SLOVAKIA - European Food Safety Authority · Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses Slovakia 2005. PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance

SLOVAKIA

The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/99/EC

TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS

including information on foodborne outbreaks andantimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents

IN 2005

INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM

Country: Slovakia

Reporting Year: 2005

Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring:

Laboratoryname

Description Contribution

State Veterinaryand FoodAdministration ofthe SlovakRepublic

SVFA manage, direct and controlthe exercise of state administrationby the regional and districtveterinary and food administraions,Control Institute of veterinary drugs,state veterinary laboratories

reporting authority

State Veterinaryand FoodInstitutes

carry out laboratory analyses,laboratory diagnostics and testing ofofficial samples taken at veterinarychecks and controls of foodstuffs,feedindstuffs and animal health andprovide the services of laboratorydiagnostics and testing

State VeterinaryInstitute

carry out laboratory analyses,laboratory diagnostics and testing ofofficial samples teaken at veterinarychecks and controls specialized inthe laboratory diagnostics of animalhealth

Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses

Slovakia 2005

PREFACE

This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of CouncilDirective 2003/99/EC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA).

The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inSlovakia during the year 2005. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agentsin humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the reportincludes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as wellas information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data onsusceptible animal populations in the country is also given.

The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the wholeEuropean Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the nationalepidemiological situation.

The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategiesapplied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laiddown by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches areapplied.

The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A nationalevaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources ofzoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs andanimals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated.

The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report onzoonoses that is published each year by EFSA.

-1 Directive 2003/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring ofzoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/424/EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/117/EEC, OJ L325, 17.11.2003, p. 31


Slovakia 2005

LIST OF CONTENTS

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 32.1. SALMONELLOSIS 42.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 42.1.2. Salmonella in foodstuffs 52.1.3. Salmonella in animals 102.1.4. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 252.1.5. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 272.1.6. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 34

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 702.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 702.2.2. Campylobacter, thermophilic in foodstuffs 712.2.3. Campylobacter, thermophilic in animals 742.2.4. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, thermophilic isolates 74

2.3. LISTERIOSIS 802.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 802.3.2. Listeria in foodstuffs 812.3.3. Listeria in animals 84

2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 852.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 852.4.2. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 862.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 88

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 892.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 892.5.2. Mycobacterium in animals 90

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 952.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 952.6.2. Brucella in foodstuffs 952.6.3. Brucella in animals 95

2.7. YERSINIOSIS 1022.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1022.7.2. Yersinia in foodstuffs 1022.7.3. Yersinia in animals 102

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 1032.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1032.8.2. Trichinella in animals 105

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 1072.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1072.9.2. Echinococcus in animals 109

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 1102.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1102.10.2. Toxoplasma in animals 111

2.11. RABIES 1122.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 112


Slovakia 2005

2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 1143. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE

119

3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NON-PATHOGENIC 1203.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1203.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, non-pathogenic isolates 120

4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 128


Slovakia 2005

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS

The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size andnature of the animal population in the country.

A. Information on susceptible animal population

Sources of information:

Central Evidence of Animals, statistics, District Veterinary and Food Administrations in theSlovak Republic


Slovakia 2005 1

Table Susceptible animal populations

* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Livestock

numbers(liveanimals)

Number ofslaughteredanimals

Number ofherds orflocks

Number ofholdings

Year* Year* Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) dairy cows and heifers 61519

meat production animals 32577calves (under 1 year) 1222in total 537208 94096 22027

Ducks parent breeding flocks 3000

meat production flocks 7000breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 3000in total 10000

Gallus gallus (fowl) breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 1300000

parent breeding flocks, unspecified -in total

920000

parent breeding flocks for eggproduction line

200000

parent breeding flocks for meatproduction line

720000

breeding flocks for egg production line- in total

250000

breeding flocks for meat productionline - in total

1050000

laying hens 3100000broilers 22300000

in total 27817000 61595774 20

Geese meat production flocks 7000

in total 7000

Goats in total 4380 23 727

Pigs in total 927294 1108422 6848

Sheep animals under 1 year (lambs) 91091

in total 330287 7133 4808

Solipeds, domestic horses - in total 5

Turkeys parent breeding flocks 50000

breeding flocks, unspecified - in total 50000meat production flocks 130000in total 180000 20663 17


Slovakia 2005 2

2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS

Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectlybetween animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonoticagents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to causezoonoses.


Slovakia 2005 3

2.1. SALMONELLOSIS

2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation

A. General evaluation

History of the disease and/or infection in the country

Up to the year 1989 the serovar Salmonellla typhimurium had prevalence, after 1989 in theanimal health the increasing trend has Salmonella enteritidis and this trend is maintained tillnow.Out of the total number of examinated samples of animals the salmonelosis agent was isolatedas follows 2000 2,8 %2001 2,4%2002 0,9%2003 0,8% samples.The highest detection in most animals has Salmonella enteritidis, except for pigs, in whichdominates species-specific serovar Salmonella choleraesuis.Out the number of the positive samples of the finding of Salmonella enteritidis and salmonellatyphimurium was as following: S.enteritidis S. typhimurium2000 71,7% 3,3%2001 70,7% 2,1%2002 66,0% 2,4%2003 62,0% 0,8% In the poultry not only the highest number of positive samples but also the greatest number ofserovars is recorded.Number of isolated serovars 2000 2001 2002 2003 Fowl 9 7 7 4Turkey 11 11 7 3Ducks 3 - 1 -Geese 2 - 2 1


Slovakia 2005 4

2.1.2. Salmonella in foodstuffs

A. Salmonella spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Vetrinary and FoodAdministration of the Slovak republic. Samles were taken by competent authority(District Veterinary and Food Administrations by vetrinary inspectors) according plantaking samples work out by District Veterinary and Food Administration.

Frequency of the sampling

according to work out a plan taking of samples

Diagnostic/analytical methods used

Bacteriological method: STN ISO 6579


Slovakia 2005 5

Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

S. M

on

tevi

deo

S. I

nfa

nti

s

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

- - -

fresh - SVFI single 25g 201 14 12 1 1

meat products - - -raw but intended to beeaten cooked

- SVFI single 25g 256 4 4

cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 229 0

Meat from turkey - - -minced meat - - -

intended to be eatencooked

- SVFI single 25g 29 0



Footnote

SVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institutes


Slovakia 2005 6

Table Salmonella spp. in milk and dairy products

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

Milk, cows' - - -

raw - SVFI single 187 0

pasteurised milk - SVFI single 467 0

Milk, goats' - - -


Milk, sheep's - - -


Cheeses made fromsheep's milk

- SVFI single 596 0

Dairy products (excludingcheeses)

- SVFI single 5055 2 2

ice-cream - SVFI single 126 0

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 7

Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

Meat from pig - - -

fresh - SVFI single 25g 247 0



cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 2058 1 1

Meat from bovine animals - - -


minced meat - - -intended to be eatencooked




cooked, ready-to-eat - SVFI single 25g 46 0

Meat from other animalspecies or not specified

- - -

fresh - SVFI single 25g 131 1 1

minced meat - SVFI single 25g 30 0

meat products - SVFI single 25g 3872 0

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 8

Table Salmonella spp. in other food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

S. A

go

na

S. B

arei

lly

Eggs - - -table eggs - - -

- at packing centre - SVFI single 470 5 5

- at retail - SVFI single 51 0

Egg products - SVFI single 934 5 2 3

Fishery products - SVFI single 355 0

Fruits and vegetables - - -

products - SVFI single 182 0

Fish - - -

unspecified - SVFI single 218 0

Other processed foodproducts and prepareddishes

- SVFI single 847 0

noodles - SVFI single 538 0

Bakery products - SVFI single 1361 0

pastry - SVFI single 178 0

Confectionery products andpastes

- SVFI single 62 0

Fats and oils (excludingbutter)

- SVFI single 50 0

Beverages, non-alcoholic - SVFI single 130 0

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 9

2.1.3. Salmonella in animals

A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for egg production andflocks of laying hens

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)

One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes bywhich the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens at the time ontheir arrival at the holding;Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying inyoung hens;Production period: every two weeks during the laying period, every eight weeksthe official sampling.In the Slovac Republic there are not existing the elite and grandparent flocks.

Laying hens flocks

One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes bywhich the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens;Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying inyoung hens;Production period: every two weeks during the laying period;Before slaughter at farm: two weeks before slaughter;At slaughter: monitoring is not performed;Eggs at packing centre:(flock based approach): monitoring is not performed.


Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks

Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickenswere sent to the holding and dead chickens

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period

Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, eachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period


Slovakia 2005 10

Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubationcapacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium takenfrom 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from eachbreeding/reproductive flock; b)samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, orchickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2)in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less thanthousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples,each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points inhouse, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock.

Type of specimen taken






Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubationcapacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium takenfrom 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from eachbreeding/reproductive flock; b) samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, orchickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2)in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less thanthousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples,each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points inhouse, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock.

Laying hens: Day-old chicks


Laying hens: Rearing period


Laying hens: Production period


Slovakia 2005 11


Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm

Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement sampleseachweighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, inspecified amount according to the number of birds in the flock



Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579





Laying hens: Day-old chicks


Laying hens: Rearing period


Laying hens: Production period


Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm


Vaccination policy


In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccinesregistered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments inNitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic.

Laying hens flocks


Slovakia 2005 12

In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccinesregistered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments inNitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic.

Control program/mechanisms

Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses

- The control programs:Pursuant to the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 297/2003 Coll.,each poultry holding shall be registered based on the allocation of official number and itis over the control of the competent DVFA. A part of supervision executed by thecompetent veterinary administration authority is the control over the observation of theNational Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks.- Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases:A.Poultry breeding/reproductive flocks and hatcheries The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;c)all birds in house shall be killed in compliance with the requirements of the peculiarrule, the official veterinarian of slaughterhouse is supplied by information on decision ofkilling in compliance with requirements of the peculiar rule or the birds shall be killedand safely disposed of in a way that maximum decrease the risk of salmonella spreading. 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.

Notification system in place

A.The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food


Slovakia 2005 13

Administration).B.If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. C.All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent tothe competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.

B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for meat productionand broiler flocks

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


In the breeding flocks of meat lines, the same monitoring system is applied as inthe poultry laying flocks.

C. Salmonella spp. in turkey - breeding flocks and meat production flocks

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys andwaterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.

Meat production flocks


Vaccination policy



Slovakia 2005 14

In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed.



Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases

The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then themeasures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competentauthority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering inslaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed ofon the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approvedfor egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of thepeculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, thecomplete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal ofexcrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinaryadministration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of thepoint Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis orSalmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should besafely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule.


- The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.

D. Salmonella spp. in geese - breeding flocks and meat production flocks


Slovakia 2005 15

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding flocks


Vaccination policy

Breeding flocks





Breeding flocks

The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.

Meat Production flocks


Slovakia 2005 16

The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed,then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission ofcompetent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal orslaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to theletter c);b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safelydisposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered atfacility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance withthe requirements of the peculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonellatyphimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed,including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulatedby the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be incompliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1.3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, thenthey should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliancewith the peculiar rule.


- The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheriesare notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinaryand Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.

E. Salmonella spp. in ducks - breeding flocks and meat production flocks

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding flocks

In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultryflocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and


Slovakia 2005 17

waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, samplingfrequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and controlmechanisms.

Vaccination policy

Breeding flocks



The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below:1) If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonellaenteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then themeasures listed below shall be implemented: a) no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competentauthority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering inslaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c);b) non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed ofon the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approvedfor egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of thepeculiar rule;2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, thecomplete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal ofexcrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinaryadministration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of thepoint Monitoring 2.A.1.3) If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis orSalmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should besafely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule.


The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries arenotified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary andFood Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by theDistrict Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administrationof the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and FoodAdministration).- If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidisor Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the personresponsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigationor the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent DistrictVeterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to thecompetent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and FoodAdministration of the SR.


Slovakia 2005 18

F. Salmonella spp. in pigs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding herds

In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case ofsuspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for theholding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirmsor excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strainto the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent forthe investigation.

Multiplying herds


Fattening herds



Breeding herds


Multiplying herds


Fattening herds at farm


Slovakia 2005 19


Fattening herds at slaughterhouse (herd based approach)



All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and FoodAdministration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR.

G. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of thedisease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the sampleson his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infectionand is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas.Sampling strategy:The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for theinvestigation.


Animals at farm

Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002

Animals at slaughter (herd based approach)

Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002


All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and FoodAdministration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR.


Slovakia 2005 20

Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

S. S

ain

tpau

l

S. A

nat

um

S. B

ovi

smo

rbif

ican

s

Gallus gallus (fowl) - - -

parent breeding flocks,unspecified

- NRL Flock 1235 32 20 2 7 2 1

Footnote

NRL - National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, State Veterinary and Food Institute Bratislava


Slovakia 2005 21

Tab

le S

alm

on

ella

in o

ther

po

ult

ry

--

Source of information

Sampling unit

Units tested

Total units positive for Salmonella

S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium

Salmonella spp., unspecified

S. Infantis

S. Montevideo

S. Mbandaka

S. Indiana

S. enterica subsp. enterica

S. Anatum

S. Havana

S. Bareilly

S. Kentucky

S. Hadar

S. Saintpaul

S. Albany

Gal

lus

gal

lus

(fo

wl)

--

-

layi

ng h

ens

-NR

LF

lock

309

4137

21

1

broi

lers

-

unsp

ecifi

ed

-NR

LF

lock

3270

147

104

264

11

11

72

unsp

ecifi

ed

-NR

LF

lock

827

3935

22

Du

cks

-NR

LF

lock

378

31

4

Gee

se

-NR

LF

lock

102

2

Tu

rkey

s -N

RL

Flo

ck12

94

21

1

Foo

tnot

e

NR

L -

Nat

iona

l Ref

eren

ce L

abor

ator

y fo

r Sa

lmon

ella

, Sta

te V

eter

inar

y an

d Fo

od I

nstit

ute

Bra

tisla

va


Slovakia 2005 22

Table Salmonella in other birds

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

S. e

nte

rica

su

bsp

. en

teri

ca

Pigeons - NRL animal 66 5 5 1

Quails - NRL animal 1 0

Pheasants - NRL animal 26 1 1

Partridges - NRL animal 9 0

Ostriches - NRL animal 30 0

Footnote

NRL - National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, State Veterinary and Food Institute Bratislava


Slovakia 2005 23

Tab

le S

alm

on

ella

in o

ther

an

imal

s

--


Sampling unit

Units tested


S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium


S. Choleraesuis

S. Dublin

S. enterica subsp. arizonae

S. enterica subsp. enterica

S. Infantis

S. Ndjamena

Cat

tle

(bo

vin

e an

imal

s)

-NR

Lan

imal

988

2610

132

1

Sh

eep

-N

RL

anim

al23

01

1

Pig

s -

unsp

ecifi

ed

-NR

Lan

imal

1793

393

628

11

So

liped

s, d

om

esti

c -N

RL

anim

al79

22

Do

gs

and

cat

s -N

RL

anim

al40

84

31

Zo

o a

nim

als,

all

-NR

Lan

imal

993

21

Bir

ds

---

wild

-N

RL

anim

al17

83

11

1

Fis

h

-NR

Lan

imal

145

0

Foo

tnot

e

NR

L -

Nat

iona

l Ref

eren

ce L

abor

ator

y fo

r Sa

lmon

ella

, Sta

te V

eter

inar

y an

d Fo

od I

nstit

ute

Bra

tisla

va


Slovakia 2005 24

2.1.4. Salmonella in feedingstuffsT

able

Sal

mo

nel

la in

fee

d m

ater

ial o

f an

imal

ori

gin

--


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


S. Enteritidis

S. Typhimurium


S. Infantis

S. Orion

S. Agona

S. Schwarzengrund

S. Kentucky

Fee

d m

ater

ial o

f la

nd

anim

al o

rig

in

---

dairy

pro

duct

s -S

VF

Isi

ngle

25g

300

poul

try

offa

l mea

l -S

VF

Isi

ngle

25g

211

1

Fee

d m

ater

ial o

f m

arin

ean

imal

ori

gin

--

-

fish

mea

l -S

VF

Isi

ngle

25g

280

All

feed

ing

stu

ffs

(1)

-SV

FI

sing

le25

-500

g22

3432

31

123

21

22

(1)

: In

som

e sa

mpl

es h

as b

een

foun

d m

ore

than

one

ser

otyp

e of

Sal

mon

ella

in o

ne p

ositi

ve s

ampl

e.

Foo

tnot

e

SVFI

- S

tate

Vet

erin

ary

and

Food

Ins

titut

es


Slovakia 2005 25

Tab

le S

alm

on

ella

in o

ther

fee

d m

atte

r

--


Sampling unit

Sample weight

Units tested


S. Typhimurium

S. Enteritidis


S. Agona

S. Ohio

S. group C1

S. Tennessee

S. Duisburg

S. Pomona

S. Worthington

Fee

d m

ater

ial o

f ce

real

gra

in o

rig

in

---

barle

y de

rived

-S

VF

Isi

ngle

25g

240

whe

at d

eriv

ed

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g55

11

mai

ze

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g9

11

deriv

ed

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g2

0

othe

r ce

real

gra

in d

eriv

ed

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g1

11

Fee

d m

ater

ial o

f o

il se

ed o

rfr

uit

ori

gin

--

-

soya

(be

an)

deriv

ed

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g44

11

sunf

low

er s

eed

deriv

ed

-SV

FI

sing

le25

g5

0

All

feed

ing

stu

ffs

(1)

-SV

FI

sing

le20

0-50

017

776

11

21

11

1

(1)

: In

som

e sa

mpl

es h

as b

een

foun

d m

ore

than

one

ser

otyp

e of

Sal

mon

ella

in o

ne p

ositi

ve s

ampl

e.

Foo

tnot

e

SVFI

- S

tate

Vet

erin

ary

and

Food

Ins

titut

e


Slovakia 2005 26

Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r S

alm

on

ella

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

S. E

nte

riti

dis

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

S. K

entu

cky

S. g

rou

p C

1

S. K

iam

bu

Compound feedingstuffsfor cattle

- - -

final product - SVFI single 25g 32 0

Compound feedingstuffsfor pigs

- - -


Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry (non specified)

- - -


Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry - laying hens

- - -


Compund feedingstuffs forpoultry - broilers

- - -


All feedingstuffs (1) - SVFI single 25-500g 1414 3 1 3 1 1 1

(1) : In some samples has been found more than one serotype of Salmonella in one positive sample.

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 27

2.1.5. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution


Slovakia 2005 28

Tab

le S

alm

on

ella

ser

ova

rs in

an

imal

s

Ser

ova

rs

Cattle (bovine animals)

Pigs

Gallus gallus (fowl)

Other poultry

Other animals

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N

=

2639

3223

719

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

sero

typ

edN

=

34

513

4

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

S. A

lban

y

2

S. A

natu

m

2

1

S. B

arei

lly

1

S. B

ovis

mor

bific

ans

1

S. C

hole

raes

uis

28

S. D

ublin

2

S. E

nter

itidi

s

103

2017

85

S. H

adar

4

S. H

avan

a

1

S. I

ndia

na

5

S. I

nfan

tis

1

62

S. K

entu

cky

7

S. M

band

aka

1

S. M

onte

vide

o

1

S. N

djam

ena

1

S. S

aint

paul

71


Slovakia 2005 29

S. T

yphi

mur

ium

136

228

10

S. e

nter

ica

subs

p. a

rizon

ae

1

S. e

nter

ica

subs

p. e

nter

ica

1

11

1

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

la is

ola

tes

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itori

ng, C

: C

linic

al


Slovakia 2005 30

Tab

le S

alm

on

ella

ser

ova

rs in

fo

od

Ser

ova

rs

Meat from bovine animals

Meat from pig

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)

Other poultry

Other products of animal origin

Eggs

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) - meat products

Egg products

Meat from pig - meat products

Meat from other animal species or not specified

Dairy products (excluding cheeses)

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N

=

144

52

12

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

sero

typ

edN

=

144

52

12

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

S. B

arei

lly

3

S. E

nter

itidi

s

125

22

12

S. I

nfan

tis

1

S. M

onte

vide

o

14

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

la is

ola

tes


Slovakia 2005 31

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itori

ng, C

: C

linic

al


Slovakia 2005 32

Tab

le S

. En

teri

tid

is p

hag

etyp

es in

an

imal

s

Ph

aget

ype

Cattle (bovine animals)

Pigs

Gallus gallus (fowl)

Other poultry

Other animals

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N=

6

211

11

13

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

ph

aget

yped

N=

6

211

11

13

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

PT

1

2

41

PT

4

3

126

1

PT

8

39

1

PT

13a

41

PT

23

4

PT

7

1

15

5

PT

U

22

4

PT

13

7

1

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

la is

ola

tes

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itori

ng, C

: C

linic

al


Slovakia 2005 33

Tab

le S

. En

teri

tid

is p

hag

etyp

es in

fo

od

Ph

aget

ype

Meat from bovine animals

Meat from pig

Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus)

Other poultry

Other products of animal origin

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N=

2

9

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

ph

aget

yped

N=

2

9

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

PT

1

1

PT

4

1

PT

8

1

4

PT

U

1

2

PT

13

1

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

la is

ola

tes

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itori

ng, C

: C

linic

al


Slovakia 2005 34

2.1.6. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates

The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in thechapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype andphagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections inhumans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animalsmay indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of humaninfections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections,conclusions have to be drawn with caution.

A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle

Sampling strategy used in monitoring

Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing

Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detectedonly in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and bymaking provision for the season and possible treatment.

Methods used for collecting data

The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.

Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates

MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.Antimicrobials included in monitoring



The detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.


The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towardsthe competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by makingprovision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance tobroad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicatormicroorganisms Escherichia coli.

National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection

In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. From other serovars,polyresistant and multiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg wereisolated.


Slovakia 2005 35

B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs







MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.Antimicrobials included in monitoring







In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. In turkeys, the problems areSalmonella Saintpaul, increase of polyresistant and multiresistant isolated strains (antimicrobialpattern SSuT or ASSuT + Trimetoprim + Cephalotine). From other serovars, polyresistant andmultiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated.

C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry





Slovakia 2005 36




MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS.







In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. In turkeys, the problems areSalmonella Saintpaul, increase of polyresistant and multiresistant isolated strains (antimicrobialpattern SSuT or ASSuT + Trimetoprim + Cephalotine). From other serovars, polyresistant andmultiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated.

D. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from cattle


Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)

The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLSAntimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.


The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testing


Slovakia 2005 37

because of possible treatment).


The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals. The only multiresistant strain was Salmonella Virchow(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid + Trimetoprim), isolated from frozen turkeymeat (ready-to-cook), imported from abroad.

E. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from pigs



The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLSAntimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.


The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testingbecause of possible treatment).


The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals.

F. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from poultry



The antibiotic resistance was only detected in one isolated strain of the same foodstuff,same origin and same production batch.The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET.The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type.Laboratory methodology used for detection of resistance:MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS


Slovakia 2005 38

Antimicrobials included in monitoring Recent actions taken to control the antimicrobial resistanceThe detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas.


The resistance of salmonella isolated strains from foodstuffs is for the time being not detectedimmediately after the isolation, in contrast to isolated strains from animals (immediate testingbecause of possible treatment).


The situation in occurrence of resistant salmonella strains, isolated from foodstuffs andfeedingstuffs is rather favourable, in future, the problem could originate in transmission ofresistant strains from animals. The only multiresistant strain was Salmonella Virchow(antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid + Trimetoprim), isolated from frozen turkeymeat (ready-to-cook), imported from abroad.


Slovakia 2005 39

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. C

ho

lera

esu

is in

Pig

s -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

-q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Cho

lera

esui

s-

Pig

s -

at fa

rm -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

9

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

9

51

31

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 9

11

44

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

93

32

1

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 9

44

21

11

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

92

31

11

1

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 40

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. C

ho

lera

esu

is in

Pig

s -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

-q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Cho

lera

esui

s-

Pig

s -

at fa

rm -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

9

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

94

50,

2532

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

9

27

0,25

32

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

9

90,

1216

Cef

otax

im

99

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

9

90,

2532

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

98

10,

064

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

97

27

0,25

32

Gen

tam

icin

9

63

0,25

32

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

94

50,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

91

53

0,5

64

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

91

44

10,

564

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

96

30,

564

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 41

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Choleraesuis - qualitative data

n = Number of resistant isolates

S. Choleraesuis Cattle (bovine

animals) Pigs Gallus gallus

(fowl) Turkeys Other poultry Other

animals Isolates out of amonitoring programme

no no yes yes no no

Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory

0 9 0 0 0 0

-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n

Tetracyclines 9 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 9 0

Florfenicol 9 0

CephalosporinsCephalothin 9 0

Cefotaxim 9 0

Ceftazidim 9 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 9 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 9 1

Oxolinic acid 9 1

Trimethoprim 9 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 9 4

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 9 7

Gentamicin 9 0

Kanamycin 9 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 9 0

Ampicillin/Sulbactum 9 0

Fully sensitive 9 2

Resistant to 1antimicrobial

9 3

Resistant to 2antimicrobials

9 3


9 1

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.


Slovakia 2005 42

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in C

attl

e (b

ovi

ne

anim

als)

- a

t fa

rm -

an

imal

sam

ple

- C

linic

alin

vest

igat

ion

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dilu

tio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-C

attle

(bo

vine

ani

mal

s) -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

ampl

e -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

nsIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

5

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

53

21

128

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

5

41

0,5

64

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cef

otax

im

55

0,12

16

Cef

tazi

dim

5

32

0,12

16

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

55

0,06

8

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

55

0,25

32

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Gen

tam

icin

5

32

0,25

32

Tob

ram

ycin

5

23

0,25

32

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

55

0,5

64

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

55

164

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

55

0,25

32

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

55

112

8

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 43

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in G

allu

s g

allu

s (f

ow

l) -

at

farm

- M

on

ito

rin

g -

qu

anti

tati

ved

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-G

allu

s ga

llus

(fow

l) -

at fa

rm -

Mon

itorin

gIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

98

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

98

1028

3916

5

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

98

1 2

724

2024

95

6

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 98

22

1027

4113

41

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 98

11

210

1110

1613

109

95

11

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

9818

2120

228

45

Kan

amyc

in

9812

1820

1511

129

1

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 44

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in G

allu

s g

allu

s (f

ow

l) -

at

farm

- M

on

ito

rin

g -

qu

anti

tati

ved

ata

[Dilu

tio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-G

allu

s ga

llus

(fow

l) -

at fa

rm -

Mon

itorin

gIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

98

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

986

8210

112

8

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

98

5345

0,5

64

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cef

otax

im

9898

0,5

64

Cef

tazi

dim

98

7424

164

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

9896

20,

068

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

9897

10.

2532

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Gen

tam

icin

98

587

60,

2532

Tob

ram

ycin

98

234

620,

2532

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

981

7522

10,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

9856

411

164

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

982

924

11

0,25

32

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

9898

112

8

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 45

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in C

attl

e (b

ovi

ne

anim

als)

- a

t fa

rm -

an

imal

sam

ple

- C

linic

alin

vest

igat

ion

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-C

attle

(bo

vine

ani

mal

s) -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

ampl

e -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

nsIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

5

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

5

12

11

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

5

12

11

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 5

21

2

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 5

11

11

1

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

51

12

11

Kan

amyc

in

52

12

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 46

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals


S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine




no no yes yes no no


5 0 98 1 1 2


Tetracyclines 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Florfenicol 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

CephalosporinsCephalothin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Cefotaxim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Ceftazidim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 5 0 98 2 1 0 1 0 2 0

Oxolinic acid 5 0 98 2 1 0 1 0 2 0

Trimethoprim 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 4 0 98 1 1 0 1 0 2 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 5 1 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Gentamicin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Kanamycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Tobramycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 5 0 98 1 1 0 1 0 2 0

Ampicillin/Sulbactum 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

Fully sensitive 5 4 98 94 1 1 1 1 2 2


5 1 98 4 1 0 1 0 2 0

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other poultry: geese (1)Other animals: sheeps (1), falcons (1).


Slovakia 2005 47

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in A

ll fo

od

stu

ffs

- in

to

tal -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a[D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-A

ll fo

odst

uffs

- in

tota

l - M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

21

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

2120

11

128

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

21

318

0,5

64

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cef

otax

im

2121

0,12

16

Cef

tazi

dim

21

165

0,12

16

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

2121

0,06

8

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

2121

0,25

32

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Gen

tam

icin

21

119

10,

2532

Tob

ram

ycin

21

615

0,25

32

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

2115

60,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

2115

61

64

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

2118

30,

2532

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

2121

112

8

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 48

Spec

ific

atio

n of

pro

duct

s: m

eat f

rom

pou

ltry

Gal

lus

gallu

s (9

), m

eat f

rom

pig

s (2

), c

hick

en e

ggs

- sh

ells

(3)

, liq

uid

eggs

- r

aw m

ater

ial (

2), h

ard

chee

se m

ade

from

pas

teur

ized

cow

s m

ilk (

1), c

hick

en o

ffal

s (2

), m

eat f

eedi

ngst

uff

for

dogs

(1)

, cer

eals

aft

er f

lood

(1)


Slovakia 2005 49

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in A

ll fo

od

stu

ffs

- in

to

tal -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a[D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-A

ll fo

odst

uffs

- in

tota

l - M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

21

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

21

22

69

2

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

21

39

53

1

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 21

210

81

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 21

12

42

33

12

3

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

214

47

33

Kan

amyc

in

216

42

32

31

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.Sp

ecif

icat

ion

of p

rodu

cts:

mea

t fro

m p

oultr

y G

allu

s ga

llus

(9),

mea

t fro

m p

igs

(2),

chi

cken

egg

s -

shel

ls (

3), l

iqui

d eg

gs -

raw

mat

eria

l (2)

, har

d ch

eese

mad

efr

om p

aste

uriz

ed c

ows

milk

(1)

, chi

cken

off

als

(2),

mea

t fee

ding

stuf

f fo

r do

gs (

1), c

erea

ls a

fter

flo

od (

1)


Slovakia 2005 50

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

(fo

wl)

- a

t fa

rm -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Gal

lus

gallu

s (f

owl)

- at

farm

- M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

2

11

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

2

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

21

1

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

22

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

21

1

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 51

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

(fo

wl)

- a

t fa

rm -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Gal

lus

gallu

s (f

owl)

- at

farm

- M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

21

164

0,25

32

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

20,

2532

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

2

20,

1216

Cef

otax

im

22

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

2

20,

2532

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

22

0,06

4

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

21

11

0,25

32

Gen

tam

icin

2

20,

2532

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

21

10,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

22

0,5

64

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

22

0,5

64

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

21

10,

564

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 52

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Tu

rkey

s -

at f

arm

- M

on

ito

rin

g -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Tur

keys

- a

t far

m -

Mon

itorin

gIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

7

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

7

22

21

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 7

11

33

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

71

11

13

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 7

55

11

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

71

42

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 53

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Tu

rkey

s -

at f

arm

- M

on

ito

rin

g -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dilu

tio

nm

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Tur

keys

- a

t far

m -

Mon

itorin

gIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

7

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

75

25

0,25

32

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

7

70,

2532

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

7

70,

1216

Cef

otax

im

77

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

7

70,

2532

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

76

10,

064

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

75

21

31

0,25

32

Gen

tam

icin

7

70,

2532

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

76

10,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

77

0,5

64

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

71

33

10,

564

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

71

23

10,

564

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 54

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data


S. Saintpaul Cattle (bovine




no no yes yes no no


0 0 2 7 0 0


Tetracyclines 2 1 7 5

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0 7 0

Florfenicol 2 0 7 0

CephalosporinsCephalothin 2 0 7 0

Cefotaxim 2 0 7 0

Ceftazidim 2 0 7 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0 7 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0 7 1

Oxolinic acid 2 0 7 1

Trimethoprim 2 0 7 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 2 7 5

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 1 7 5

Gentamicin 2 0 7 0

Kanamycin 2 0 7 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0 7 0

Ampicillin/Sulbactum 2 0 7 0

Fully sensitive 2 0 7 1


2 1 7 1


2 0 7 0


2 1 7 5

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.


Slovakia 2005 55

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

(fo

wl)

- a

t fa

rm -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Gal

lus

gallu

s (f

owl)

- at

farm

- M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

10

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

105

55

0,25

32

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

10

54

15

0,25

32

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

10

16

21

10,

1216

Cef

otax

im

1010

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

10

82

0,25

32

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

106

40,

064

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

105

32

14

0,25

32

Gen

tam

icin

10

82

0,25

32

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

109

19

0,5

64

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

101

12

61

0,5

64

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

105

32

14

0,5

64

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

105

50,

564

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 56

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Pig

s -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

-q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Pig

s -

at fa

rm -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

4

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

44

40,

2532

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

4

44

0,25

32

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

4

40,

1216

Cef

otax

im

44

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

4

40,

2532

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

44

0,06

4

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

44

22

0,25

32

Gen

tam

icin

4

40,

2532

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

44

40,

564

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

41

12

10,

564

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

44

13

0,5

64

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

43

10,

564

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 57

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals


S. Typhimurium Cattle (bovine




no no yes yes no no


9 4 10 0 0 6


Tetracyclines 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

Florfenicol 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

CephalosporinsCephalothin 9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0

Cefotaxim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

Ceftazidim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

Oxolinic acid 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

Trimethoprim 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

Gentamicin 9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0

Kanamycin 9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 9 8 4 4 10 9 6 0

Ampicillin/Sulbactum 9 0 4 1 10 1 6 0

Fully sensitive 9 1 4 0 10 1 6 6


9 1 4 0 10 3 6 0


9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0


9 0 4 0 10 1 6 0


9 0 4 0 10 0 6 0

Resistant to >4antimicrobials

9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

Number of multiresistant S. Typhimurium DT104with penta resistance(1) 9 7 4 4 10 5 6 0

(1) : These strains were with penta resistance and with resistance to florfenicol and quinolones too. Phagetyping was not performed.

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other animals: pigeons (2), chukars (1), swans (1), parrots (1), dogs (1)


Slovakia 2005 58

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

(fo

wl)

- a

t fa

rm -

Mo

nit

ori

ng

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Gal

lus

gallu

s (f

owl)

- at

farm

- M

onito

ring

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

10

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

10

51

22

11

11

1

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 10

55

13

1

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

102

21

22

1

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 10

55

11

11

1

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

101

34

11

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 59

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Cat

tle

(bo

vin

e an

imal

s) -

at

farm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Cat

tle (

bovi

ne a

nim

als)

- a

t far

m -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

9

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

9

11

32

11

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 9

77

2

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

92

32

11

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 9

77

2

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

93

51

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 60

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Cat

tle

(bo

vin

e an

imal

s) -

at

farm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iluti

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Cat

tle (

bovi

ne a

nim

als)

- a

t far

m -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

9

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

<=0.03

0.06

0.12

0.25

0.5

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512

1024

2048

>2048

lowest

highest

Tet

racy

clin

es

97

27

0,25

32

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

9

72

70,

2532

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cep

halo

thin

9

72

0,12

16

Cef

otax

im

99

0,25

32

Cef

tazi

dim

9

90,

2532

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

92

70,

064

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

97

24

30,

2532

Gen

tam

icin

9

27

0,25

32

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

98

18

0,5

64

Am

pici

llin/

Sul

bact

um

91

11

60,

564

Qu

ino

lon

esO

xolin

ic a

cid

97

21

60,

564

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

su

lfo

nam

ides

Trim

etho

prim

+ S

ulfo

nam

ide

92

61

0,5

64

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

iffu

sion

met

hod.


Slovakia 2005 61

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Pig

s -

at f

arm

- a

nim

al s

amp

le -

Clin

ical

inve

stig

atio

ns

-q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Pig

s -

at fa

rm -

ani

mal

sam

ple

- C

linic

al in

vest

igat

ions

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

4

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

4

41

11

1

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 4

44

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

42

11

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 4

44

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Kan

amyc

in

41

11

1

Foo

tnot

e

Res

ults

of

susc

eptib

ility

test

ing

to f

urth

er a

ntim

icro

bial

s ar

e gi

ven

in p

aral

ell t

able

- D

ilutio

n m

etho

d.


Slovakia 2005 62

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella in animals


Salmonella spp. Cattle (bovine




no no yes yes no no


17 15 126 9 7 10


Tetracyclines 17 7 15 4 126 6 9 5 7 4 10 0

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0

Florfenicol 17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0

CephalosporinsCephalothin 17 1 15 0 126 1 9 0 7 0 10 0

Cefotaxim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

Ceftazidim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 17 7 15 5 126 7 9 1 7 0 10 0

Oxolinic acid 17 7 15 5 126 7 9 1 7 0 10 0

Trimethoprim 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 17 7 15 9 126 8 9 5 7 1 10 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 17 8 15 11 126 5 9 0 7 2 10 0

Gentamicin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

Kanamycin 17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

Tobramycin 5 0 98 0 1 0 1 0 2 0

PenicillinsAmpicillin 17 8 15 4 126 10 9 0 7 0 10 0

Ampicillin/Sulbactum 17 0 15 1 126 1 9 0 7 0 10 0

Fully sensitive 17 8 15 3 126 111 9 3 7 3 10 10


17 2 15 4 126 8 9 1 7 1 10 0


17 0 15 4 126 0 9 1 7 3 10 0


17 0 15 0 126 2 9 4 7 0 10 0


17 0 15 0 126 0 9 0 7 0 10 0

Resistant to >4antimicrobials

17 7 15 4 126 5 9 0 7 0 10 0

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Other poultry: ducks(6), geese (1)Other animals: sheeps (1), falcons (1), pigeons (2), chukars (1), swans (1), parrots (1), dogs (1), rabbits(1),chameleon(1).


Slovakia 2005 63

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. in food


Salmonella spp. Meat from

broilers(Gallusgallus)

Meat fromotherpoultryspecies

Meat frompig

Meat frombovineanimals

Eggproducts

Otherproducts ofanimalorigin

Other foodofnon-animalorigin

Isolates out of amonitoring programme

yes yes yes yes yes no no


11 0 4 1 8 19 8

-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n N n N n

Tetracyclines 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0


Florfenicol 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0


Cefotaxim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0

Ceftazidim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0



Oxolinic acid 11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0

Trimethoprim 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0



Gentamicin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0

Kanamycin 11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0

Tobramycin 9 0 2 0 5 0 4 0 1 0



Fully sensitive 11 10 4 3 1 1 8 8 19 18 8 8


11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 1 8 0


11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0


11 0 4 0 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0


11 1 4 1 1 0 8 0 19 0 8 0

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type. Specification of products: meat from poultry Gallus gallus - Enteritidis(9); meat from pigs - Enteritidis(2),Brandenburg (1), Typhimurium(1); meat from bovine - Derby(1); chicken eggs (shells) - Enteritidis(3), liquid eggs(raw material) - Enteritidis(2), pasteurized liquid eggs - Bareilly(1), dried egg products - Bareilly(2); otherproducts of animal origin: hard cheese made from pasteurized cows milk - Enteritidis(1), dried cows milk -


Slovakia 2005 64

Havana(1), dried whey - Tennessee(1), chicken offals - Enteritidis(2), Infantis(1), meat feedingstuff for dogs -Enteritidis(1), Duisburg(1), Mbandaka(1), meat and bone or plumage meal - Infantis(2), Isangi(1), Kentucky(1),Koumra(1), Ohio(1) Orion(1), Schwarzengrund(1), Senftenberg(1), fish by-product - Augustenborg(1); otherproducts of non-animal origin: egg noodles - Bareilly(1), cayenne pepper -Saintpaul(1), maize bran - Agona(1),Pomona(1), Worthington(1), cereals - Agona(1), cereals after flood - Enteritidis(1), compound feedingstuffs -Kentucky(1).


Slovakia 2005 65

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Other serotypes - qualitative data


Other serotypes Cattle (bovine




no no yes yes no no


3 2 16 1 6 2


Tetracyclines 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 4 2 0


Florfenicol 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0


Cefotaxim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0

Ceftazidim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0



Oxolinic acid 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0

Trimethoprim 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0



Gentamicin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0

Kanamycin 3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 0 2 0



Fully sensitive 3 3 2 1 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 2


3 0 2 1 16 0 1 0 6 1 2 0


3 0 2 0 16 0 1 0 6 3 2 0

Footnote

Cross-resistance is counted as one resistance type.Cattle - Dublin(2), Infantis(1); Pigs - Infantis(1), Enterica I(6,7,c,-)(1); Poultry - Albany(1), Anatum(1),Bareilly(1), Bovimorbificans(1), Havana(1), Enterica I(4,-,-)(1), Infantis(5), Kentucky(3), Mbandaka(1),Montevideo(1); Turkeys - Anatum(1); Other poultry: Ducks - Anatum(1), Hadar(2), Indiana(3); Other animals:Rabbits - Dublin(1); Chameleon - Montevideo(1)


Slovakia 2005 66

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Animals

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test

Standards used for testing

- NCCLS

- Trios

-Salmonella Standard for

breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested

concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=

Intermediate Resistant>

lowest highest microg Susceptible>=

Intermediate Resistant<=

Tetracyclines NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 128

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,25 64

Florfenicol NCCLS/CLSI 30 20 19,17 16Cephalosporins

Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 16

Cefotaxim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16,32 64 0,12 32

Ceftazidim NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 32Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin NCCLS/CLSI 1 2 4 0,06 8Quinolones

Nalidixic acid NCCLS/CLSI 30 19 18,14 13

Oxolinic acid NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 0,25 64

Trimethoprim NCCLS/CLSI 6 16 0,25 32 5 16 15,11 10

SulfonamidesSulfonamide NCCLS/CLSI 300 17 16,13 12

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 0,25 32 10 15 14,12 11

Gentamicin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32

Kanamycin NCCLS/CLSI 30 18 17,14 13

Tobramycin NCCLS/CLSI 4 8 16 0,25 32Macrolides

Erythromycin Penicillins

Ampicillin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64

Ampicillin/Sulbactum NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,5 64

Trimethoprim + sulfonamidesTrimethoprim +Sulfonamide

NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128

Footnote

Ampicillin/Sulfbactum(2:1) - concentration of ampicillin is listed above.Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide(1:19) - concentration of sulfonamide (KO-trimoxazol) is listed above.Extented range tested concentrations listed above are due to using two different MIC sets. Accurate ranges aregiven in individual serotypes tables.


Slovakia 2005 67

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Food

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


- NCCLS

- Trios




Susceptible<=







Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI I8 16 32 0,12 16
















NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 68

Table Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance testing of Salmonella in Feedingstuff

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


- NCCLS

- Trios




Susceptible<=







Cephalothin NCCLS/CLSI 8 16 32 0,12 16
















NCCLS/CLSI 38 76 0,5 128

Footnote



Slovakia 2005 69

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS


A. Thermophilic Campylobacter General evaluation


The monitoring system for Thermophilic Campylobacter in the Slovak republic has not beenadopted.


Slovakia 2005 70

2.2.2. Campylobacter, thermophilic in foodstuffs

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Broiler meat and products thereof


The control program/strategies in place

only as a targeted control, just occasionally

Additional information

Methods of sampling - according the valid STNDiagnostic/analytical methods used STN ISO 10 272

B. Campylobacter spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary andFood Administration.


according to word out a plan taking of samples


Slovakia 2005 71

Table Campylobacter in poultry meat

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r th

erm

op

hili

c C

amp

ylo

bac

ter

spp

.

C. c

oli

C. l

ari

C. j

eju

ni

C. u

psa

lien

sis

ther

mo

ph

ilic

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

Meat from broilers (Gallusgallus)

-




- - -


Footnote



Slovakia 2005 72

Table Campylobacter in other food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r th

erm

op

hili

c C

amp

ylo

bac

ter

spp

.

C. j

eju

ni

C. c

oli

C. u

psa

lien

sis

C. l

ari

ther

mo

ph

ilic

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

Milk, cows' - - -

raw - SVFI single 10ml 102 0

Cheeses, made from mixedmilk from cows, sheepand/or goats




Footnote



Slovakia 2005 73

2.2.3. Campylobacter, thermophilic in animals

Table Campylobacter in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r C

amp

ylo

bac

ter,

th

erm

op

hili

c

C. j

eju

ni

C. c

oli

C. l

ari

C. u

psa

lien

sis

ther

mo

ph

ilic

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

C. h

yoin

test

inal

is

Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 524 1 1

Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 20 1 1

Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0

Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 53 16 15 1

Gallus gallus (fowl) - SVFI,SVI animal 58 3 3

Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 52 3 3

Cats - SVFI,SVI animal 4 0

Other animals - SVFI,SVI animal 3 0


Slovakia 2005 74

2.2.4. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, thermophilic isolates

A. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in cattle



The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in the Slovakrepublic has not been adopted.

B. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in pigs




C. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in poultry




D. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuffderived from cattle




E. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuffderived from pigs




F. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and coli in foodstuff


Slovakia 2005 75

derived from poultry





Slovakia 2005 76

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inAnimals

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


-Campylobacter,thermophilic

Standard forbreakpoint

Breakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range testedconcentration (microg/ml)

disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 22 19

QuinolonesNalidixic acid

AminoglycosidesGentamicin

MacrolidesErythromycin 15 22 17

PenicillinsAmpicillin


Slovakia 2005 77

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inFood

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test






Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines







Slovakia 2005 78

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter inFeedingstuff

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test






Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines







Slovakia 2005 79

2.3. LISTERIOSIS


A. Listeriosis general evaluation


The monitoring system for Listeria spp. in the Slovak Republic has not been adopted. Theinvestigations in animals were performed on the basis of targeted investigations in differentialdiagnostics and under suspicion of infection, documented by clinical signs. All samples offoodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Veterinary and Food Administration ofthe Slovak Republic.


Slovakia 2005 80

2.3.2. Listeria in foodstuffs

A. Listeria spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy



At the production plant

Once a week



according to the valid STN



Other: STN EN ISO 11290


Slovakia 2005 81

Table Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Def

init

ion

use

d

Un

its

test

ed

=<10

0 cf

u/g

>100

cfu

/g

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r L

.mo

no

cyto

gen

es

Lis

teri

a m

on

ocy

tog

enes

pre

sen

ce in

x g

Milk, cows' -

raw - SVFI single 25g 126 25 25

pasteurised milk - SVFI single 25g 819 0 0

Milk, sheep's - -

-

raw milk for manufacture - -

-

intended for manufactureof raw or low heat-treatedproducts


Milk, goats' - -

-

raw - SVFI single 25g 4 0 0

Cheeses made from cows'milk

- SVFI single 25g 1897 14 14

soft and semi-soft - -

-

made from pasteurizedmilk



- -

-

unspecified - -

-

made from pasteurizedmilk



- -

-

butter - SVFI single 25g 214 0 0

Cheeses, made from mixedmilk from cows, sheepand/or goats


Footnote



Slovakia 2005 82

Table Listeria monocytogenes in other foods

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Def

init

ion

use

d

Un

its

test

ed

=<10

0 cf

u/g

>100

cfu

/g

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r L

.mo

no

cyto

gen

es

Lis

teri

a m

on

ocy

tog

enes

pre

sen

ce in

x g

Meat from pig - -

-

meat products - SVFI single 25g 662 4 4

Meat from bovine animals - -

-


Fish - -

-

smoked - SVFI single 25g 7 0 0

Meat from poultry,unspecified

- -

-


Fishery products,unspecified



- -

-


Other processed foodproducts and prepareddishes


Footnote



Slovakia 2005 83

2.3.3. Listeria in animals

Table Listeria spp. in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r L

iste

ria

L. m

on

ocy

tog

enes

Lis

teri

a sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

Cattle (bovine animals) - SVFI,SVI animal 179 0

Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 144 14 14

Goats - SVFI,SVI animal 4 1 1

Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 109 0

Dogs - SVFI,SVI animal 19 0

Zoo animals, all - SVFI,SVI animal 49 0

Solipeds, domestic - - -

horses - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0

Hares - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0

Mice - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0


Footnote

SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstituteSVI - State Veterinary Institute


Slovakia 2005 84

2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS


A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections general evaluation


The monitoring system for Verotoxigenic E.coli in the Slovak republic has not been adopted.The investigations were performed on the basis of targeted investigations in differentialdiagnostics and under suspicoin of infection, documented by clinical signs.


Slovakia 2005 85

2.4.2. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs

A. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy



Almost in all imported samples and samples taken from market.


according the valid STN


STN EN ISO 16654


Slovakia 2005 86

Table VT E.coli in food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r E

sch

eric

hia

co

li, p

ath

og

enic

E. c

oli

spp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

Ver

oto

xig

enic

E. c

oli

(VT

EC

) -

VT

EC

O15

7

Ver

oto

xig

enic

E. c

oli

(VT

EC

) -

VT

EC

O15

7:H

7

Meat from pig -


Meat from bovine animals -


Milk, cows' - - -

raw - SVFI single 25ml 39 0

Meat from poultry,unspecified

- - -


Milk from other animalspecies or unspecified

- - -

pasteurised - SVFI single 25ml 3 0



Cheeses, made fromunspecified milk or otheranimal milk


Other products of animalorigin



- - -




Footnote



Slovakia 2005 87

2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals

Table VT E.coli in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r E

sch

eric

hia

co

li, p

ath

og

enic

E. c

oli

spp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

Ver

oto

xig

enic

E. c

oli

(VT

EC

) -

VT

EC

O15

7

Ver

oto

xig

enic

E. c

oli

(VT

EC

) -

VT

EC

O15

7:H

7


calves (under 1 year) - SVFI,SVI animal 38 0

dairy cows - SVFI,SVI animal 12 0

Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 2 0


Poultry, unspecified - SVFI,SVI animal 52 0




Footnote

SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstitutesSVI - State Veterinary Institute


Slovakia 2005 88

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES


A. Tuberculosis General evaluation


In Europe the bovine tuberculosis belongs still to the seriousdisease in humans and animals.Because this disease is "obligatory notifiable", it is possible to become acquainted yearly fromOIE statistics with the incidence in bovine animals. The disease situation in TBC occurrence, inpursuance of the definition of the International Animal Health Code OIE is a territory of thecountry free of bovine tuberculosis in cattle till the prevalence of infected herds does not exceed0,2% of totally bred herds. This condition fulfilled also Slovakia as to 4.3.2005 (CommissionDecision No. 2005/179/EC).In Slovakia bovine tuberculosis was controlled within the national eradication programme in thesecond half of the last century. In the years 1990-1999 the decrease of bovine tuberculosisincidence in cattle was recorded in Slovakia. With the decreasing incidence of bovinetuberculosis in cattle also decrease of bovine tuberculosis in other animals was recorded inSlovakia.The last occurrence of M.bovis in bovine animals in Slovakia, owner of agricultural cooperativeTupá, District Levice, year 1992.

Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)

bovine animals, pigs - no isolation of the complex M. tuberculosis


yearly elaborated "surveillance of bovine and avian TBC in the SR for the respective year",together with human service, epidemiological analysis of the incidence and prevalence of TBCoccurrence in humans.


Slovakia 2005 89

2.5.2. Mycobacterium in animals

A. Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Animals

Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year

The entire country free

Slovakia is officially free of tuberculosis - Commission Decision 2005/179/EC

Free regions

all regions

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

maximum 1x/in 2 years performed tuberculination of bovine animals with simle skin testwith bovine tuberculine in all animals over 2 yeras of age. Positive reagents in simple testare examined by comparative test earliest in 6-8 weeks, repeatedly positively reactedanimals for bovine tuberculine are slaughtered and their lymphnodes are additionallyexamined laboratorily in the respective NRL for bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosischanges identified in routine veterinary-hygnienic examination of slaughtered bovineanimals are also laboratory examined.


in case of positive intravital tests - reagents for tuberculin, TBC changes at slaugterhouses


Other: lymph nodes according to district competence,in valuable animals - lung lavage


3- packing, label, application form (accompanying report), cool 2-8 Cº, or freezing,taking into so called sample, transport to NRL

Case definition

detailed description


pathological-anatomical examination (judgement of changes), histological, directmicroscopy (bacterioscopy) - staining by method Z-N, cultivation on selective growthcultures - liquid and solid, identification of isolates - biochemically, by biological trial,DNA-DNA by hybridization (probes), methods of spoligotyping.Examinations are covered by state (Veterinary prevention and protection).

Vaccination policy


Slovakia 2005 90

vaccination is not performed

Other preventive measures than vaccination in place

isolation of reagents, announcement of outbreak



. control programmes, procedures on the spot : intravital diagnostics, isolation

. current actions for the purpose of zoonosis control: surveillance

. proposals towards Community ...:


A)Single intradermal tuberculin test by mammalian tuberculin :Examine -once per year 33% of holdings in the district - all animals over 24 months of age-once per year all animals over 24 months of age from all small holdings ( farms ofphysical persons, who farm bovine animals for their own charge and do not introducetheir products into the market ) -once per year bulls in insemination centre and bulls used for natural breeding,Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.-young bulls before the basic selection,-in holdings with evidence of a significant changes indicating tuberculosis within postmortem inspection ( suspicion of the tuberculosis ) is the officially tuberculosis-free herdstatus suspended and tuberculination of all animals over six weeks of age is performed (immediately in the case if minimum 42 days elapsed after the last tuberculination )B)Intradermal comparative test by mammalian tuberculin and avian tuberculin used forintradermal comparative test:a)in the holdings with presence of positive reactors to mammalian tuberculin in the singleintradermal tuberculin test1.Follow up the procedure of Annex 2, Part I., 3 A, b) of the Ordinance of thegovernment 280/2003 Coll.-suspend the officially tuberculosis-free herd status-slaughter the positive reactor-carry out all prescribed examinations of the positive reagent-the status of the herd shall remain suspended until such time as all laboratoryexaminations have been completed - if the presence of tuberculosis is not confirmed bylaboratory examinations, the suspension of the officially tuberculosis-free status may belifted following an intradermal comparative test of all animals over six weeks of age withnegative results at least 42 days after the removal of the reactor animalOr2.if there is a suspicion of false positive test reaction or interference test reaction-suspend the officially tuberculosis-free herd status-isolate the positive reactor-the officially tuberculosis-free status may be lifted following an intradermal comparativetest of all animals over six weeks of age with negative results performed at least 42 days


Slovakia 2005 91

after single intradermal test performanceb) in the holdings with inconclusive reactors to single intradermal tuberculin test withmammalian tuberculin ( also when last single intradermal tuberculin test was performedprevious year and reasonable suspicion of false positive reaction or interference reactionis in place as result e.g. presence of different mycobacteriae, evidence m.avium subsp.M.paratuberculosis, etc.)1.Follow up the procedure of Annex 2, Part I., 3 A, c) of the Ordinance of the government280/2003 Coll. - further test to clarify the status of inconclusive reactors the intradermalcomparative test have to be used.Intradermal comparative test inconclusive reactors are subjected to repetitive test after atleast 42 days. If the animals after repeated intradermal comparative test are not negative,shall be deemed to be positive reactors -these animals are removed from the herd andafter their slaughter, laboratory and epizootical examination is performed.If tuberculosis is not confirmed, all animals over six weeks of age are subjected toanother intradermal comparative test which is performed after at least 42 days from theremoval of the positive reactor .If the tuberculosis is confirmed, the officially tuberculosis-free status is to be withdrawnand the procedure of the Governmental ordinance 280/2003 Coll. on animal healthproblems affecting intra-Community trade in bovine animals and swine should befollowed.c) In the holdings with positive M.bovis or M.avium microbiological result and in thecase of staff tuberculosis affection


slaughtering, additional laboratory examination, notification to NRL - SVFA BA - EU


district veterinarian or inspector, DVFA, RVFA, SVFAResults of examinations: from NRL to DVFA, to SVFA.


Slovakia 2005 92

Table Tuberculosis in other animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r M

yco

bac

teri

um

M. b

ovi

s

M. t

ub

ercu

losi

s

Myc

ob

acte

riu

m s

pp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

M. a

viu

m c

om

ple

x

Pigs (1) - SVFI animal 57 12 12

Zoo animals, all - SVFI animal 3 0

Other animals (2) - SVFI animal 8 1 1

Cattle (bovine animals) (3) - SVFI animal 17 4 4

(1) : Mycobacterium avium complex,Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium(2) : Mycobacterium avium complex,Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium(3) : Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis


Slovakia 2005 93

Tab

le B

ovi

ne

tub

ercu

losi

s in

co

un

trie

s an

d r

egio

ns

that

do

no

t re

ceiv

e C

om

mu

nit

y co

-fin

anci

ng

fo

r er

adic

atio

np

rog

ram

me

Reg

ion

T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

fex

isti

ng

bo

vin

e O

ffic

ially

fre

eh

erd

s In

fect

ed h

erd

s R

ou

tin

e tu

ber

culin

test

ing

N

um

ber

of

tub

ercu

lin t

ests

carr

ied

ou

t b

efo

reth

e in

tro

du

ctio

n

Nu

mb

er o

f an

imal

sw

ith

su

spic

iou

sle

sio

ns

of

tub

ercu

losi

s

Nu

mb

er o

f an

imal

sd

etec

ted

po

siti

vein

bac

teri

olo

gic

alex

amin

atio

n

Her

ds

An

imal

s N

um

ber

of

her

ds

%

Nu

mb

ero

f h

erd

s %

In

terv

alb

etw

een

rou

tin

etu

ber

culin

test

s

Nu

mb

ero

fan

imal

ste

sted

into

th

e h

erd

s(A

nn

ex A

(I)(

2)(c

)th

ird

ind

ent

(1)

of

Dir

ecti

ve64

/432

/EE

C)

exam

ined

an

dsu

bm

itte

d t

oh

isto

pat

ho

log

ical

and

bac

teri

olo

gic

alex

amin

atio

ns

SLO

VE

NS

KA

RE

PU

BLI

KA

1198

3 52

9062

11

983

100

0 0

1518

97

0 0

0

Tot

al11

983

5290

62

1198

3 10

0 0

0 0

1518

97

0 0

0

Foo

tnot

e

inte

rval

bet

wee

n ro

utin

e tu

berc

ulin

e -

test

s ev

ery

tree

yea

rs c

once

rnin

g 24

mon

th-o

ld a

nim

als


Slovakia 2005 94

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS


2.6.2. Brucella in foodstuffs

2.6.3. Brucella in animals

A. Brucella abortus in Bovine Animals

Status as officially free of bovine brucellosis during the reporting year

The entire country free

Slovakia is officially free of brucellosis (B.melitensis) - Commission decision2005/179/ES

Free regions

all regions

Additional information

Requirements for declaration of a bovine herd as officially brucellosis-free, requirementsfor retention of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forsuspension of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forwithdrawal of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements fordeclaration a bovine herd as brucellosis-free, requirements for retention of thebrucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements for suspension of the brucelosis-freestatus of a bovine herd, requirements for withdrawal of the brucellosis-free status of abovine herd are the part of the Annex 2 of the Ordinance of the Government of theSlovak Republic No. 280/2003 Coll. of 9 July 2003 on health problems affecting the tradewith bovine animals and porcine animals. By this Ordinance of the Government theCouncil Directive 64/432/EEC was transposed in the full extend into the legal system ofthe Slovak Republic (text of this Ordinance of the Government is presented in Annex 1).

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Examination, standards for identification of the agent are presented in the Annex 4 to theabove-mentioned Ordinance of the Government - it is the full transposition of the AnnexC of the Council Directive 64/432/EEC.Examine blood samples- once per year 33% of holdings in the district - all animals over 24 months of age- once per year all bovine animals over 24 months of age from all small holdings (farmsof physical persons, who farm bovine animals for their own charge and do not introducetheir products into the market ) - once per year bulls in insemination centre and bulls used for natural breeding and


Slovakia 2005 95

befeore basic selection of young breeding bulls,Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.


Tests should be performed up to 12 months since the last examination.


Blood

Case definition

abort case


According to Council Directive 64/432/EEC and OIE diagnostics techniques:Serological tests:Serum agglutination testComplement fixation testRose bengal testELISABacteriological tests:Cultivation, isolation and identification of bacteria genus Brucella Identification of bacteria (biotype):Biochemical testsAgglutination in monospecific antiseraPhage typing

Vaccination policy

In SR the vaccination at liquidation of brucellosis has been never used and only the radical orelimination method of eradication of a herd has been used.


In the Slovak Republic there is obligatory to notify abort cases at which the suspicion frombeing happened due to the brucellosis occurrence exists, and such cases are examined by thecompetent veterinary administration authority.Each bovine animal suspicious of brucellosis infection shall be notified to the competentveterinary administration authority and is subject to the official epizootological examination forbrucellosis consisting of minimum 2 serological blood tests, including complement fixation test(CFT) and microbiological examination of appropriate samples.During the time of suspicion which lasts until the negative results of tests mentioned in theprevious paragraph are obtained, in case of the herd of the origin or transit or the suspectedanimal and herds epizoologically connected with it, the status of officially recognized asbrucellosis-free will be suspended.Bovine animals moved into the herd must originate from herds officially recognized asbrucellosis-free status, and in case of bovine animals older than 12 months, it must have the titerof antibodies less than 30 IU agglutination for ml in given serum-aglutination test performed in


Slovakia 2005 96

compliance with Annex 4 of the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No.280/2003 Coll. on health problems affecting the trade with bovine animals and porcine animals,or they reacted negatively on each other test approved in accordance with EU reqirementsduring 30 days before the date of intorduction into the herd.



Requirements for declaration of a bovine herd as officially brucellosis-free, requirementsfor retention of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forsuspension of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements forwithdrawal of the officially brucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements fordeclaration a bovine herd as brucellosis-free, requirements for retention of thebrucellosis-free status of a bovine herd, requirements for suspension of the brucelosis-freestatus of a bovine herd, requirements for withdrawal of the brucellosis-free status of abovine herd are the part of the Annex 2 of the Ordinance of the Government of theSlovak Republic No. 280/2003 Coll. of 9 July 2003 on health problems affecting the tradewith bovine animals and porcine animals. By this Ordinance of the Government theCouncil Directive 64/432/EEC was transposed in the full extend into the legal system ofthe Slovak Republic (text of this Ordinance of the Government is presented in Annex 1).


Examination of blood samples serologically- in herds officially brucellosis-free - once a year all animals older than 24 months(together with EBL)- once a year - breeding bulls at insemination stations, in a natural breeding and beforethe basic selection of breeding bullocks Examinations shall be performed within 12 months from the last examination.


In the Slovak Republic there is obligatory to notify abort cases at which the suspicion frombeing happened due to the brucellosis occurrence exists, and such cases are examined by thecompetent veterinary administration authority.Each bovine animal suspicious of brucellosis infection shall be notified to the competentveterinary administration authority and is subject to the official epizootological examination forbrucellosis consisting of minimum 2 serological blood tests, including complement fixation test(CFT) and microbiological examination of appropriate samples.During the time of suspicion which lasts until the negative results of tests mentioned in theprevious paragraph are obtained, in case of the herd of the origin or transit or the suspectedanimal and herds epizoologically connected with it, the status of officially recognized asbrucellosis-free will be suspended.Bovine animals moved into the herd must originate from herds officially recognized asbrucellosis-free status, and in case of bovine animals older than 12 months, it must have the titerof antibodies less than 30 IU agglutination for ml in given serum-aglutination test performed incompliance with Annex 4 of the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No.280/2003 Coll. on health problems affecting the trade with bovine animals and porcine animals,


Slovakia 2005 97

or they reacted negatively on each other test approved in accordance with EU reqirementsduring 30 days before the date of intorduction into the herd.

B. Brucella melitensis in Sheep

Monitoring system


Blood



C. Brucella melitensis in Goat

Monitoring system




Slovakia 2005 98

Table Brucellosis in other animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r B

ruce

lla

B. m

elit

ensi

s

B. a

bo

rtu

s

B. s

uis

Bru

cella

sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

Pigs - SVI sample 12387 0

Goats - SVI sample 358 0

Sheep - SVI sample 20288 0

Solipeds, domestic - - -

horses - SVI sample 280 0

Footnote

SVI - State Veterinary Institute


Slovakia 2005 99

Tab

le B

ovi

ne

bru

cello

sis

in c

ou

ntr

ies

and

reg

ion

s th

at d

o n

ot

rece

ive

Co

mm

un

ity

co-f

inan

cin

g f

or

erad

icat

ion

pro

gra

mm

e

Reg

ion

T

ota

ln

um

ber

of

Off

icia

llyfr

ee h

erd

s In

fect

edh

erd

s S

urv

eilla

nce

In

vest

igat

ion

s o

f su

spec

t ca

ses

exis

tin

gb

ovi

ne

Ser

olo

gic

al t

ests

E

xam

inat

ion

of

bu

lk m

ilk s

amp

les

Info

rmat

ion

ab

ou

tab

ort

ion

s E

pid

emio

log

ical

inve

stig

atio

n

Her

ds

An

imal

s N

um

ber

of

her

ds

%

Nu

mb

er o

fh

erd

s %

N

um

ber

of

bo

vin

e N

um

ber

of

anim

als

Nu

mb

er o

fin

fect

ed

Nu

mb

er o

fb

ovi

ne

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s N

um

ber

of

infe

cted

N

um

ber

of

no

tifi

ed

Nu

mb

er o

fis

ola

tio

ns

Nu

mb

er o

fab

ort

ion

s N

um

ber

of

anim

als

Nu

mb

er o

fsu

spen

ded

Nu

mb

er o

f p

osi

tive

anim

als

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s N

um

ber

of

anim

als

her

ds

test

edte

sted

her

ds

test

edh

erd

ste

sted

or

po

ols

test

edh

erd

sab

ort

ion

sw

hat

ever

cau

se

of

Bru

cella

infe

ctio

nd

ue

toB

ruce

llaab

ort

us

test

ed w

ith

sero

log

ical

blo

od

tes

ts

her

ds

Ser

olo

gic

ally

BS

T

exam

ined

mic

rob

iolo

gic

ally

po

siti

vem

icro

bio

log

ical

ly

SLO

VE

NS

KA

RE

PU

BLI

KA

1198

3 52

9062

11

983

100

0 0

8094

14

7583

0

0 0

3001

0

0 30

33

0 0

0 0

0 57

3

Tot

al11

983

5290

62

1198

3 10

0 0

0 80

94

1475

83

0 0

0 30

01

0 0

3033

0

0 0

0 0

573


Slovakia 2005 100

Ovi

ne

or

Cap

rin

e B

ruce

llosi

s in

co

un

trie

s an

d r

egio

ns

that

do

no

t re

ceiv

e C

om

mu

nit

y co

-fin

anci

ng

fo

r er

adic

atio

np

rog

ram

me

Reg

ion

T

ota

l nu

mb

er o

fex

isti

ng

ovi

ne

/ca

pri

ne

Off

icia

lly f

ree

her

ds

Infe

cted

her

ds

Su

rvei

llan

ce

Inve

stig

atio

ns

of

susp

ect

case

s

Her

ds

An

imal

s N

um

ber

of

her

ds

%

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s %

N

um

ber

of

her

ds

test

ed

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s te

sted

N

um

ber

of

infe

cted

her

ds

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s te

sted

wit

h s

ero

log

ical

blo

od

tes

ts

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s p

osi

tive

sero

log

ical

ly

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

sex

amin

edm

icro

bio

log

ical

ly

Nu

mb

er o

fan

imal

s p

osi

tive

mic

rob

iolo

gic

ally

Nu

mb

er o

fsu

spen

ded

her

ds

SLO

VE

NS

KÁ

RE

PU

BLI

KA

3949

29

4064

39

48

99

0 0

3471

30

625

0 10

32

327

0 1

0

Tot

al39

49

2940

64

3948

99

0

0 34

71

3062

5 0

1032

32

7 0

1 0


Slovakia 2005 101

2.7. YERSINIOSIS


2.7.2. Yersinia in foodstuffs

2.7.3. Yersinia in animals

Table Yersinia spp. in animals

- -S

ou

rce

of

info

rmat

ion

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r Y

ersi

nia

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a

Yer

sin

ia u

nsp

ecif

ied

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a -

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a O

:9

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a -

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a O

:3

Other animals - SVFI animal 2 0

Footnote

SVFI -State Vetrinary and Food Institute


Slovakia 2005 102

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS


A. Trichinellosis General evaluation


Trichinellosis has been occuring in Slovakia for many decades as a sporadic disease in humansor in a form of smaller or minor epidemics. Since 1962 in Slovakia there were totally 12epidemics of trichinellosis, whereas the biggest was in the year 1968. Occurrece of antibodies,eosinofilia and clinical signs were serologically confirmed in 336 patiens. The disease agent wastyped Trichinella britovi, whereas clinical signs were mild and it did not come to a fatal case.Further epidemics in the year 2001 was caused by Trichinella spiralis.Occurence of trichinellosis in domestic pigs is only sporadic in animal bred for the own need.Trichinellosis cirkulates in wildlife out of which wild board population in the most risky for thetranmission of the disease. Products from meat of these animals were not adequatelyheat-treated, were the most frequent source of the infection in humans. Reservoir of naturalcycle of trichinellosis is a red fox is which the prevalence of trichinellosis quickly increased. Inthe year 2000 the prevalence was 4,9% in the year 2002 already 8,1% and in the year 2004 as awhole 13,1% but in 2005 decrease on 11,7%.The risk of creation of domestic cycle of trichinellosis increase due to increasing number offoxes occurring in towns and villages. In Slovakia often brown bear is infected, whose meat isconsumed, however also other carnivore, where mainly wolf for its migration for long distancesrepresents the risk of creation of new outbreaks of trichinellosis.Out of types Trichinella spp. circulating in the nature it is mainly T.britovi and type T. spiralisoccurs only rarely. In the year 2003 on a pig farm T. pseudospiralis, was found by which pigs,cats, rats and also birds living on a farm were infected. The farm was gradually liquidated andmeasures were taken so as to prevent that trichinallae could not get into foodstuffs intended forhuman consumption.Endemic areas of trichinellosis occurance are East and Central Slovakia. In West Slovakia onlyrare occurance of a parasite in humans, wild boar population and in red fox is found so far.


All animals whose meat is intended for human consumption, are examinated for the presence oflarvae Trichinalla spp. Pigs at slaughterhouses are examinated by digestion method incompliance with valid legislation and pigs slaughtered individually are examined bycompression method. In the year 2005 was no case of trichinella recorded.


In finding of Trichinella spp. in meat of slaughtered animals, the animals carcasses areconfiscated and processed in processing (rendering) plant. Upon import of meat in which larvaeof trichinellae could have been present (pigs, horses, game), the import either frozen meat orcertificate on its examination for trichinellosis are required.


Slovakia 2005 103


Control of meat of slaughtered aniamls is provided in compliance with EU legislation (councilDirective 77/96/EEC).


Slovakia 2005 104

2.8.2. Trichinella in animals

A. Trichinella in pigs

Monitoring system


General

Every slaughtered animal is sampled


General

Diaphragm muscle


General

Artificial digestion method of collective samples

B. Trichinella in horses

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

sampling after the slaughtering


every slaughtered animal is samled


musculus masseter


taking over 10g of the specimen


Slovakia 2005 105

Table Trichinella in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal a

nim

als

po

siti

ve f

or

Tri

chin

ella

T. s

pir

alis

Tri

chin

ella

sp

p.,

un

spec

ifie

d

Pigs - PI SAS animal 1083724 0

Solipeds, domestic - PI SAS animal 5 0

Wild boars - - -

wild - PI SAS animal 13199 16

Foxes - PI SAS animal 352 41

Bears - PI SAS animal 16 1

Badgers - PI SAS animal 1 0

Polecats - PI SAS animal 1 0

Marten - PI SAS animal 4 2

Wolves - PI SAS animal 2 0

Muskrats - PI SAS animal 6 0l

Weasel - PI SAS animal 2 0

Otter - PI SAS animal 1 0


Slovakia 2005 106

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS


A. Echinococcus spp general evaluation


Echinococcosis is a disease caused by tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Cysticechinococcosis is caused by tapeworm E. granulosus parazitizing in dogs and alveolarechinococcosiss is caused by E. multilocularis parazitizing in red foxes and other carnivorae.Humans became infected by oral way with eggs. Transmission is performed by contact withinfected animals that excrete eggs by faeces (dog, cat), or by contaminated food. With regard toa long incubation period it is very difficult to determine the source of infection. Larval stages oftapeworm are localized mainly in liver, less in other organs and form the cysts (E. granulosus),or infiltratively inter-grow the parenchym of the organ (E. multilocularis).Cystic echinococcosis occurs in Slovakia long-termly. In humans the occurrence, confirmed bydisplay methods and also serologically, only sporadic (yearly 1 - 10 cases). In pigs theprevalence dropped from 4 % in the year 1971 to 0,12 % in the year 2003. In the same period insheep and goats the prevalence was maintained at the level 0,5 - 1 % with considerable increasein some years, with maximum 12,0 % in the year 1995. In the year 2003 it was found in 1,69 %animals at slaughterhouses. Alveolar echinococcosis in humans was diagnosed in Slovakia only in the year 2001 and up tothe year 2003 totally 4 cases occurred in northern areas. The first cases of occurrence of E. multilocularis in foxes were found coprologically (ELISAand PCR) in the year 1999. In the next years the prevalence of tapeworm was increasing inSlovakia from 24,8 % in the year 2000 to 33,9 % in the year 2002 with the subsequent decreaseto 21,9 % in the year 2003. In the whole period the highest prevalence was in Å½ilina andPresov region, the lowest in Bratislava and Trnava region.


Echinococcosis (larvocysts E. granulosus) were found in cattle, sheep, goats and also in pigs. E.granulosus in cattle increased from 1 case in the year 2003 to 45 cases in the year 2004 anddecrease in 2005 to 21 cases, in sheep and goats decreased from 1951 cases in the year 2003, 26cases in the year 2004 to 16 cases in 2005. Echinococcosis slightly decreased in pigs from 1681cases in the year 2003 to 1313 cases in the year 2004 and 537 in 2005.Adult tapeworm E. multilocularis was found by autopsy in 148 red foxes out of 472 examinedones in 2004, in 2005, 108 out of 289 examinated.


Eggs of Echinococcus are disseminated in the environment by the host of tapeworms (dogs,foxes and other carnivorae). Contaminated environment, forest fruits, vegetable andnon-compliance with the hygienic principles are the main risk factors of transmission of thiszoonosis. Monitoring of occurrence of adult tapeworms in carnivorae and larval forms inslaughter animals is important for detection of risk areas in the territory of the country. These


Slovakia 2005 107

knowledge serve for the proposal of preventive measures for protection of human health.


Organs of animals slaughtered at slaughterhouse are controlled for the presence of larvocystsEchinococcus. Occurrence of E. multilocularis in red foxes and other carnivore is monitoredbased on agreement with the SVFA SR.

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

For each zoonosis, and also for echinococcosis, it is necessary to create EU referencelaboratories and subsequently National reference laboratories and to provide their activity fromthe financial point of view.


Slovakia 2005 108

2.9.2. Echinococcus in animals

Table Echinococcus spp. in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r E

chin

oco

ccu

s sp

p.

E. g

ran

ulo

sus

E. m

ult

ilocu

lari

s

Ech

ino

cocc

us

spp

., u

nsp

ecif

ied

Cattle (bovine animals) - PI SAS animal 89752 21 21

Sheep - PI SAS animal 98276 16 16

Pigs - PI SAS animal 1083724 537 537

Dogs - PI SAS animal 798 0

Foxes - PI SAS animal 289 108 108

Wolves - PI SAS animal 1 0

Lynx - PI SAS animal 1 0

Badgers - PI SAS animal 1 0

Marten - PI SAS animal 3 0

Weasel - PI SAS animal 1 0

Footnote

PI SAS - Parasitological Institute of SAS


Slovakia 2005 109

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS


A. Toxoplasmosis general evaluation


Status of epidemiological situation in the Slovak Republic is demonstrated based on statisticaldata for the last years:year number of sample number of animals %1994 1646 228 13,81995 1992 187 9,41996 1173 180 15,31997 4033 484 12,0 1998 6737 595 8,81999 3575 240 6,72000 2912 119 4,092002 493 101 20,42003 505 48 9,52004 462 75 15,8


Toxoplasmosis of animals is according to the O.I.E. methodics actual manual of standards fordiagnostic tests and vaccines.In the Slovak Republic it does not exist any official monitoring programme for diagnostics ofthis zoonosis and it is also not subject to obligatory notification.6 state veterinary institutes examine blood sera of domestic animals, wildlife and farm animals.Complement fixation test is used and antibody levels against antigen Toxoplazma gondi arebeing found.In indicated cases, such as aborts, it is recommended to the animal owner the repeatedexamination after 21 days.In the year 2004 totally 462 samples were examined in Slovakia and as a whole there were 73positive animals. From the table it follows that the highest seropositivity is in category of goats /30, 1 % /, in principle it is in accordance with the statistical evaluation from the last years.We have found higher sensitivity of goats to infection Toxoplazma gondi compared to sheepcategory, for comparison we present the data for the period of 3 years:1996 sheep 3,5 % over infestation goats 31,8%1997 sheep 7,8% goats 18,9%1998 sheep 3,72% goats 19,7%


Slovakia 2005 110

2.10.2. Toxoplasma in animals

Table Toxoplasma in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r T

oxo

pla

sma


Sheep - SVFI,SVI animal 6 0


Pigs - SVFI,SVI animal 1 0

Solipeds, domestic - SVFI,SVI animal 9 1




Footnote

SVFI - State Veterinary and Food InstitutesSVI - State Veterinary Institute


Slovakia 2005 111

2.11. RABIES


A. Rabies General evaluation


The rabies has been well known on the territory of current Slovak Republic for many years.There are existing records originating at the end of 19th century. The first legal provisions abouttransmissible diseases are recorded in the Article 7 of the Ugrian collection of law from 1888,adopted in the ancient Austrian-Ugrian Kingdom, the part of which was also the territory of theSlovak Republic. These provisions were in force till the beginning of the 50´s.After the World War II, the National Assembly of the Czechoslovakia adopted in 1950 the ActNo. 187/1950 on improvement of the agriculture, in which the state veterinary service,responsible for all veterinary tasks, including animal health tasks and eradication programmeswas established. This act laid down the obligation of notification some diseases, includingrabies. However, based on information from the available materials, we may deduce, that theobligatory notification was already laid down in the Ugrian collection of law.The incidence of rabies was after the World War II roughly about of 20% of all tested animals.In the time period of 1953-1974 11.329 animals were tested, out of which 2.268 were rabiespositive. The fox incidence presented 70% of all positive animals, what correlated with datacollected before the first oral antirabic fox's vaccination programme.The first oral antirabic fox's vaccination programme started in 1994. This programme ran in twocampaigns, one in spring, the other one in autumn. Fix-wing airplane and by hand applicationwere used as well. For this programme the vaccine baits containing the virus strain Vnukovo32/107 and SAD Bern was used. In consequence of lack of money that programme was stoppedafter sixth campaign in 1998. The epidemiological situation of the rabies in wildlife according to established oral vaccinationprogramme was markedly on the mend in 2000 and 2001. Consequently the rise of theimmunity status of the fox population has increased the fox density. The fox population'sdensity estimated on the number of hunted animals during the programme has been increasedfrom 19.500 to 23.000 foxes in 2001 and very strong in the second half of year 2002 and thefirst half of year 2003. The number of hunted fox in 2002 was 22.251 animals, what encouragesus to estimate the number of fox population of 28 to 30 thousand of animals - 0,57 - 0,61 fox persquare kilometre (see Figure No. 2 and Annex). This stay of fox population has been related tothe comedown of the favourable progress of the rabies situation. During this fast growth of thefox population the increase of rabies positive foxes in such level at first time since beginning theprogramme has been recorded (107 positive foxes in the 1. quarter of 2003)


Rabies is in the Slovak Republic is an endemic disease occurring in the silvatic form withdecreasing occurrence and the main host and vector species is red fox



Slovakia 2005 112

the relevance in the first case is low (carnivores - non-food animals) in the second case theanimals present the main risk to human rabies


Slovakia 2005 113

2.11.2. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals

A. Rabies in dogs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Samples for examination are sent as soon as possible. Before sending it is necessary tostore them at temperature up to 40 C, in order to be adequately cooled. The sample of the whole animal is sent wrapped in PVC bag put into good closed, firmpacking with sufficient amount of absorption material preventing leakage of the contents.Sample of the head with first vertebra is sent enwrapped into fabric moistened by 0,5%solution of formaline or vinegar. Such enwrapped sample is put into impermeablepacking (PVC bag) and then into a firm packing with absorption material.Sample must be identifiable also inside of the packing. Accompanying document isattached to the sample so as to prevent its contamination and at taking over the sample inapproved veterinary laboratories it could be removed without handling the sample.Diagnostics is carried out by the State Veterinary and Food Institutes. The StateVeterinary Institute Zvolen is a reference laboratory of rabies.


Organs/ tissues: whole animal,head with first vertebra


Samples for examination are sent as soon as possible. Before sending it is necessary tostore them at temperature up to 40 C, in order to be adequately cooled. The sample of the whole animal is sent wrapped in PVC bag put into good closed, firmpacking with sufficient amount of absorption material preventing leakage of the contents.Sample of the head with first vertebra is sent enwrapped into fabric moistened by 0,5%solution of formaline or vinegar. Such enwrapped sample is put into impermeablepacking (PVC bag) and then into a firm packing with absorption material.

Case definition

clinical signs of rabies in animal with anamnesis of contact with rabid animal or human,or unknown animal, which might be rabid, or without anamnesis and laboratoryconfirmation of rabies


Other: ELISA,FAVN,FAT,MIT,RT-PCR,isolation of agent, biological examination onmouses

Vaccination policy

mandatory antirabic vaccination of domestic carnivores over three months of age with annualrevaccination


Slovakia 2005 114


movement control system and system of shelters for stray animals



National programme of rabies eradication in the Slovak Republic/mandatory vaccinationin domestic carnivores as well as oral antirabic vaccination in wildlife red fox,identification and registration of pets, movement control, laboratory diagnosis of eachsuspected domestic animal and control of fulfillment of National programme byveterinary database.


mandatory notification of cases and suspicions, mandatory antirabic vaccination andmovement control and co-operation between animal heath and human health authorities

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

establishing Community register of pet animals for which the Pet Passport has beenissued, by which will be the competent authorities able to verify validity of Pet Passportand antirabic vaccination maybe similar to Slovak central register of pets


The measures are ordered by the District Veterinary and Food Administration in compliancewith the § 8, para 3, letter f) of the Act No. 488/2002 Coll. ll.The respective DVFA at suspicion of rabies occurrence in domestic animals orders to naturaland legal persons the measures for control of animal diseases and determines the date for theirfulfilment, by whicha) it orders1. catching of stray animals by professionally eligible natural or legal persons which means aperson who following passing an examination before board of examiners finished the trainingCatching of stray or lost animals at the Institute for Postgraduate Studies in Kosice and obtaineda Certificate on professional eligibility for the performance of catching of lost, abandoned andstray animals or by other person performing this activity under the supervision of professionallyeligible natural or legal person,2. disinfection of the place of killing or death of rabid animal and also thorough disinfection andincineration of all items which could have come into contact with rabid animal,3. safe disposal of dead and killed animals by rendering plant,4. isolation and monitoring of all susceptible animals which came or could have come intocontact with an animal suspicious of rabies,5. safe disposal of milk obtained from cows suspicious of rabies and prohibition of the use ofproducts of warm-blooded animals for human consumption and for feeding purposes if theseanimal came or could have come into contact with an animal suspicious of rabies,6. obligation to report each case of exposition of people and animals, behaviour changes indomestic animals, death of wildlife in an outbreak and in its nearness,b) it prohibits


Slovakia 2005 115

1. movement and collection of susceptible animal species,2. free movement of susceptible animals in an outbreak,The respective District Veterinary and Food Administration in case of non-confirmation ofrabies occurrence lifts the measures for disease control.The respective District Veterinary and Food Administration at confirmation of rabies occurrencein domestic animals extends the previous measures for disease control by further measures fordisease control and determines to the natural and legal persons the date for their fulfilment bywhicha) it defines an rabies outbreak,b) it orders in an outbreak1. its marking with warning tables with writing "CAUTION RABIES !" 2. killing of susceptible animals which came into contact with an animal positive to the presenceof rabies antigen,3. to perform the registration of dogs and cats and protective vaccination of dogs, cats and othercarnivore over 3 months of age which have not been vaccinated against rabies so far or since thelast antirabic vaccination the period longer than 1 year elapsed, provided that they did not comeinto contact or they did not have the possibility to come into contact with an animal positive tothe presence of rabies antigen,4. to perform protective vaccination of susceptible domestic animals; it will permit to use milkand other products obtained from them for the human consumption and feeding purposes onlyfollowing gaining the immunity (this period will be stated based on the date of vaccinemanufacturer).


Based on the § 35, para 2, letter a) of the Act No. 488/2002 Coll. ll. each natural or legal personauthorized to dispose of live animals is obliged to notify without delay to the veterinaryadministration authority any suspicion of the disease and death of any animal and to allowexamination of such animal.In case of failing to report any suspicion of the disease, an animal's death or failing to allow itsexamination, is committed - a natural person an offence according to the § 43, para 1, letter e) and a penalty shall beimposed according to the § 43, para 2 up to 10 000 SKK,- a legal or natural person authorized to perform business activities an administrativeinfringement according to the § 44, letter g) of Act 488/2002 Coll.ll. and a penalty shall beimposed according to the § 45, para 1, letter d) up to 5 000 000 SKK.

Results of the investigation

Investigations of the human contacts with the positive cases_Art. 16 para (6) Act 488/2002 Coll.On veterinary care and on amendments of some acts as amended(6) Owner or keeper of animal is obliged to ensure the antirabic vaccination in susceptiblecarnivore and to ensure, without any delay, veterinary examination of animals that caused injuryto human being

Investigations of the human contacts with positive cases

Art. 16 para (6) Act 488/2002 Coll. On veterinary care and on amendments of some actsas amended


Slovakia 2005 116

(6) Owner or keeper of animal is obliged to ensure the antirabic vaccination in susceptiblecarnivore and to ensure, without any delay, veterinary examination of animals that causedinjury to human being


Rabies in the Slovak Republic is an endemic disease occurring in the silvatic form withdecreasing occurrence and the main host and vector species is red fox

Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)

the relevance in the first case is low (carnivores - non-food animals) in the second case theanimals present the main risk to human rabies


Slovakia 2005 117

Table Rabies in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Sam

plin

g u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

To

tal u

nit

s p

osi

tive

fo

r L

yssa

viru

s (r

abie

s)

un

spec

ifie

d ly

ssav

iru

s

Cattle (bovine animals) - SVI,SVFI animal 7 0

Sheep - SVI,SVFI animal 8 0

Goats - SVI,SVFI animal 2 0

Pigs - SVI,SVFI animal 1 0

Dogs - SVI,SVFI animal 386 3

Cats - SVI,SVFI animal 268 1

Bats - -

-

wild - SVI,SVFI animal 2 0

Foxes - -

-

wild - SVI,SVFI animal 1767 42

Other animals - SVI,SVFI animal 149 1

Footnote

SVI - State Veterinary InstituteSVFI - State Veterinary and Food Institute


Slovakia 2005 118

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE


Slovakia 2005 119

3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NON-PATHOGENIC


A. E. coli general evaluation


The monitoring system for Antimicrobial resistance in E.coli in the Slovak republic has notbeen adopted.


Slovakia 2005 120

3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, non-pathogenic isolates


Slovakia 2005 121

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

E. c

oli

in A

ll an

imal

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-E

. col

i-

All

anim

als

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

me

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

560

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

es

560

442

21

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esE

nrof

loxa

cin

560

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

560

442

21

Gen

tam

icin

56

029

747

Neo

myc

in

560

403

28

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

560

560


Slovakia 2005 122

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

E. c

oli

in P

igs

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Nu

mb

er o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (n

) an

d n

um

ber

of

iso

late

s w

ith

th

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µl/m

l) o

r zo

ne

(mm

) o

f in

hib

itio

n e

qu

al t

o

-E

. col

i-

Pig

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

mm

e

yes

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

73

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

Nn

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

es

7354

511

31

11

24

12

12

3

Cep

hal

osp

ori

ns

Cef

alex

in

7335

11

33

716

715

73

32

Cef

tiofu

r 1

24

48

147

310

73

22

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esF

lum

equi

n 71

174

21

11

11

13

11

22

46

77

35

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Neo

myc

in

7316

12

12

17

2112

311

33

13

11

Kan

amyc

in

1

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

7125

371

12

32

13

43

34

33

15

21

11

6


Slovakia 2005 123

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in animals


E. coli Cattle (bovine


(fowl) Turkeys Other animals

Isolates out of amonitoring programme Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory

96 83 401 153

-Antimicrobials: N n N n N n N n N n

Tetracyclines 96 47 83 62 401 348 153 114

Cephalosporins3rd generationcephalosporins

15 15 10 10 390 390 145 145

Cefalexin 18 5 73 35 4 1

Ceftiofur 17 0 73 29 4 0

FluoroquinolonesEnrofloxacin 67 6 10 0 401 1 149 0

Flumequin 39 11 71 17 11 7 7 0

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 15 12 10 8 390 304 145 110

Gentamicin 15 8 10 4 390 226 145 77

Neomycin 36 15 83 23 390 285 148 101

Trimethoprim +sulfonamides

44 12 71 25 11 2 8 2

PenicillinsAmpicillin 42 36 10 10 401 397 149 146


Slovakia 2005 124

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in Animals

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


-Escherichiacoli,non-pathogenic




Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines







Slovakia 2005 125

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli in Food

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test






Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines







Slovakia 2005 126

Table Breakpoints used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of E. coli inFeedingstuff

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test






Susceptible<=




Tetracyclines







Slovakia 2005 127

4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS

Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infectionwhere the cases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which theobserved human cases exceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source issuspected, is also indicative of a foodborne outbreak.

A. Foodborne outbreaks

System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks

Food-borne outbreaks are reported by physicians on the Public Health Institutes on the regionallevel to the department of Epidemiology. Regional epidemiologist provide investigation ,organise antiepidemic measure including investigation of foods which are suspected as factor oftransmission

National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:

Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved

Number of outbreaks 50-70 per year number of cases within one outbreak : 10-200 cases

Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/foodcategory combinations

mayonaisse from raw eggs, eggs products preparing by insufficient temperature, ice-cream, agent: salmonella enteritidis.

Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks

In previous time restaurants, canteens, last 5 years households- family celebrations


Slovakia 2005 128

Tab

le 1

2. F

oo

db

orn

e o

utb

reak

s in

hu

man

s

Cau

sati

ve a

gen

tG

ener

alo

utb

reak

F

amily

ou

tbre

ak

To

tal N

um

ber

inp

erso

ns

So

urc

eT

ype

of

evid

ence

Lo

cati

on

of

exp

osu

reC

on

trib

uti

ng

fact

ors

ill

died

in hospital

Suspected

Confirmed

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

S

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s 34

396

70

103

334

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

34 c

ater

ing

esta

blis

hmen

ts, 3

hous

ehol

ds

com

bina

tion

ofbr

eakd

own

ofH

AC

CP

and

cont

amin

ated

raw

prod

uct

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis(

1)

699

2095

-S

alm

onel

la -

S. T

yphi

mur

ium

1

130

41

0la

bora

tory

con

firm

ed1

cate

ring

esta

blis

hmen

tco

mbi

natio

n of

brea

kdow

n of

HA

CC

P a

ndco

ntam

inat

ed r

awpr

oduc

tS

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s -

Oth

er(2

) 1

190

21

0la

bora

tory

con

firm

ed1

cate

ring

esta

blis

hmen

tco

mbi

natio

n of

brea

kdow

n of

HA

CC

P a

ndco

ntam

inat

ed r

awpr

oduc

tS

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s -

PT

13a

276

08

20

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

2 ca

terin

ges

tabl

ishm

ents

com

bina

tion

ofbr

eakd

own

ofH

AC

CP

and

cont

amin

ated

raw

prod

uct

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

- P

T 8

5

304

020

50

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

5 ca

terin

ges

tabl

ishm

ents

com

bina

tion

ofbr

eakd

own

ofH

AC

CP

and

cont

amin

ated

raw

prod

uct

(1)

: sm

all f

amily

out

brea

ks (

2-5

case

s)(2

) : S

. ent

eriti

dis

PT 1

9


Slovakia 2005 129

Documents

SLOVAKIA - European Food Safety Authority · Slovakia 2005 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses Slovakia 2005. PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance