltlhe, glems bea htcmr mxp`hslvm amvlkms wltcle tcm prmsmet

drbgmwhrf hd tcm kbpbkltlms hd tcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC. Qcm tbi`m im`hw l`ùstrbtms chw tcm BD hd IlC hptma th utl`lsm vmpmrspmktlvm sthrbjm dbkl`ltlms? Kbpòleb, Cbazlkl, Ilcbk, twh le Grfheolk Jrba bea hem le Quz`b. Htcmr phssli`m sthrbjmdbkl`ltlms brm eht sultbi`m bea rmqulrm baaltlheb` cugbe bea ebeklb` rmshurkms drhg tcm BD hd IlC.

Qbi`m 3? BD hd IlC Bggueltlhe, glems bea htcmr mxp`hslvm amvlkms

B`hej wltc b sljelkbet bghuet hd bggueltlhe, glems bea htcmr mxp`hslvm amvlkms tcm BD hd IlC b`sh cbs b kheslamrbi`m bghuet hdwmbphes, rbejlej drhg sgb`` bea `ljct th `brjm kb`lirm wmbphes. Bkkhralej th tcm GhA hd IlC, tcm BD hd IlC cbs 291,>9= lealvlaub`

wmbphes hd wclkc 91,21; brm kheslamrma bs usmbi`m bea ,>>> thes hd bggueltlhe, glems beahtcmr mxp`hslvm amvlkms, hd wclkc 91,21; plmkms bea :,=>> thes hd bggueltlhe brm kheslamrma bs pmrspmktlvm. Qcm surpùs hd thes hd bggueltlhe rmprmsmets b kcb``mejm dhr tcm baglelstrbtlvm bea amstruktlhe kbpbil`lty hd tcm GhA hd IlC.

5

99


23/81

2.= Ihramr ^h`lkm hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb

Qcm @bw he tcm Bgmeagmet th tcm @bw he tcm [tbtm Ihramr [mrvlkm, wclkc kbgm leth dhrkm he 23 Gby 9>>:, ebgma tcls lestltutlhe bstcm Ihramr ^h`lkm hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb. Le Ouem 9>>< tcm Ihramr ^h`lkm wbs stbddma iy 9,991 mgp`hymms, khgprlsma hd 9,>; stbtm hdklb`s bea 21= htcmr mgp`hymms. B amkbam bdtmr lts mstbi`lscgmet tcm Ihramr ^h`lkm cbs amvm`hpma leth bkhetmgphrbry ph`lkm bjmeky hrjbelsma le bkkhrabekm wltc tcm ehrgs hd htcmr Murhpmbe ihramr ph`lkm. Qhjmtcmr wltc lts cmbaqubr-tmrs, wclkc ls `hkbtma le [brbomvh, tcm Ihramr ^h`lkm cbs htcmr slx rmjlheb` hdkms.

Qcm Ihramr h`lkm hd IlC hwes 2,=== schrt-ibrrm` ( ghst`y J`hkf 2: plsth`s) bea 2bssbu`t rlms). Le tmrgs hd tcm dhrmsmme eugimr hd mgp`hymms, tcm Ihramr ^h`lkm ahms eht cbvm b surp`us hd wmbphes.

5 2.4 [tbtm Levmstljbtlhe bea ^rhtmktlhe Bjmeky ([L^B)

Qcm [tbtm Levmstljbtlhe bea ^rhtmktlhe Bjmeky ([L^B) eugimrs 2,;23 mgp`hymms hr 4:.=3% hd ``ma vbkbeklms, wcl`m b durtcmr 4;9vbkbeklms rmgble th im hkkuplma. [L^B mgp`hymms brm brgma wltc 2: hdklb` J`hkf plsth`s bea 94 Gbjeug ;=: rmvh`vmrs, kcmglkb`-typm plsth`s (pmekl`-plsth`s), selpmr rlms, schtjues bea gbkclemjues. Le hramr th pmrdhrg lts khgp`mx tbsfs [L^B cbs bt lts alsphsb`2,=2; rmbrgs .

5 2.: Alstrliutlhe hd Dlrmbrgs? h`lkm Dhrkms hd IlC

Le tmrgs hd prmsmetlej tcm alstrliutlhe hd wmbphes bghej tcm ph`lkm dhrkms le IlC tcm rmsmbrkc dbl`ma th hitble b`` emkmssbry abtb he

tcm mxbkt eugimr hd rmbrgs. Qcm rmbshe dhr tcls wbs tcbt he tcm ibsls hd tcm @bw he tcm ^rhtmktlhe hd K`bsslma Ledhrgbtlhe shgmhd tcm glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs ala eht prhvlam tcm rmqumstma abtb. Chwmvmr, b rhujc mstlgbtm wbs stl`` phssli`m ibsma he ledhr-gbtlhe bea abtb hitblema drhg tcm htcmr glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs bea tcm eugimr hd ph`lkm mgp`hymms. Ibsma he tcls mstlgbtm,wltcle tcm drbgmwhrf hd ph`lkm dhrkms le IlC, tcm GLB hd tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC, tcm GLB hd Y[, Irkfh Alstrlkt, [L^B, tcm Ihramr h`lkm

bea tcm tme kbetheb` glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs brm mstlgbtma th phssms brhuea 9>,>>> rmbrgs.

5

9;


24/81

2.:.2 ^h`lkm le tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC

Le bkkhrabekm wltc tcm eugimr hd ph`lkm hdkmrs wltcle tcm drbgmwhrf hd tcm tme kbetheb` glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs bea tcm GLB hdtcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC, lt cbs imme mstlgbtma tcbt tcm ph`lkm le tcm Dmamrbtlhe hd IlC hwe bpprhxlgbtm`y > rmbrgs.

Jlvme im`hw brm tcm qubetltlms hd rmbrgs phssmssma iy tcm kbetheb` glelstrlms hd letmreb` bddblrs.]eb-[beb Kbethe (Fbethe ]esfh-[besfl - ][F) ph`lkm dhrkms hwe 2,22; hdklb` rmbrgs. Hut hd tcmsm wmbphes, 2,>2= plmkms brmschrt bea (@lveh) (Fbethe 2> - @lvbeosfl fbethe) rmphrtma 14 `hej-ibrrm``ma bea =>4 schrt-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs bea tcrmm Khujbr K[jrmebam `buekcmrs. Bkkhralej th GLB abtb, hem smgl-buthgbtlk gbkclemjue cbs imme kbtmjhrlsma bs surpùs bea ls prhphsma dhramstruktlhe.

_melkb Ahiho Kbethe (_melfh-ahihosfl fbethe) ph`lkm brm le phssmsslhe hd brhuea 2,> rmbrgs. Qcls lekùams b`` ph`lkm uelts, trbd-k uelts bea supphrt uelts. Qcm ph`lkm ah eht cbvm bey dhrgbtlheb` surpùs hd wmbphes, ymt hvmr tcm pmrlha hd kheauktlej tcls survmyb tmeamr dhr tcm sb`m hd ;;> plsth`s wbs pui`lscma.

Zmst Cmrzmjhvleb Kbethe (_bpbaehcmrkmjhvbfl fbethe) ph`lkm cbvm eh dhrgbtlheb` surpùs hd wmbphes. Qcm GLB cbs bt lts als-phsb` ;;9 schrt-ibrrm``ma bea 2< `hej-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs (2: B^-:, 49 bea 9 K_ G-:9gbkclemjues).

Ihselbe ^harleom Kbethe (Ihsbesfh-pharleosfl fbethe) ph`lkm cbvm 9; `hej-ibrrm``ma bea 9;: schrt-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs (J@HKFbea @]JMY rmbrgs. ^h`lkm hdkmrs brm trblema bea qub`lma th cbea`m tcmsmwmbphes le bkkhrabekm wltc smkurlty prhkmaurms.

Quz`b Kbethe (Quz`besfl fbethe) ph`lkm rmphrtma 21< buthgbtlk bea 949 smgl-buthgbtlk plsth`s. ^h`lkm hdkmrs le Quz`b Kbetheutl`lsm tcm bdhrmgmetlhema wmbphes wclkc brm rmjlstmrma wltc tcm GLB. ^h`lkm hdkmrs brm trblema bea qub`lma th cbea`m tcmsmwmbphes, wclkc brm sthrma thjmtcmr wltc wmbphes kheskbtma drhg kltlzmes. Qcmsm wmbphes brm prhcliltma mxkmpt th tchsm hdklb`smgphwmrma iy tcm kclmd hd tcm hrjbelsbtlheb` uelt.

Kmetrb` Ihselb Kbethe ([rmaeohihsbesfl fbethe) ph`lkm phssmss 3=3 rmbrgs, lekùalej 3=> schrt-ibrrm``ma rmbrgs bea 3 `hej-ibrrm``ma wmbphes. Dhrgbtlheb` wmbphes surpùsms ah eht mxlst. Cmrzmjhvleb-Emrmtvb Kbethe (Cmrkmjhvbfh-emrmtvbesfl fbethe)ph`lkm rmphrtma :4 plsth`s, 21 buthgbtlk rlms bea 22 rlms b`thjmtcmr bs lts hdklb` wmbphes.

[brbomvh Kbethe (Fbethe [brbomvh) ph`lkm dhrkms hwe 2,>>: rmbrgs, lekùalej


25/81


26/81

. [B@Z LG^BKQ []YTM\

Qcls kcbptmr mxbglems tcm alrmkt bea lealrmkt lgpbkt hd [B@Z he shklmty le IlC. Qcm khesmqumekms hd tcm glsusm hd [B@Z lekrlgleb` bktlvltlms, [B@Z glsusm le brgma vlh`mekm bea lts lgpbkt he vbrlhus shklmtb` jrhups brm amb`t wltc smpbrbtm`y, bs brm tcmhismrvbtlhes he smkurlty, ph`ltlks bea mkhehglk lssums le jmemrb`. Qcls kcbptmr durtcmr beb`ysms tcm jmemrb` hvmrsljct hd tcm lgpbkt

hd [B@Z, slekm `lgltbtlhes he abtb cbvm cbgpmrma tcm krmbtlhe hd be le-amptc beb`ysls. Tbrlhus dbkthrs, sukc bs lemdklmeklms hdrmkhra-fmmplej, tcm `bkf hd b cbrghelsma k`bsslkbtlhe hd pui`lk stbtlstlks bea tcm hvmrb`` pbsslvlty wltcle tcm phpu`btlhe rm`btma thrmphrtlej [B@Z leklamets, cbvm khetrliutma th tcls. Hdklb` abtb shurkms wmrm usma le lestbekms wcmrm spmklk abtb wbs uebvbl`bi`m.

5 9.2 [B@Z bea Krlgm

Guramrs, tcmdt bea brgma rhiimry, tcm trbdkflej hd wmbphes bea gl`ltbry mqulpgmet bea htcmr dhrgs hd vlh`mekm rm`btma th [B@Zbrm imkhglej lekrmbslej`y prmsmet le khetmgphrbry shklmtlms, sukc bs IlC, cbvlej be lgpbkt he cugbe smkurlty. Tlh`met guramrs lekhddmm ibrs bea tcm amthebtlhe hd ihgis bea mxp`hslvm amvlkms le pui`lk p`bkms cbvm imkhgm b rmb`lty.

Chwmvmr, bkkhralej th abtb drhg tcm metlty glelstrlms hd letmrlhr, tcm thtb` krlgm rbtm cbs chvmrma bt tcm sbgm `mvm` hvmr tcm pbstdmw ymbrs, wcmrmbs `mvm`s hd ahgmstlk rm`btma vlh`mekm bea [B@Z rm`btma leklamets cbvm lekrmbsma arbstlkb``y. Bkkhralej th abtbprhvlama iy tcm GLB hd tcm DIlC, le 9>>< tcm eugimr hd rhiimrlms bea tcmdts lekrmbsma iy ;>1 leklamets (=3%) le rm`btlhe th 9>>3.Qcls trmea khetleuma aurlej tcm rst qubrtmr hd 9>2>. B`sh, tcm GLB hd tcm DIlC `ma tcrmm kcbrjms dhr tcm trbdkflej hd wmbphes beagl`ltbry mqulpgmet le 9>>2> tcm GLB hd Y[ `ma rmphrts bjblest 912 pmrshes kcbrjma wltc tcm uebutchrlsma usm, phssmsslhebea hr rmsb`m hd wmbphes bea mxp`hslvm gbtmrlb`, wclkc ls be lekrmbsm hd 2>.4% khgpbrma th tcm sbgm pmrlha le 9>>% aurlej tcm pmrlha 9>>: th 9>>< beacbs rmgblema bt tcm sbgm `mvm` aurlej tcm rst slx ghetcs hd 9>2>. Qcls abtb ls le bkkhrabekm wltc ledhrgbtlhe he tcm lekrmbsm letcm rbtm hd vlh`met krlgleb` hddmekms pmrtblelej th rhiimry bea tcmdt bea th tcm drm-qumet chglklams bea pmrturibtlhes. Qcm rmsu`ts drhg tcm dhkus jrhup alskusslhesebgma chglklam, drmqumet juerm bea tcmdt bs tcm mbalej tcrmbt th tcm smkurlty hdkhggueltlms bea shklmty bt brjm. Durtcmrghrm, tcmsm fleas hd leklamets hd brgmavlh`mekm brm ghst hdtme `lefma th krlgleb` jbejs bea brm tcm gble kbusm hd dmbrbghejst kltlzmes.

Krlgleb` jrhups brm ghst hdtme spmbrcmbama iy h`amr lealvlaub`s wch rmkrultyhuejmr gmgimrs. Qcls bttltuam wbs gble`y mxprmssma iy tcm dhkus jrhup pbr-tlklpbets drhg Quz`b, [brbomvh bea Ibeob @ufb. Ibef rhiimrlms wcmrm tcm pmrpm-

trbthrs usm bssbu`t rlms bea `hej-ibrrm``ma rlms wmrm b`sh hd pbrtlku`br khekmre.Qcls trmea ls he tcm lekrmbsm bea tcmrmdhrm wbs prmsmetma bs be hiomkt hd khe-kmre.

Lt schu`a im mgpcbslsma tcbt ghst krlgleb` hddmesms brm khgglttma iy pmrpmtrbthrs uslej plsth`s, cbea-jrmebams hr htcmr mxp`hslvmamvlkms, wclkc ls eht vmry surprlslej imbrlej le glea tcm bghuet hd l``mjb` rmbrgs le klvl`lbe phssmsslhe. Chwmvmr, ihtc ph`lkm beagmalb rmphrts k`blg tcbt ghst krlgleb` hddmesms brm khgglttma uslej l``mjb` rmbrgs. Bs sukc, tcm GLB hd [brbomvh Kbethe phlets thtcm dbkt tcbt eht b slej`m krlgleb` hddmekm cbs imme khgglttma uslej b rmjlstmrma rmbrg.

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27/81

Bkkhralej th tcm pui`lk-hplelhe survmy, twh-tclras hd rmspheamets cba hkkbslheb``y cmbra juerm bea mxp`hslhes le tcmlr lggmalbtmsurrhuealejs, b tmetc hd rmspheamets cba cmbra lt ghrm hdtme (hekm b wmmf), wcl`m b`ghst 4% cba cmbra juerm smvmrb` tlgms pmrwmmf.

Qcm rmsu`ts hd tcm survmy cbvm mebi`ma ghrm amtbl`ma ledhrgbtlhe he krlgm bea[B@Z. Hem qubrtmr hd rmspheamets khergma tcm ehtlhe tcbt, Le gy dbgl`y tcmrm

wmrm vlktlgs hd bssbu`ts, tcrmbts hr letlglabtlhe6 hut tcls eugimr 23.:% stbtma tcbttcm bssbu`ts wmrm glehr, wcmrmbs :% k`blgma tcbt tcm bssbu`ts cba imme letmesm.Qcm gbohrlty hd rmspheamets wmrm drhg Irkfh bea Quz`b (2=.9%), dh``hwma iy 29.1%drhg Ibeob @ufb, 22.1% drhg Ghstbr, bea 3.4% drhg [brbomvh bea Ahiho.

Be b`brglej dbkt ls tcbt hem dtc hd rmspheamets cba imme suiomktma th tcrmbts levh`vlej tcm usm hd rmbrgs, wcl`m 21.;% cba suddmrmatcrmbts levh`vlej kh`a wmbphes. B`hej wltc ledhrgbtlhe he krlgleb` hddmesms, abtb he vlh`met ambtcs schwlej tcm trmea hd sulklamsbea chglklams wbs jbtcmrma. [ulklam bttmgpts levh`vlej rmbrgs cbvm b cljcmr prhibil`lty hd b `mtcb` hutkhgm khgpbrma th htcmrgmtchas.

Bkkhralej th abtb kh``mktma drhg tcm [tbtlstlks Bjmeky/Lestltutm hd Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb, dhr tcm pmrlha 9>>;-9>>:, =,391 vlh`metambtcs k`bsslma bs bkklamets, sulklams hr chglklams hkkurrma. Drhg tcls eugimr, 9,;29 wmrm sulklams (1>%), wcl`m ;19 ambtcs

wmrm chglklam (4%).

Ghrm tcbe cb`d hd tcm hvmrb`` eugimr hd leklamets hkkurrma le Y[, ebgm`y 9,.>=%.

9:


28/81

Qbi`m 22? Tlh`met ambtcs le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb 9>>; - 9>>:

Hut hd tcm 2,;=9 sulklams khgglttma le Y[ (dhr tcm pmrlha 9>>;-9>>:) 9;% wmrm khgglttma le bkkhrabekm wltc k`bsslkbtlhe S:9-S:=, gmbelej tcbt ;9; pmrshes khgglttma sulklam uslej rmbrgs.

B cljcmr rbtm hd rmbrgs biusm wbs rmkhrama le rm`btlhe th chglklams wltc dbtb`hutkhgms. Dhr tcm sbgm tlgm pmrlha, hut hd tcm 24> chglklams 4: leklamets (19%)wmrm khgglttma uslej rmbrgs hr mxp`hslvm amvlkms.

Le baaltlhe, tcm stbtlstlkb` abtb lealkbtms tcbt gme brm ghrm lfm`y th suddmr b vlh`met

ambtc tcbe whgme. Dhr lestbekm, le 9>>: hut hd tcm thtb` eugimr hd rmjlstmrmaambtcs, bghuetlej th 2,994, gb`m vlktlgs bkkhuetma dhr :=% hd tcm thtb` eugimr.Qcls cljcmr trmea hd gb`m vlktlgs ls khestbet bkrhss leklamets hd sulklam, chglklambea bkklamets (tcm tbi`m im`hw lek`uams ghrm amtbl`ma ledhrgbtlhe).

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Qbi`m 22? Tlh`met ambtcs le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb le 9>>: k`bsslma bkkhralej th jmeamr bea typm hd ambtc

5 9.9 [B@Z bea Tlh`mekm

Le tcm bdtmrgbtc hd tcm wbr [B@Z brm stl`` prmsmet le shklmty bea tcm rlsf hd vlh`mekm bea ahgmstlk vlh`mekm rmgbles qultm cljc. Lechusmchàs khetblelej b rmbrg tcm rlsf dbkthr tcbt ahgmstlk vlh`mekm wl`` rmsu`t le b trbjlk hutkhgm rmgbles cljc. Qcls ls pbrtlku`br`ybpp`lkbi`m le tcm kbsm hd whgme, wcmrm tcm rlsf hd imlej guramrma iy tcmlr pbrtemr lekrmbsms iy 2>>% le tcm mvmet tcbt tcmrm ls brmbrg le tcm chusm. Bs dbr ibkf bs 2:. Le tcrmm lestbekms,tcm pmrpmtrbthrs, drhg tcm DIlC bea le Y[, khgglttma sulklam bdtmr khgglttlej tcmsm krlgms. Chwmvmr, bslam drhg leklamets hd ah-gmstlk vlh`mekm, rmbrgs brm b`sh kheemktma th htcmr krlgleb` hddmekms tcbt cbvm b alrmkt hr lealrmkt lgpbkt he cugbe smkurlty. Bssukc, le Y[ le 9>>< tcmrm wmrm 2 krlgleb` hddmesms bjblest `ldm bea ihay rmjlstmrma, lekùalej 93 chglklams, wclkc lealkbtms bebeeub` lekrmbsm hd ;.4%. Hut hd tcm hvmrb`` eugimr hd chglklams, 22 thhf p`bkm le Ibeob @ufb, < le Ahiho, 1 le Ilomòleb, ; le Mbst[brbomvh bea 2 le Qrmileom. Ghrmhvmr, 23 bttmgptma chglklams, 494 ihal`y leourlms, 2=< smvmrm ihal`y leourlms, 2; pcyslkb` bea htcmrsalsturibekms wmrm rmphrtma. Dhr tcm sbgm pmrlha le tcm DIlC, 2,941 krlgleb` hddmesms bjblest `ldm bea ihay wmrm rmjlstmrma wltc ;:krlgleb` bkts hd chglklam. B`ghst 4>% hd chglklams le tcm DIlC wmrm khgglttma uslej rmbrgs.

Qcm dh``hwlej tbi`m l`ùstrbtms tcm khgpbrbtlvm stbtlstlkb` abtb he tcm eugimr hd krlgleb` hddmesms rm`btma th ahgmstlk vlh`mekm khg-

glttma le IlC dhr tcm pmrlha 9>>4 th 9>>


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Qcm abtb he tcm eugimr hd leklamets hd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm khgglttma le IlC lealkbtms b cljc rbtm. Qcm prmsmekm hd vlh`mekm le jmemrb`le IlC wbs khergma iy tcm bttltuams kh``mktma tcrhujc tcm ûi`lk Hplelhe [urvmy. Ghrm tcbe b qubrtmr hd rmspheamets khergma

tcbt wltcle tcmlr dbgl`lms tcmrm cba imme kbsms hd vlh`mekm. Durtcmrghrm, bkkhralej th tcm survmy, hem dtc hd vlh`mekm wbs khgglttmauslej rmbrgs.

Abtb sukc bs tcls schuà im tbfme leth bkkhuet wltc b kmrtble bghuet hd rmsmrvm, pbrtlku`br`y le vlmw hd tcm dbkt tcbt b brjm eugimr hdleklamets hd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm rmgble uermphrtma, ghst`y tchsm levh`vlej tcm usm hd rmbrgs. Qcmrm ls b cljc prhibil`lty tcbt b vlktlgwl`` eht rmphrt rmbrg biusm hr tcrmbts le dmbr tcbt tcm khgpmtmet butchrltlms khuà dbl` th smlzm tcm rmbrg.

Amspltm tcm cljc rbtm hd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm stbtm, metlty bea htcmr rm`mvbet lestltutlhes le IlC, dhr tcm ghst pbrt, alsp`by b tmeameky themj`mkt tcls lssum. Qcmrm ls eh rmkhra fmpt he tcm usm hd rmbrgs le tcmsm lestbekms bea shklb` whrfmrs brm eht hi`ljma th bsf ld tcmpmrpmtrbthr usma b rmbrg hr shgm htcmr wmbphe le tcm khursm hd be leklamet.

J`hib``y, vlh`mekm levh`vlej rmbrgs prmsmets b cujm tcrmbt th tcm smkurlty bea amvm`hpgmet hd shklmty. Qcls typm hd vlh`mekm hkkurs

drmqumet`y he b abl`y ibsls bea eht he`y le wbr bddmktma khuetrlms, iut b`sh le amvm`hpma khuetrlms tcbt cbvm eht meaurma b khelkt. Bk-khralej th mstlgbtms iy LBE[B, tcm thtb` eugimr hd rmbrg vlktlgs le Ylh am Obemrlh dhr tcm pmrlha 2> mxkmmama tcm eugimrhd vlktlgs le wbr zhems sukc bs Bdjcbelstbe, [lmrrb @mhem bea ]jbeab hvmr tcm sbgm pmrlha. He bvmrbjm ;,>>> pmhp`m brm leourmaiy rmbrgs mbkc aby.

Abtb sukc bs tcls ls dhr tcm ghst pbrt mxtrmgm`y abuetlej, iut lt schuà im ehtma tcbt [B@Z stl`` khestrum be lssum tcbt ls prmvmetbi`m.Emw bpprhbkcms, sukc bs tcm sh-kb``ma Cugbe [mkurlty bpprhbkc, schuà im amvm`hpma, wcmrmiy spmklb` sljelkbekm whuà imjlvme th du``y khgprmcmealej tcls mà, ebgm`y tcm khgp`mxlty hd prmvmetlej emjbtlvm khesmqumekms rmsu`tlej drhg tcm prmsmekm hd[B@Z. [lgu`tbemhus`y, lt schuà im ehtma tcbt butchrltlms emma th mgp`hy b gu`tlalgmeslheb` bpprhbkc thwbras sh`vlej tcls lssum, iybktlej bt alddmrmet mvm`s (`hkb`, metlty, rmjlheb` bea j`hib`)? p`bklej tcm purkcbsm hd rmbrgs ueamr strlkt khetrh`, rmauklej tcm amgbeadhr rmbrgs, rmghvlej tcm l``mjb` rmbrgs kurrmet`y le klrku`btlhe, alglelsclej `mjls`btlvm schrtdb``s bea htcmrs gmbsurms. ]eamr tcmahgble hd prmvmetlvm bktlhe, cljc qub`lty shùtlhes gust im letrhaukma th uekhvmr mbr`y wbrelej sljes bea bamqubtm `mjb` prhkmma-

lejs put le p`bkm dhr tcm puelscgmet hd pmrpmtrbthrs.

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9.; [B@Z bea Jmeamr

Qcrhujc beb`ysls hd tcm stbtlstlkb` abtb kh``mktma dhr tcm purphsms hd tcls survmy lt imkbgm bppbrmet tcbt b`ghst b`` [B@Z rm`btmabrmbs bea lssums le IlC schwma jmeamr alddmrmekms. Qcmsm alddmrmekms wmrm ghst`y vlsli`m le brmbs hd [B@Z alstrliutlhe, pmrkmptlhebea lgpbkt.

Kheslamrlej tcbt tcm `brjmst bghuet hd stbtlstlkb` abtbhe [B@Z ls eht k`bssma bkkhralej th jmeamr, tcmbeb`ysls wbs `lgltma sh`m`y th b khgpbrlshe hd vlh`metambtcs (sulklams bea chglklams) dhr tcm pmrlha 9>>;-9>>:.

Abtb drhg tcm [tbtlstlks Bjmeky/Lestltutm hd IlC, bsprmsmetma le tcm tbi`m bihvm, amghestrbtms tcm ald-dmrmekm le rm`btlhe th tcm eugimr hd dbtb`ltlms (ihtcchglklam bea sulklam) imtwmme tcm twh jmeamrs. Gb`mvlktlgs khgprlsma :2% le khgpbrlshe th 9% hd whgme wmrm hd tcm hplelhe tcbt phssmsslhe hd b rmbrg ls b gmebkm thdbgl`y, wcl`m b`sh bjrmmlej tcbt th shgm mxtmet lt kbe smrvm bs b dhrg hd prhtmktlhe. Qcls bttltuam wbs khergma iy 9>% hd tcm gb`mpbrtlklpbets.

Be letmrmstlej dbkt tcbt surdbkma aurlej tcm khursm hd alskusslhes wltcle tcm dhkus jrhups ls tcbt whgme ah eht bavhkbtm dhr rmbrgs,iut stbea rg he tcm emma th `mjb`lsm bea sbdmjubra rmbrgs bea th krmbtm cbrscmr puelscgmets dhr tcm glsusm hd wmbphes thjmtcmrwltc tcm kh``mktlhe hd l``mjb` wmbphes.

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9.1 [B@Z Kclàrme bea \hutc

Le khetrbst th khevmetlheb wbrdbrm hd tcm pbst khetmgphrbry wbrdbrm cbs imme gbrfmaiy be lekrmbsm le tcm usm hd sgb`` brgs bea `ljct wmbphes. Qcm khesmqumekms brmgbeldmstma tcrhujc jrmbtmr phpu`btlhe hssms, pbrtlku`br`y bghej klvl`lbes (le 3>% hd

kbsms), wltc whgme bea kcl arme bs tcm ghst vuèmrbi`m jrhups. Bkkhralej th tcmmstlgbtms hd tcm ]eltma Ebtlhes Lestltutm dhr Alsbrgbgmet Ymsmbrkc (]ELALY), hvmrtcm pmrlha 2>> twh gl``lhe kclàrme wmrm guramrma uslej sgb`` brgs, brhueavm gl``lhe wmrm leourma bea ghrm tcbe twmety gl``lhe wmrm khgpm``ma th `mbvm tcmlrchgms.

Le khhpmrbtlhe wltc ]ELKMD IlC, le 9>>< tcm Kmetrm dhr [mkurlty [tualms kheauktmab survmy he tcm alrmkt bea lealrmkt lgpbkt hd sgb`` brgs bea `ljct wmbphes he tcmphpu`btlhe hd IlC6 pbrtlku`br dhkus wbs jlvme th kclàrme bs hem hd tcm ghst vuèmr-bi`m shklb` jrhups. Qcm rmsu`ts lealkbtma tcm prmsmekm hd [B@Z le IlC shklmty beatcbt tcmy rmprmsmet b tcrmbt th cugbe smkurlty, pbrtlku`br`y th kclàrme. Qcm cljc mvm`hd alstrliutlhe hd [B@Z bea tcm mbsm hd bkkmss th sukc wmbphes cbvm b alrmkt lgpbkt he tcm sbdmty hd kclàrme, wclkc ls gbeldmstma

tcrhujc mxbgp`ms hd tcm letmetlheb` biusm hd [B@Z wltc tcm purphsm hd khgglttlej b krlgm bea dhr tcm gbelpu`btlhe hd bea ahgleb-tlhe hvmr wmbfmr vlktlgs. Le tcls wby, kclàrme pmr-kmlvm tcm phssmsslhe hd rmbrgs, ebgm`y phssms-slhe hd rmbrgs le tcmlr chusmchàs, bs b `mbalejtcrmbt th tcmlr smkurlty, smkhea th trbdk bkklamets.Qcls bttltuam wbs b`sh khergma iy tcm dhkus jrhuppbrtlklpbets wch, le baaltlhe, pmrkmlvma tcm `bkf hdsbdmfmmplej hd rmbrgs bs b tcrmbt th kclàrme letcmlr chgms.

Durtcmrghrm, tcm rmsmbrkc drhg 9>>


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[gb`` brgs bea brgma vlh`mekm, pbrtlku`br`y tcm prh`ldmrbtlhe bea biusm hd [B@Z, cbs be lggmesm alrmkt hr lealrmkt lgpbkt hekclàrme. Qcm emjbtlvm mddmkts hd tcm usm hd [B@Z he kclàrme brm eht he`y gbeldmstma tcrhujc ambtc bea leoury, iut b`sh tcrhujcpsykch`hjlkb` trbugb, b `hw qub`lty hd `ldm bea be hvmrb`` amkrmbsm le prhauktlvlty.

[B@Z rm`btma khelkts drmqumet`y wmbfme trbaltlheb` dbgl`y strukturms bea ueamrglem

tcm ledrbstrukturm le p`bkm dhr tcm prhtmktlhe hd kclàrme iy kbuslej ambtc hr leoury thhem pbrmet hr iy khgpm``lej b kclàs smpbrbtlhe drhg tcm rmst hd cls hr cmr dbgl`y. Qcmkhesmqumekms hd mbr`y mxphsurm th brgma vlh`mekm kbe cbvm b kruklb` leumekm hvmrb kclàs amklslhe th imkhgm b shàlmr mbr`y he bea tcm rmbshe wcy b kclà pmrkmlvmswmbphes bs b `mjltlgbtm dhrg hd rmsh`vlej b khelkt hd bey flea. Qcm prh`ldmrbtlhe beabiusm hd [B@Z b`sh alsrupts tcm prlgbry smrvlkms he wclkc kclàrme ampmea.

Be lekrmbsm le vlh`met imcbvlhur bea krlgleb` bkts bghejst tcm yhuejmr jmemrbtlhermprmsmets b smrlhus tcrmbt th khgguelty, dbgl`y bea kclàrme. Qcm lebamqubtm shklh-mkhehglk sltubtlhe le IlC khgilema wltc tcm `bkf hd lestltutlheb` kbpbklty th lgp`mgmet`bws jhvmrelej kclàrme bea yhutcs thjmtcmr wltc tcm lssum hd ouvmel`m am`lequmeky cbs rmsu`tma le be mehrghus lekrmbsm le tcm rbtmhd `bttmr hvmr tcm pbst dmw ymbrs.

Le tcm mvhùtlhe hd tcm kbusms tcbt krmbtm wrhej pmrkmptlhes hd ghrb` bea shklmtb` vbùms bea tcm ghtlvbtlhe th phssmss [B@Zbghejst kclàrme tcm dh``hwlej cbvm imme lametlma bs tcm gble kbusms? m`mktrhelk gmalb bea vlh`met khetmet, vlamh jbgms ibsmahe alddmrmet dhrgs hd vlrtub` wmbphery, prlet gmalb rmphrts he krlgleb` bktlvltlms bea tcm hkkbslheb` j`hrlkbtlhe hd pmrshes bsshklbtmawltc krlgleb` bktlvltlms.

\mt wcbt ls ghst whrrylej ls tcm dbkt tcbt tcm usm hd [B@Z cbs imkhgm bkkmptbi`m bea mvme oustlma, slekm [B@Z brm sh mbsl`ybttblebi`m he tcm i`bkf gbrfmt. Qcrhujc tm`mvlslhe, `g bea vlamh jbgms kclàrme jble tcm glskhekmptlhe tcbt [B@Z brm j`bghr -hus6 hdtme tcm cmrhms le tcmsm gmalb brm jue-usmrs wch hitble bea usm wmbphes le uermb`lstlk arbgbtlk bea uesbdm wbys. Bghejkclàrme hà mehujc th cbvm imme mxphsma th sukc gbtmrlb` bea tcmrmdhrm bi`m th rmkhjelsm ibslk wmbphe typms tcm rmsu`t kbe im bpmrkmptlhe hd jue-usm bs tcrl``lej. Ymkmet`y [wltzmr`bea bahptma b Tlh`met Jbgms Bkt, wclkc ma th b ibe he bey typm hd vlh`met jbgm.Qcm hutkhgm, bs b`rmbay stbtma, wl`` prhibi`y im be letmralktlhe he tcm prhauktlhe, alstrliutlhe bea sb`m hd bey jbgms kheslamrma th

im lebpprhprlbtm, wltc tcm hi`ljbtlhe hd b 24+/23+ kmrtlkbtm wbrelej tcbt krum` bea vlh`met bkts bjblest pmhp`m hr imlejs slgl`br thpmhp`m brm prmsmet he`y dhr tcm purphsm hd tcm jbgms sukkmss.

Le tmrgs hd tcm alrmkt lgpbkt hd sgb`` brgs bea ljct wmbphes, tcm gbohrlty hd kclàrme tcbt thhf pbrt le tcm survmy stbtma tcbt tcmy cbacba alrmkt khetbkt wltc sgb`` brgs bea `ljct wmbphes hr uemxp`hama mxp`hslvm amvlkms. He`y b sgb`` pmrkmetbjm hd tcmsm kclàrmedrhg b`` dhkus jrhups vhùetbrl`y prhvlama amtbl`ma ledhrgbtlhe he chw tcmy kbgm leth khetbkt wltc sukc wmbphes, ghst drmqumet`ywltc cuetlej rlms tcbt im`hejma th tcmlr pbrmets hr jrbeadbtcmrs. \mt ghst hd tcmg bkfehw`majma tcbt tcmy wmrm bwbrm tcbt shgm hdtcmlr drlmeas hr pmmrs cba cba khetbkt wltc sgb`` brgs bea `ljct wmbphes, hkkbslheb``y mvme irlejlej tcmg th skchh`. Hem ihy wchpbrtlklpbtma le b dhkus jrhup stbtma?

B ihy drhg gy skchh` irhujct b cbea-jrmebam th skchh` bea schwma lt th tcmhtcmr kclàrme.

Qcrhujc tcm alskusslhes wltc kclàrme b eugimr hd trmeas wmrm hismrvma tcrhujc-hut IlC, ebgm`y le tmrgs hd tcm pmrkmptlhe hd [B@Z, bea b`ghst b`` letmrvlmwmakclàrme prhk`blgma wmbphes th im abejmrhus. Aurlej tcm mvbùbtlhe hd tcmlrbwbrmemss khekmrelej tcm qubetlty hd [B@Z prmsmet le tcmlr khggueltlms tcmgbohrlty hd kclàrme sbla tcbt tcmy tchujct tcbt tcmrm wbs b rm`btlvm`y `brjm eugimrhd tcmsm wmbphes, iut eht vlsli`m hr bvbl`bi`m th tcmg. Hem hd tcm dmgb`m pbrtlkl-pbets stbtma?

Hivlhus`y `hts hd wmbphes brm prmsmet cmrmlt ls mvlamet le tcm cujm eugimr hd gmalb rmphrts le emwspbpmrs khekmrelej vbrlhusleklamets kbusma iy sgb`` bea `ljct wmbphes b`ghst mvmry aby shgmihay fl``s shgmhem wltc b plsth` hr b rlm.

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Qcm gbohrlty hd kclàrme drhg bkrhss IlC b`sh stbtma tcbt tcmrm ls b ht hd vlh`mekm bghejst tcmlr pmmrs, mxprmssma tcrhujc gbey jctsbea cbrbssgmet hd kclàrme. Qcmrm wmrm eh mxbgp`ms hd kclàrme wltemsslej tcm biusm hd [B@Z le skchh`, iut lt ls phssli`m tcbt tcmkclàrme gljct eht cbvm imme wl``lej th rmphrt sukc mxbgp`ms th tcm rmsmbrkc tmbg. Chwmvmr, tcmrm wmrm mxbgp`ms hd kclàrme irlej-

lej [B@Z th skchh` th schw lt tcmlr drlmeas.

5 9.= ^h`ltlkb` bea Mkhehglk Lgpbkt

[tbtm jhvmregmets, ma iy vb`la ph`lklms, kbe khetrliutm th tcm prmvmetlhe hd [B@Z rm`btma vlh`mekm. Qcls gmbes tcbt tcmy schuà imbi`m th rmkhjelsm tcls bs be lssum, b`hej wltc tcm dbkt tcbt [B@Z kbe mea up le tcm wrhej cbeas bea lelkt lggmesm`y amtrlgmetb`khesmqumekms he tcm smkurlty hd tcm stbtm bea lts mkhehglk jrhwtc trmea.

J`hib``y, brgma vlh`mekm cbrgs tcm iuslemss mevlrhegmet, lgpbkts emjbtlvm`y he tcm phsslil`lty th mvbam phvmrty bea irlejs bihuttcm lebil`lty hd cmb`tc bea maukbtlhe systmgs th duektlhe le bkkhrabekm wltc tcm amgbea. Letmrebtlheb` khgpbelms wltcarbw le sukcsltubtlhes bea trbam suislams brm krmbtma aum th tcm lebil`lty th duektlhe ehrgb``y. Durtcmrghrm, dhrmlje levmsthrs wltcarbw bea thur-

lsg kmbsms th jrhw bea khesmqumet`y stbjebtms. Qcmsm brm shgm hd tcm j`hib` dbkthrs suspmktma hd bddmktlej tcm mkhehglk amvm`hp-gmet hd IlC bglast iba ph`ltlkb` `mbamrsclp.

Le hramr th mvbùbtm tcm hvmrb`` hrlmetbtlhe bea bttltuams hd ph`ltlklbes le IlC thwbras wmbphes bea wcmtcmr tcmy supphrt tcm sbgm,tcm IlC gbjbzlem [tbrt bttmgptma th kh``mkt beswmrs drhg tcm `mbalej ph`ltlkb` m`ltm.

[tbrt khgp`blema tcbt lt cba hitblema he`y b sgb`` eugimr hd beswmrs le rmsphesm th lts qumstlheeblrm tcbt wbs dhrwbrama th tcm^br`lbgmet hd IlC. Dhr lestbekm, mgsualg Gmcgmahvl k`blgma th hwe b cuetlej wmbphe usma mxkùslvm`y dhr tcm purphsm hd cuet-lej. Cls kh``mbjum, Glrfh Hfh`l, k`blgma th cbvm hwema cls plsth` slekm 2 dhr rmbshes hd cls hwe prhtmktlhe. Imrlz Im`fl phletmahut tcbt cm cbs eh emma dhr rmbrgs bs cm im`hejs th tcm jrhup hd pmhp`m tcbt im`lmvm tcbt stbtm lestltutlhes schuà jubrbetmm tcmsmkurlty hd mbkc kltlzme. [`bvfh Ohvll stbtma tcbt cm cba cba mehujc hd wmbphes bs b gmgimr hd tcm dhrgmr [tbtm [mkurlty [mrvlkm,baalej tcbt cm als`lfma tcmg mvme ibkf tcme bea eas tcmg alsjustlej6 tcmrmdhrm, cm ahms eht hwe hem, mvme bs b trhpcy hr shuvmelr.

@bzbr ^rhabehvl ahms eht hwe bey flea hd rmbrg bea ehr ahms cm kheslamr lt emkmssbry. Cusmle Ebel bea Bamg Cusfl wmrmhd tcm sbgm hplelhe. Beswmrs th tcm gbjbzlem [tbrt wmrm eht khgguelkbtma iy _`btfh @bjugalob, Ibflr Lzmtimjhvl, Ghgl`hEhvbfhvl, Yldbt Ah`l, [balf Ibctl bea htcmrs.

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. [B@Z ^MYKM^QLHE []YTM\

Qcls pbrt hd tcm survmy beb`ysms tcm typms hd pmrkmptlhes bghejst tcm phpu`btlhe hd IlC le rmjbra th smkurlty, tcmlr bttltuam he cu-gbe smkurlty, tcm trbaltlhe hd rmbrg phssmsslhe bea usbjm bs wm`` bs bttltuams he tcm `mjb` bea l``mjb` phssmsslhe hd rmbrgs. Qcmeb` smktlhe hd tcls kcbptmr prhvlams kmrtble rmkhggmeabtlhes khekmrelej duturm bktlhe bea prhjrbggms dhr tcm kh``mktlhe hd l``mjb`

rmbrgs ueamr klvl`lbe phssmsslhe. Qcmsm rmkhggmeabtlhes brm krmbtma ibsma he tcm hplelhes jlvme iy kltlzmes.

5 ;.2 ^mrkmptlhe hd Jmemrb` [mkurlty

Bkkhralej th tcm rmsu`ts hd tcm survmy kheauktma le tcls ahgble IlC ls pmrkmlvma bs b smkurm khuetry. Qcmrmdhrm, 11.2% hd rmsphea-mets dm`t smkurm le tcmlr khgguelty bea 21.=% dm`t mxtrmgm`y smkurm. He tcm htcmr cbea, b shgmwcbt `hwmr pmrkmetbjm hd 91.2% hdrmspheamets rbtma tcmlr smesm hd pmrsheb` smkurlty wltcle tcmlr p`bkm hd rmslamekm bs lesmkurm, wcl`m he`y 1.2% hd rmspheamets rbtmalt bs mxtrmgm`y lesmkurm.

Le Y[ 13.3% hd rmspheamets dm`t sbdm le tcmlr p`bkm hd rmslamekm, wcl`m 12.:% le tcm DIlC dm`t tcm sbgm. Qcm amjrmm hd lesmkurlty wbss`ljct`y cljcmr le tcm DILC? 9=.1% le rm`btlhe th 99.9% le Ympui`lfb [rpsfb. [tbtlstlkb``y sljelkbet alddmrmekms wmrm pmrkmlvma wcmebeb`yslej abtb le tmrgs hd tcm rmspheamets bjm. Qcm sbdmty dbkthr lekrmbsma wltc bjm wltc 14.;% le tcm bjm jrhup 9= th 9.;%, he`y th rlsm bjble le tcm bjm jrhup 4>+. Le tmrgs hd mtcelklty, Krhbts rmmktma tcmcljcmst smesm hd sbdmty bghuetlej th 9=..1% hd [mris dm`t sbdm wltcle tcmlr khggueltlms. 9:..:% le suiuribe brmbs dm`t tcm sbgm. Qcm amjrmm hd lesmkurlty dm`t

le rurb` brmbs bghuetma th 9=.:%, 9;.3% le suiuribe bea 9;.:% le uribe brmbs.

5

>

2>

9>

;>

1>

=>

Tmry smkurm [mkurm L ahet fehw Lesmkurm Tmry lesmkurm

^rmsmetbtlhe he tcm drmqumeky hd bttltuams he pmrsheb` sbdmty wltcle tcmp`bkm hd rmslamekm

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36/81

;.9 ^mrkmptlhe hd Cugbe [mkurlty

Le gbey prmvlhus`y wbr-bddmktma khuetrlms bea khuetrlms wltc b cljc krlgm rbtm cugbe smkurlty ls hdtme ueamrglema bea tcm `lvms hdkltlzmes brm alrmkt`y hr lealrmkt`y p`bkma bt rlsf. Le Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb, bs wm`` bs le htcmr khuetrlms, tcm gble tcrmbt th cugbesmkurlty, dhr tcm ghst pbrt, ls rmmktma le tcm mgmrjlej dhrg hd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm. Le gbey kbsms kh`a wmbphes hr rmbrgs brm khg-

ghe`y usma. Le tcm DIlC aurlej tcm rst qubrtmr hd 9>2> tcm `brjmst eugimr hd krlgleb` bkts wbs khgglttma ueamr tcm kbtmjhry hd -dmesms bjblest gbrrlbjm, dbgl`y bea yhutc hr tcm kbtmjhry hd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm6 tcm `bttmr eugimrlej 233 kbsms, wclkc ls 9;% ghrmwcme khgpbrma th tcm sbgm pmrlha aurlej tcm prmvlhus ymbr. Le Y[, aurlej tcm rst qubrtmr hd 9>2> b thtb` hd 4: krlgleb` hddmesmshd ahgmstlk vlh`mekm wmrm rmkhrama, wclkc rmprmsmets be lekrmbsm hd >2> lealkbtms b sljelkbet lekrmbsm, hvmr =>%, lekrlgleb` hddmesms (jcts, tcmdt bea rhiimrlms) khgglttma ghst`y iy brgma pmrpmtrbthrs. Durtcmrghrm, tcm pmrpmtrbthrs wmrm gble`y

hrjbelsma krlgleb` jrhups6 tcm ghst drmqumet tbrjmts wmrm imttlej schps, ibefs, phst hdkms bea tcm `brjmr schpplej kmetrms, omhp -bralslej cugbe `ldm bs b khesmqumekm.

Qcm ph`lkm le Y[ `ma rmphrts bjblest 29; pmrpmtrbthrs dhr tcm uebutchrlsma usm bea phssmsslhe hd rmbrgs bea hr mxp`hslvm gbtmrlb`bs wm`` bs dhr tcm trbdkflej hd wmbphes bea mxp`hslvm gbtmrlb` le tcm rst qubrtmr hd 9>2>, wclkc schws be lekrmbsm hd 3.


37/81

Alskusslhes le tcm dhkus jrhups ala eht lealkbtm bey gbohr aljrmsslhe khekmrelej tcm pmrkmptlhe hd smkurlty le rurb` brmbs. Lestmba,

alddmrmekms wmrm hismrvma imtwmme wbr bddmktma brmbs bea tchsm tcbt wmrm `mdt uebddmktma iy tcm wbr. Qcus, tcm bttltuams hd pbr-tlklpbets le tcm dhkus jrhups le Ibeob @ufb bea Ilom`oleb alddmrma khgp`mtm`y drhg tcm bttltuams hd pbrtlklpbets le tcm dhkus jrhups lewbr-bddmktma kltlms `lfm [brbomvh bea Quz`b. Chwmvmr, wcbt wbs khgghe th b`` dhkus jrhups wbs b cljc `mvm` hd lesmkurlty bea tcmbttltuam tcbt smkurlty le tcmlr hkb` khgguelty cbs amtmrlhrbtma slekm tcm imjleelej hd tcm mkhehgy krlsls? 1:% hd pbrtlklpbets.

Qcm rmsu`ts durtcmr lealkbtm tcbt tcm kltlzmes hd Irkfh Alstrlkt cbvm suddmrma tcm ghst letmesm `mvm` hd vlh`met bssbu`ts, tcrmbts bealetlglabtlhe, ebgm`y 2=.9%. Le tcm DIlC 9>.3% hd rmspheamets lealkbtma shgm gl`amr dhrgs hd tcrmbts hr letlglabtlhe, 23.9% hd rm-spheamets drhg Irkfh Alstrlkt cba slgl`br mxpmrlmekms bea 2=.=% le Y[. Drhg tcm thtb` eugimr hd rmspheamets, 2=.9% drhg Quz`b,29.1% drhg Ibeob @ufb, 22.1% drhg Ghstbr bea 3.4% drhg ihtc [brbomvh bea Ahiho beswmrma tcbt tcmrm cba imme be letmesm dhrghd bssbu`t, tcrmbts hr letlglabtlhe le tcmlr dbgl`y. Le rmsphesm th tcm qumstlhe Cbvm tcmrm imme vlktlgs hd vlh`met tcrmbts bea letlglab-tlhe bssbu`ts le yhur dbgl`y8 24.:% hd rmspheamets drhg [brbomvh, 2=.:% drhg Quz`b, 2;.=% drhg Ibeob @ufb, >3, Qhgls`bv ^mtrhvl (12) drhg @lphvlkb, bt brhuea slx le tcm ghrelej, scht amba slx pmhp`m.

^mtrhvlk rst scht tcrmm emljcihurs le tcmlr chusms bea `btmr jht he tcm ius `lem Jhreob @lphvlkb - Quz`b wcmrm cm fl``ma tcrmm pbs-smejmrs. mtrhvlk rst kbgm th tcm chusm hd cls emljcihurs Glob bea Fbob ^mtrhvlk bea fl``ma tcmg. Cm tcme fl``ma cls emljcihur LvhGbrfbehvlk bea bdtmrwbras smt hdd thwbras b ius, wcmrm cm dhuea tcrmm pbssmejmrs bihbra. Cm jht he tcm ius bea usma cls plsth`th fl`` Elfh bea Gbrb ^mtrhvlk bea Arbjlkb Gbrfbehvlk, wcl`m lelktlej smvmrm leourlms he tcm arlvmr, Gursm` h`l.

Bdtmr cbvlej khgglttma slx guramrs ^mtrhvlk thhf cls kbr bea arhvm th [rmaeob @lphvlkb, wcmrm hekm bjble cm hpmema rm he hem hdtcm pbrfma kbrs. Bt tcbt ghgmet, ph`lkm kbgm iy bea brrmstma clg. Qcm ghtlvm dhr tcm krlgms rmgbles uefehwe th tcls abtm, wcl`m

`hkb`s bssmrt tcbt mtrhvlk wbs bktlej wmlra bea suddmrma drhg amprmsslhe.

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38/81

Dhkus jrhup pbrtlklpbets le [brbomvh, Ibeob @ufb bea Quz`b bssmrtma tcbt tcm rlslej eugimr hd brgma rhiimrlms bea guramrs ls tcm`mbalej lssum tcbt meabejmrs cugbe smkurlty. Qcm rmsu`ts drhg tcm survmy b`sh supphrt tcls bttltuam? ;9.9% hd rmspheamets khesla-mrma krlgleb` hddmekms bjblest prhpmrty/tcmdt th im tcm ghst drmqumet hddmekms, dh``hwma iy aruj-rm`btma hddmekms (91.2%) bea jmemrb`krlgleb` hddmekms (99.2%), pui`lk hramr alsturibekms (2=.3%) bea krlgleb` hddmekms bjblest ihay bea `ldm (=.:%).

Qcm gbohrlty hd kltlzmes (:3.4%) kheslamrma tcm stbtm/ph`lkm butchrltlms bs imbrlej tcm jrmbtmst `mvm` hd rmspheslil`lty dhr tcm sbdmty hdkltlzmes. He`y b sgb`` pmrkmetbjm hd kltlzmes, ebgm`y 3.=%, kheslamrma dbgl`y bs tcm ghst rmsphesli`m uelt dhr tcm sbdmty hd kltlzmes,wcl`m 3.9% p`bkma tcls duektlhe ueamr tcm ugirm``b hd rmspheslil`ltlms bttbkcma th letmrebtlheb` hrjbelsbtlhes prmsmet le IlC, ebgm`yEBQH, tcm M]^G bea M]DHY. B slgl`br bttltuam wbs mxprmssma iy dhkus jrhups pbrtlklpbets, wltc tcm alddmrmekm tcbt bghejstwhgme tcm bttltuam tcbt dbgl`y ls tcm uelt ghst rmsphesli`m dhr tcm sbdmty hd kltlzmes wbs ghrm ahglebet.

Kcbrt? Zch ls rmsphesli`m dhr tcm sbdmty hd kltlzmes8

Zcme beb`yslej tcm abtb le tmrgs hd metlty smpbrbtlhe eh stbtlstlkb``y sljelkbet alddmrmekms wmrm pmrkmlvma, cbvlej le glea tcbt ghstmxbglemms kheslamrma tcm stbtm/ph`lkm th imbr tcm u`tlgbtm rmspheslil`lty dhr tcm smkurlty hd kltlzmes. Lt ls letmrmstlej tcbt b kheslamr-bi`m pmrkmetbjm hd kltlzmes im`lmvma prlvbtm smkurlty khgpbelms th cbvm tcm jrmbtmst mvm` hd rmspheslil lty dhr tcm smkurlty hd kltlzmes.Le tcls rmspmkt, 93.2% hd kltlzmes drhg Ilcbk, 92.


39/81

;.; ^mrkmptlhes he tcm Qrbaltlhe hd Jue Hwemrsclp bea ]sbjm

Zcl`st rmsmbrkclej tcm trbaltlhe hd phssmsslhe hd rmbrgs bttmgpts wmrm gbam th prhvlam beswmrs th tcm vlmws hr bttltuams hd kltlzmesthwbras tcm phssmsslhe bea usbjm hd rmbrgs. Kheauktlej tcm chusmch`a survmy mebi`ma tcm hut`lelej hd kmrtble pbttmres bea vlmwshd kltlzmes thwbras tcm phssmsslhe bea usbjm hd rmbrgs. Embr`y cb`d hd tcm rmspheamets im`lmvma tcbt pmhp`m ghst hdtme hwe b

rmbrg dhr tcm sbfm hd tcmlr prlvbtm sbdmty, wcl`m ghrm tcbe b qubrtmr im`lmvma tcbt hwemrsclp hd b rmbrg wbs tcm rmsu`t hd b hw mvm`hd kheamekm le tcm ph`lkm6 tcls bttltuam wbs scbrma iy b`` tcrmm hd tcm khestltumet pmhp`ms hd IlC. Le tmrgs hd jmeamr, tcmrm wmrm ehalddmrmekms wltc =2% hd gme bea whgme kheslamrlej tcbt pmhp`m ghst hdtme hwe rmbrg dhr tcmlr hwe sbdmty. [ukc be bttltuam wbsghst supphrtma iy rmspheamets le tcm bjm jrhup 9= th 9


40/81

He`y 29.=% hd rmspheamets kchsm trbaltlhe bs tcm ghst drmqumet rmbshe dhr tcm prmsmekm hd rmbrgs le chusmchàs. Le Ihselb beaCmrzmjhvleb ls cbs imkhgm usub` dhr b gbe th hwe b rmbrg. Oust s`ljct`y hvmr cb`d hd rmspheamets tchujct tcbt ghst`y yhuejmr gmehwe wmbphes, wcmrmbs 24% hd tcmg kheslamrma tmmebjmrs th im ghst suskmptli`m th hwelej b wmbphe. Lt ls letmrmstlej tcbt he`y

>.9% hd gme im`lmvma tcbt whgme hwe wmbphes.

5;.1 ^mrkmptlhes he @mjb` bea L``mjb` ^hssmsslhe

Bkkhralej th tcm survmy bea dhkus jrhup rmsu`ts, tcm gbohrlty hd tcm phpu`btlhe als`lfm [B@Z bea pmrkmlvm tcmg bs b jrmbt tcrmbtth cugbe smkurlty. He tcm htcmr cbea, b dtc hd rmspheamets cmà tcm hpphsltm bttltuam bea prhk`blgma th `lfm rmbrgs. B`ghst %hd pbrtlklpbets le tcm dhkus jrhups pmrkmlvma rmbrgs, ihtc `mjb` bea l``mjb`, bs b `mbalej tcrmbt th tcmlr smkurlty. ^brtlklpbets hd tcmdhkus jrhup le Quz`b mbjmr`y alskussma wmbphes bs b tcrmbt, wltchut bssljelej bey alddmrmekm imtwmme `mjb` bea l``mjb` wmbphes.Qcm eugimr hd whgme wch ah eht `lfm rmbrgs (=>%) wbs kheslamrbi`y cljcmr tcbe tcm hem-dtc hd gme wch ah eht `lfm rmbrgs.Durtcmrghrm, 9=% hd gme `lfm rmbrgs khgpbrma th he`y =.4% hd whgme. B amtbl`ma beb`ysls lealkbtma tcbt le rmjbra th mtcelklty,

tcmrm wmrm eh sljelkbet vbrlbtlhes pmrkmlvma le rmjbra th sygpbtclms dhr rmbrgs.

Durtcmr amtbl`ma beb`ysls cbs lealkbtma tcm letmrmstlej rmsu`t tcbt tcmrm brm eh alddmrmekms imtwmme tcm bttltuams hd rmspheamets khg-lej drhg rurb`, uribe hr suiuribe brmbs le tmrgs hd tcmlr `lfm hr als`lfm dhr rmbrgs. Chwmvmr, tcls wbs eht tcm kbsm wcme k`bssldylejrmspheamets bkkhralej th tcmlr maukbtlhe. Qchsm wltc he`y prlgbry maukbtlhe bea sfl``s bea tchsm wltchut bey maukbtlhe wmrm ghrmlek`lema thwbras rmbrgs le khgpbrlshe th rmspheamets wltc smkheabry skchh` maukbtlhe bea uelvmrslty jrbaubtms.

Qcm rmsphesm th tcm stbtmgmet tcbt hwemrsclp hd b wmbphe schuà im `mjb` wbs tcbt 9;.:% hd rmspheamets bjrmma bishùtm`y, wcl`m;1.:% hd tcmg bjrmma. Qcmrmdhrm, lt ls sbdm th khekùam tcbt tcm gbohrlty hd rmspheamets bea dhkus jrhup pbrtlklpbets bjrmma tcbt ltls emkmssbry th bkqulrm rmbrgs `mjb``y.

Qcm bttltuam tcbt tcm bkqulsltlhe hd b rmbrg schuà im ahem le b mjb` gbeemr wbs ghst supphrtma iy rmspheamets drhg Y[ (19.4%),

wcl`m 9


41/81

-aurm dhr hitblelej b lkmesm. [ukc be bttltuam wbs shgmwcbt hpphsltm th tcm bttltuams kh``mktma tcrhujc tcm dhkus jrhups, wcmrmiy

ghrm tcbe hem-tclra hd pbrtlklpbets kheslamrma lt aldku`t beamxpmeslvm th hitble b `lkmesm. Bs mxpmktma, b cljcmr pmrkmetbjm hdwhgme (34.:%) ah eht rmkhggmea phssmsslhe hd b rmbrg imkbusm lt prmsmets b tcrmbt th dbgl`y bea kclàrme, wcmrmbs 1>% hd ihtcgme bea whgme kltma tcm ueprhdmsslheb` cbea`lej hd rmbrgs bs tcm gble rmbshe.

5 ;.= Ymkhggmeabtlhes dhr Khetrh` Gmbsurms bea Duturm ^rhjrbggms he [B@Z Ymauktlhe

Qcm qumstlheeblrm bea dhkus jrhup rmsu`ts, bslam drhg hddmrlej be lesljct leth pmrkmptlhes he smkurlty bea bttltuams thwbras [B@Z,b`sh prhvlama hplelhes bea rmkhggmeabtlhes he duturm khetrh` gmbsurms bea prhjrbggms dhr [B@Z kh``mktlhe bktlvltlms. Khe-kmrelej wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms, tcm pbrtlklpbets bea rmspheamets hddmrma tcmlr hplelhes he chw sukkmssdu` tcm prmvlhuskh``mktlhe prhjrbggms wmrm bea, ghst lgphrtbet`y, tcmlr hplelhes he phssli`m ghtlvms tcbt gljct prhgpt pmhp`m th cbeahvmr tcmlr

wmbphes le tcm duturm.

Ghrm tcbe cb`d hd tcm rmspheamets im`lmvma tcbt wmbphes kh``mktlhe bktlvltlms cbvm eht imme sukkmssdu` bea tcbt wmbphes stl`` phsmbe lggmesm tcrmbt th tcm smkurlty hd kltlzmes. Qcmsm rmsu`ts brm uesurprlslej bs b [DHY survmy kheauktma le Ehvmgimr 9>>; leal-kbtma tcbt he`y ;>% hd rmspheamets cba b phsltlvm bttltuam thwbras tcm up-th-abtm mddhrts blgma bt tcm kh``mktlhe hd l``mjb` wmbphes.

Ehemtcm`mss, tcm rmspheamets cba b phsltlvm bttltuam le tcm smesm tcbt wmbphes kh``mktlhe bktlhes cbvm cba b phsltlvm leumekm hesmkurlty le tcmlr khggueltlms, iut bt tcm sbgm tlgm tcmy wmrm hd tcm hplelhe tcbt gukc ghrm emmas th im ahem. Qcm gbohrlty hd dhkusjrhup pbrtlklpbets wmrm dbgl`lbr wltc tcm prmvlhus wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms (l.m., Cbrvmst bea Zmbphes dhr Ghemy/ Qhh`s),iut tchujct tcbt ghrm emmas th im ahem le tmrgs hd prmvmetlvm bktlhe, sukc bs cbrscmr `mjb` puelscgmets dhr l``mjb` wmbphe phs-smsslhe bea hr usbjm. B prmvb`met dmm`lej wbs tcbt tcm `mjb` systmg cbs dbl`ma th bpprmcmea tcm pmrpmtrbthrs bea cbs mvme b``hwmashgm khevlkts tlgm hutslam hd prlshe, b``hwlej tcmg tcm drmmahg th wb`f le tcmlr khggueltlms bea leaukm dmbr. B`tchujc shgm hd tcm

rmqumstma `mjb` rmju`btlhes cbvm b`rmbay imme letrhaukma, tcm rmbktlhe le tcm dhkus jrhups lealkbtms tcbt mltcmr tcm pbrtlklpbets alaeht fehw bihut tcmg hr tcbt tcm ph`lkm bea pmeb` systmgs ah eht lgp`mgmet tcmsm gmbsurms le be bamqubtm gbeemr.

Le tmrgs hd bssmsslej prmvlhus kh``mktlhe bktlvltlms, b sljelkbet pmrkmetbjm (99.=%) hd rmspheamets wmrm qultm leamklslvm, hd wclkc;9% wmrm Krhbts. B dtc hd rmspheamets, ghst`y Krhbts (9:%), emvmrtcm`mss im`lmvma tcbt th abtm tcm kh``mktlhe bktlvltlms cbvmbkclmvma bamqubtm rmsu`ts. Durtcmrghrm, wltc rmjbra th mtcelklty, tcm cljcmst rbtm hd Ihselbfs (99%) bjrmma bishùtm`y wltc tcmbttltuam tcbt wmbphes kh``mktlhe bktlhes th abtm cbvm eht prhvlama bamqubtm rmsu`ts, wcl`m tcm cljcmst rbtm hd bjrmmgmet wltc tcls

bttltuam wbs bghejst [mris (14%).

Qcm rmspheamets drhg _melkb, Ilomòleb bea Ahiho bjrmma ghst wltc tcm bttltuam tcbt prmvlhus wmbphes kh``mktlhe bktlvltlms cbvmeht prhvlama bamqubtm rmsu`ts, wcmrmbs tcm cljcmst rbtm hd alsbjrmmgmet wbs alsp`byma bghest rmspheamets drhg @lveh bea Irkfh

Alstrlkt.

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Qcm kh``mktma abtb lealkbtms tcbt cb`d hd tcm rmspheamets bjrmma tcbt lt ls emkmssbry th khetleum wltc tcmsm prhjrbggms bea tcbt;:.;% bjrmma bishùtm`y ls vmry lgphrtbet dhr bey duturm kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms. Durtcmrghrm, abtb lealkbtlej tcbt hem-tclra hdrmspheamets bjrmma bishùtm`y tcbt tcmy whuà rmture wmbphes bea tcbt tcmy whuà ah lt le pmrshe (1>.1%) ls b`sh mekhurbjlej.Qcm phsltlvm bttltuam khekmrelej tcm rmture hd wmbphes wbs b`sh rmkhrama tcrhujc tcm dhkus jrhups. [ukc b phsltlvm rmsmbrkc rmsu`trmprmsmets be lgphrtbet dbkt dhr tcm ahgmstlk butchrltlms bea b rmkhggmeabtlhe th ea tcm imst bpprhbkc bea prhjrbggm th rmghvm

tcm cujm eugimr hd l``mjb` wmbphes drhg kltlzmes. Zcme amvm`hplej tcmsm prhjrbggms tcm dbkt tcbt cb`d hd tcm rmspheamets beab`ghst b`` hd tcm pbrtlklpbets hd tcm dhkus jrhups stbtma tcbt tcmy whuà tbfm pbrt le duturm wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms dhr tcmsbfm hd tcmlr hwe pmrsheb` smkurlty schuà kmrtble y im tbfme leth bkkhuet.Qcm rmspheamets cmà tcm strhej im`lmd tcbt wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms (vhùetbry hr khgpu`shry) schuà im khetleuma le tcmduturm6 ghrm tcbe 34% mxprmssma tcls bttltuam, wclkc rmprmsmets be lekrmbsm hd 2;% wcme khgpbrma th 9>>1. Le tmrgs hd wch schuàamvm`hp bea prhkmma wltc tcmsm prhjrbggms, tcm gbohrlty (==< hut hd 2,>>> rmspheamets) hd rmspheamets, bs tcmy ala slx ymbrs bjh,hptma dhr tcm ebeklb` bla le mxkcbejm dhr vhùetbry surrmeamr hd wmbphes. Qcls smetlgmet wbs b`sh scbrma iy b`` tcm dhkus jrhups,wcmrm pbrtlklpbets bavhkbtma dhr ebeklb` khgpmesbtlhe th ghrm mbsl`y khevlekm lealvlaub`s th surrmeamr tcmlr wmbphes aurlej tcmkhursm hd b kh``mktlhe prhjrbggm.

Gbey hd tcm rmspheamets mstlgbtma tcbt prhjrbggms wmrm ghst sukkmssdu` wcme kbsc wbs hddmrma le mxkcbejm dhr wmbphes,wcl`m 91.=% hd rmspheamets tchujct lt emkmssbry th smt amba`lems dhr tcm surrmeamr hd wmbphes. Le Irkfh Alstrlkt bea tcm DIlC tcls

prhvma th im tcm `mbst dbvhurbi`m hptlhe, wltc he`y >1 tcm gbohrlty hd kltlzmes kheslamrma tcm `hkb` butchrlty bs tcmprlgbry imbrmr hd rmspheslil`lty dhr hrjbelslej wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms, dh``hwma iy tcm ph`lkm. Ld yhu kheslamr tcm kurrmetwmbf mvm` hd rmspheslil`lty schwe iy hkb` bea htcmr mvm`s hd jhvmregmet thwbras tcls lssum tcls kcbejm hd bttltuam bghejst kltlzmesls eht surprlslej. Qcm `mvm` hd kheamekm le tcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC bs tchsm le kcbrjm hd duturm prhjrbggms wbs b`sh prmsmet,

wcmrmiy 24% mxprmssma tcmlr im`lmd tcbt tcm brgma dhrkms hd IlC schuà im tcm imbrmrs hd tcls rmspheslil`lty, wcl`m 22% im`lmvma tcbtletmrebtlheb brgma dhrkms wmrm tcm imst kbealabtm dhr tcls duektlhe.

Le tmrgs hd tcm phtmetlb` sukkmss dbkthr dhr duturm kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms, tcm rmsu`ts lealkbtm tcbt ghrm tcbe cb`d hd kltlzmes le IlCim`lmvm tcbt duturm prhjrbggms whuà im sukkmssdu`. Qcls rmsu`t alddmrs jrmbt`y drhg tcm rmsu`ts hd 9>>1, wcmrmiy

tcm gbohrlty wbs alvlama he tcls gbttmr. Qcls bttltuam wbs scbrma iy tcm pbrtlklpbets hd tcm dhkus jrhups wch, le baaltlhe, strmssmatcbt duturm prhjrbggms schuà im `hej-tmrg bea khetleuhus. Durtcmrghrm, tcm dhkus jrhup pbrtlklpbets wmrm hd tcm hplelhe tcbt pmh-p`m brm le b al`mggb bs th chw th jmt rla hd tcmlr wmbphes. Qcls ls rmmktma tcrhujc lestbekms wcmrm pmhp`m cbvm tcrhwe tcmg lethrlvmrs, khetblemrs hr ruiilsc iles, wclkc durtcmr meabejmrs cugbe bea mspmklb``y kclà sbdmty. Le tcmlr hplelhe, pmhp`m ghst`y tmea thtcrhw bwby mxp`hslvm amvlkms, bggueltlhe bea gb`duektlhelej rmbrgs.

]smdu` abtb he chw th lekltm tcm phpu`btlhe th surrmeamr tcmlr rmbrgs wbs kh``mktma aurlej tcm survmy6 tcm rmspheamets jbvm tcmlrsujjmstlhes he tcm imst bpprhbkc th ghtlvbtm pmhp`m le tcmlr khggueltlms th surrmeamr l``mjb` wmbphes. Qcm rmspheamets cba vmhptlhes th kchhsm drhg, bs schwe le tcm kcbrt im`hw.

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B embr`y lametlkb` qumstlhe wbs phsma tcrhujc tcm ILKK survmy kheauktma le Ou`y 9>>1, wcme kltlzmes wmrm bsfma wcbt tcm imstbpprhbkc th ghtlvbtm pmhp`m th vhùetbrl`y surrmeamr tcmlr wmbphes whuà im.

Kcbrt 9? Khgpbrlshe hd rmspheamet bttltuams le 9>>1 bea 9>2> he tcm imst bpprhbkc th ghtlvbtlej pmhp`m th surrmeamr tcmlr wmbphesbea bggueltlhe.

Le alddmrmekm th tcm [DHY rmsmbrkc kheauktma le 9>>>, wcmrm tcm prmvb`met bttltuam wbs tcbt b stbi`m bea smkurm stbtm ls tcm jubr-betmm tcbt b`` pmhp`m wl`` surrmeamr tcmlr wmbphes, prhomktlej tcls bs b ghtlvm, tcm ILKK rmsmbrkc le 9>>1 lealkbtma tcbt tcm imst

ghtlvms wmrm b amkrmbsm le krlgm bea tcm hddmr hd ebeklb` khgpmesbtlhe le mxkcbejm dhr wmbphes. B surprlslej dbkt alskhvmrmatcrhujc tcm prmsmet stuay ls tcbt tcm rmspheamets ehglebtma cbrscmr sbektlhes dhr l``mjb` phssmsslhe hr ebeklb`/rmwbra stlguùs bstcm imst dhrgs hd ghtlvbtlhe th surrmeamr wmbphes. Qcls bttltuam wbs b`sh khergma tcrhujc tcm dhkus jrhups, wltc tcm alddmrmekmtcbt tcm dhkus jrhup pbrtlklpbets le Ibeob @ufb prmdmrrma tcm hrjbelsbtlhe hd prlzms bea htcmr dhrgs hd khgpmesbtlhe bs tcm `mbalejgmbes th ghtlvbtm tcm surrmeamr hd wmbphes.

Dleb``y, bey duturm wmbphes kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms schuà tbfm leth bkkhuet tcm bdhrmgmetlhema rmsu`ts bea schuà im ibsma hebe letmeslvm bwbrmemss kbgpblje dhkusma he tcm abejmrs hd rmbrgs. Gbey pbrtlklpbets hd tcm dhkus jrhups phletma th tcm hvmrb```bkf hd prhjrbggms dhkuslej he tcm abejmrs hd [B@Z phssmsslhe bea tchujct tcbt prhjrbggms sukc bs tcmsm khuà khetrliutmjrmbt`y th tcm jct bjblest sukc wmbphes. Qcm dhkus jrhup pbrtlklpbets drhg [brbomvh b`sh phletma th tcm `bkf hd trbespbrmeky aurlejprmvlhus kh``mktlhe prhjrbggms kheauktma iy letmrebtlheb` brgma dhrkms bea th tcm `bkf hd b `hej-tmrg bgemsty dhr tcm surrmeamrhd wmbphes.

Zclkc ls tcm imst wby th ghtlvbtm pmhp`m th surrmeamr tcmlr l``mjb` wmbphes

@bw he Bgemsty

^h`lkm mddlklmeky/amkrmbsmle krlgm

Cbrscmr sbektlhes dhrl``mjb` phssmsslhe

Dlebeklb`/rmwbra stlguùs

[hklb` kbgpbljes

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Qcm hvmrb`` bttltuam tcbt lt whuà im mdklmet th khetleum lgp`mgmetbtlhe hd prhjrbggms tcbt tbrjmt tcm rlsfs rm`btma th tcm phssmsslhehd wmbphes wbs supphrtma iy hvmr 39% hd rmspheamets le IlC. Qcm survmy sujjmsts tcbt hem hd tcm bktlvltlms tcbt whuà khetrliutmthwbras mstlgbtlej tcm rmgblelej eugimrs hd l``mjb` klvl`lbe rmbrgs whuà im be bgemsty dhr cbealej le tcm mxlstlej `mjb``y hwemawmbphes (plsth`s bea rmbrgs usma dhr cuetlej). Ghrm tcbe cb`d hd rmspheamets hptma dhr tcls hptlhe.

5 1. [B@Z KB^BKLQ\ []YTM\

Le gbey khuetrlms, lekùalej IlC, tcm lssum hd brgs khetrh`, ebgm`y tcm jct bjblest [B@Z, ls b pbrt hd b wlamr smkurlty smkthr rmdhrgprhkmss. Lssums rm`btma th tcm purkcbsm, trbam, phssmsslhe, alstrliutlhe hr glsusm hd [B@Z rmprmsmet b sljelkbet m`mgmet hd eb -tlheb` amdmekm. Qcm lgphrtbekm hd sukc b pmrspmktlvm schuà eht im alglelscma bea drhg tcm pmrspmktlvm hd jhvmregmet lestltutlheslt ls lgphrtbet th mgpcbslsm tcm irhbamr algmeslhes hd tcm lgpbkt tcbt [B@Z cbvm he shklmty he tcm wch`m. Qcmrmdhrm, bktlvltlms leltl-btma iy tcm jhvmregmet schuà eht hvmr`hhf htcmr pui`lk ph`lklms tcbt khuà bea schuà im letmjrbtma leth tcm lssum hd [B@Z tcrhujcrm`btma prhi`mgs sukc bs maukbtlhe ph`lky, yhutc ph`lky bea shklb` hr amvm`hpgmet ph`lky.

B`tchujc tcls wlamr bpprhbkc ls tcm prlgbry dhkus hd tcls stuay lt ls emkmssbry th kheslamr lt le tmrgs hd cugbe smkurlty, wclkc hvmrtcm rmkmet pmrlha cbs jblema lekrmbsma sljelkbekm wltcle pui`lk bea sklmetlk amibtm. Bs sukc, tcm jhvmregmet ls rmqulrma th mg-p`hy b gu`tl-algmeslheb` bpprhbkc th tcls lssum bea strlvm th lekùam b`` `mvm`s hd jhvmregmetb` hrjbelsbtlhe, `mjls`btlvm, mxmkutlvmbea oualklb` phwmr le hramr th sh`vm tcls lssum bea cbvm b phsltlvm lgpbkt he krmbtlej pui`lk hplelhe le supphrt hd jhvmregmet ph`lky.

Le tcm bismekm hd letmrebtlheb` `mjb` stbeabras tcbt whuà mxp`lklt`y rmju btm tcm brmb hd wmbphes khetrh , bs wbs tcm kbsm wltc tcmletmralktlhe he betlpmrsheem` glems, lt cbs imme rmkhjelsma tcbt mbkc stbtm schuà krmbtm ph`lklms bea amvm`hp kbpbkltlms le hramrth amb` wltc [B@Z he lts hwe. Le tcls wby Ihselb bea Cmrzmjhvleb cbs krmbtma b strbtmjy wltcle tcls ahgble, khgp`mtm wltc `mjb`rmju`btlhes, tcm mstbi`lscgmet hd hrjbelsbtlheb` kbpbkltlms wltcle tcm strukturms khgpmtmet th amb` wltc gbttmrs pmrtblelej th [B@Z,letmrebtlheb khhpmrbtlhe bea klvl` shklmty bktlvltlms.

Qcm dh``hwlej kcbptmr dhkusms lts bttmetlhe he tcm `mjls`btlvm drbgmwhrf bahptma iy IlC lestltutlhes dhr tcm purphsm hd wmbphes khe-

trh`, beb`ysms hd tcm mstbi`lscma hrjbelsbtlheb` kbpbkltlms bt b`` `mvm`s hd jhvmregmet bea bktlvltlms lgp`mgmetma iy tcm butchrltlms,letmrebtlheb` hrjbelsbtlhes bea klvl` shklmty wltcle tcm mà hd khgibtlej [B@Z. Le baaltlhe, tcls smktlhe lealkbtms tcm letmrebtlheb`hi`ljbtlhes kbrrlma hut bea du```ma iy IlC bt tcm rmjlheb` bea gu`tl`btmrb` `mvm`.

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1.2 @mjls`btlhe bea tcm Ymju`bthry Drbgmwhrf

Qcls smktlhe beb`ysms bea prhvlams be hvmrvlmw hd tcm rmju`btlvm bea htcmr `mjls`btlvm rmju`btlhes jhvmrelej tcm prhauktlhe, mxphrtbea lgphrt, ghvmgmet bea trbdkflej hd wmbphes, lssubekm hd klvl`lbe `lkmesms dhr prlvbtm usm bea wmbphes `lkmesms lssuma thprlvbtm smkurlty khgpbelms. Durtcmrghrm, tcls smktlhe tbkf`ms tcm lssum hd bamqubtm rmkhras fmmplej bea tcm kmetrb` abtbibsm hd

wmbphes bs wm`` bs tcm cbrghelsbtlhe hd IlC `mjls`btlhe wltc letmrebtlheb` stbeabras.

@mjls`btlvm bea Ehrgbtlvm Kbpbkltlms

@mjb` rmju`btlhes rm`btma th [B@Z brm wm`` rmju`btma bea brm cbrghelsma wltc Murhpmbe stbeabras. Qcm bahptlhe hd tcm @bw he tcmMxphrt bea Lgphrt hd Zmbphes, Brgs bea Gl`ltbry Mqulpgmet le 9>>; cbs imme hd lggmesm lgphrtbekm6 tcm emma dhr sukc `mjls`btlhewbs cljc`ljctma wcme IlC vlh`btma tcm ]E mgibrjh he tcm mxphrt hd wmbphes th Lrbe. Bdtmr tcls lgphrtbet stmp, durtcmr bktlhe wbstbfme th cbrghel

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Small Arms Survey 2010-2011 in Bosnia and Herzegovina