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Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Today’s topics
Creativity and innovation
Different creativity methods
Thinking barriers
Brainstorming and other creativity
meetings
CP option generation
Information sources for CP
Evaluation of options
Implementation of CP options
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Creativity
Creativity is the ability to bring something new into being, something that did not exist before.
Creativity comprises the development of entirely new systems, the combination of already known information as well as the transfer of known relations to completely new situations.
A creative action has to be intentional and must have a purpose.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Creativity and the thought process
Convergent thinking is a fixed, structured and logical way of thinking divided into systematic steps.
Divergent thinking is a free, disordered and imaginative way of thinking which cannot be followed logically.
Productive creativity is controlled divergence. Creative thinking is a type of divergent thinking which is adapted to reality.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Stages of creative problem solving
Problemidentification
Problemanalysis
Idea generation
Evaluation Realization
Aggregation Abstraction Review
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Factors of creative efficiency
Individual factors
PersonalityAgeQualification IntelligenceMotivationStressWillingness to take risks
Organizational factors
HierarchyAutonomyManagement style Information,
communicationWorking environmentUniformity of procedures
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Innovation – 1
Only the economic implementation of an idea can be called innovation. The innovation process comprises the generation of an idea, its acceptance (decision) and realization (implementation). Creative thinking is required particularly during the first stage of this process.
A new idea is not inevitably the result of creative thinking but can be based on modification or imitation. What is more, not every creative process is followed by the implementation of an idea.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Innovation – 2
Innovation includes any type of change performed on a process. At the beginning it is irrelevant, whether this change is new per se or if it is introduced in a particular company for the first time. Consequently the successful transfer of previously known solutions to new applications has to be considered an innovation.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Basic scheme of the innovation process
Finding ideas
Stimulus for innovationIdentification of the problem
Collection of ideas Generation of ideas
Systematic collection and recording of ideas
Screening
Evaluation
Decision
Implementation
Market introduction
Inn
ovati
on
pro
cess
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Methods of idea generation
Splitting up: Morphological analysis Progressive abstraction
Linking: Brainstorming
different methods such as classical, imaginative, destructive-constructive, stop-and-go, discussion 66
BrainwritingMethod 635
Analogy: Synectics, Bionics
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Thinking barriersRoutines and habits
It simply is like that; it is right; ...Wrong categories
Generalizations, wrong presumptionsPremature evaluation
Too early criticism, typical idea killers Emotional insecurity
Fear of exposing oneselfPressure of conformityCultural barriers
Culture of logical and conclusive thinking, no intuitionWorking environment Intellectual barriers
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Brainstorming
Four principles
Any kind of criticism is strictly forbidden! There are no limits to imagination. Quantity comes before quality. Take up the ideas of others and develop
them.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Working group – your tasks
Form groups of 3 – 5 persons.
Describe your problem in the company. Use the W-questions.
Use brainstorming techniques and consider the tips for moderation, visualization, etc.
Evaluate the ideas using Worksheet 5-1.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Possible tasks – 1
1. A lighting manufacturer wants to develop a new work light, especially in view of a new target group of environmentally conscious customers (material, light sources).
2. A car repair shop wants to extend its services and is looking for new opportunities in the field of “mobility”.
3. A big shopping centre has problems with traffic congestions, especially at the weekends. Parking spaces are rare and cost a lot. The company looks for a solution which is not too expensive.
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Possible tasks – 2
4. An interest group would like to introduce an environmental model administration.
5. A company responsible for waste disposal at an airport would like to discuss with the airlines how to separate waste in the aircraft. Which possibilities can you think of?
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Successful idea generation group
3 – 8 members from different areas Social homogeneity of the group Coordinator (not necessarily the manager) Informal and pleasant atmosphere Mixed group (men and women) Meetings should not be too long or too
frequent Clear tasks with clear definitions of roles Discussion: always objective, open Criticism should be open and objective
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Creativity meeting
Rules of moderation
Rules of discussion
Techniques of visualization
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Creativity meetingPlanning and procedure
Organization of the meeting
Preparation Participants Infrastructure Definition of the roles Definition of the time
frame
Agenda of the meeting
Introduction, definition of the problem
Definition of the objectives Selection of working
method Joint development of
solutions
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Creativity meetingEvaluation and continuation
Check the results
Discussion of the results Evaluation Definition of remaining
aspects Discussion of possible
new approaches Definition of the next
meeting
Take the minutes
Sum up all possible solutions
Take note of everything Point out the most
interesting possible solutions
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
New, creative CP options
Apply the CP methodology consistently
Ask questions
Brainstorming with staff in a team
Adapt CP options from other sectors (i.e. cooling, compressed air, motivation of employees, etc.)
...
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
CP option generation
Standard options New, creative options
Evaluation of CP options Technical Environmental Economic
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Standard CP optionsand information sources
General checklists from manuals
Sector-specific manuals and studies, other information sources
Information from suppliers
...
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
CP information sources
Manuals, sectoral information
UNIDO/UNEP/other NCPCs
SuppliersInternet/homepagesUniversities,
research centresDatabases
Seminars, roundtables, congresses
Own experienceCounterpartsChamber of Industry
and CommerceGovernment,
ministriesOther companiesCompany staff
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Useful internet addresses
Cleaner productionwww.unep.orgwww.unido.org/cpwww.epa.gov/p2www.es.epa.gov
Technical informationwww.es.epa.gov/techinfowww.ecodesign.atwww.acfcp.org.au/case-studies
Companieswww3.volvo.com/environmentwww.sulzer.com/environmentwww.nokia.com/environment
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Useful addresses CP case studies
Training course www.epa.gov/oia/itc/cpnote/index.htm (how to search on the Internet for CP)
www.unido.org/cp
www.unep.org
www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/index.htm
www.unido.org/ssites/env/sectors
www.cleanerproduction.com/industries
www.es.epa.gov/techinfo/case/case.html
www.es.epa.gov/studies
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Ten ways to option generation
1. The waste box2. Close the shop3. “Why, why, why?“4. Learn from contradiction5. Indicators and benchmarking6. Super-super-ideal7. Method -10%8. Leave it out9. Keep it separate10.Reuse it elsewhere
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
When to carry out CP option generation and evaluation?
Within a full CP assessment project First company visit: convince the company to
participate in a project with the NCPC EMS initial review Enquiries to the NCPC from other companies,
consultants, associations Within a cost reduction audit Within continuous improvement ...
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Technical evaluation
Influence on product quality
Influence on productivity
Material consumption
Energy consumption
Influence on maintenance
Safety
Flexibility
...
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Environmental evaluation
Material consumption
Energy consumption
Emissions to air, water, soil
Shift of environmental problems to other media
Replacement of substances
Health and safety
...
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Payback period
Other financial profitability calculations
Determine all affected cost factors
Obvious environmental costs
Costs for lost raw material
Investment and depreciation costs of equipment
Personal costs
Outsourced services
Hidden costs
Economic evaluation
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Implementation of environmental projects
Solution-oriented
Quick implementationQuick implementation
Well known causes of the Well known causes of the problems problems
Possibility of Possibility of improvement is knownimprovement is known
Problem-oriented
Complex environmental Complex environmental problems or approaches problems or approaches
Causes and measures are Causes and measures are not clear, a better not clear, a better analysis is necessaryanalysis is necessary
It is necessary to set It is necessary to set goalsgoals
Quick Quick implementationimplementation
Solve the problem at Solve the problem at its rootits root
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Solve problems at their roots
Stage 1: Determine the necessary measures
Stage 2: Plan the environmental project
Stage 3: Implement
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Determine the necessary measures
Stage 1
Stage 1
Decision for environmental
protection
Definition of the environmental
profile
Identification of the starting point
Acute environmental
problem
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Plan the environmental project
Stage 2
Stage 2
Environmental problem/descriptio
n of the starting point/approach
Identification of the causes
Establishment of goals and
measures: project plan
Slides 5 – Innovation, creativity and option generation
Implement the environmental project
Stage 3
Stage 3
Implementation of the project plan
Monitoring of success