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Slide 2
IntroductionIntroduction
Description of boneActive living TissueOrgan
Functions of boneMuscle attachmentProtectionSupportBlood cell productionMineral storage
Description of boneActive living TissueOrgan
Functions of boneMuscle attachmentProtectionSupportBlood cell productionMineral storage
Slide 3
Types of Bones - varied structure to meet varied
needs
Types of Bones - varied structure to meet varied
needsFour Types
Long bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones
Four TypesLong bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones
Slide 4
Types of Bone TissueTypes of Bone Tissue
Compact bone
Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)
Compact bone
Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone)
Slide 5
DiaphysisEpiphysesArticular
CartilagePeriosteumMedullary
cavityEndosteum
DiaphysisEpiphysesArticular
CartilagePeriosteumMedullary
cavityEndosteum
Parts of a long boneParts of a long bone
Slide 6
Short, flat and irregular bones
Short, flat and irregular bones
Inner portion - Cancellous boneOuter portion - compact boneSome with bone marrow
Inner portion - Cancellous boneOuter portion - compact boneSome with bone marrow
Slide 7
Bone Tissue Characteristics
Bone Tissue Characteristics
Connective tissue Great Tensile strengthComposition of bone matrix
Inorganic saltsCrystals of calcium and phosphateMagnesium and sodium ground substance
Connective tissue Great Tensile strengthComposition of bone matrix
Inorganic saltsCrystals of calcium and phosphateMagnesium and sodium ground substance
Slide 8
Dancing skeleton PuppetDancing skeleton Puppet
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Slide 10
Microscopic Structure of the Bone (Figure 7-3)
Microscopic Structure of the Bone (Figure 7-3)
Compact boneOsteons, or Haversian systemsCanals connecting cells and osteons-
Canaliculi and Volkmann’s Osteocytes Purpose
Compact boneOsteons, or Haversian systemsCanals connecting cells and osteons-
Canaliculi and Volkmann’s Osteocytes Purpose
Slide 11
The structure of boneThe structure of bone
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Slide 12
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Compact boneFour types of structures make up
each osteon:LamellaLacunaeCanaliculiHaversian canal (central canal)
Compact boneFour types of structures make up
each osteon:LamellaLacunaeCanaliculiHaversian canal (central canal)
Slide 13
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
Cancellous bones (spongy)No osteons
Trabeculae - support marrowNutrients and waste transported by
diffusion
Cancellous bones (spongy)No osteons
Trabeculae - support marrowNutrients and waste transported by
diffusion
Slide 14
Types of bone cellsTypes of bone cells
Osteocytes OsteoblastsOsteoclasts
Osteocytes OsteoblastsOsteoclasts
Slide 15
The life of an osteoclastThe life of an osteoclast
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Slide 16
Bone MarrowBone Marrow
Made of myeloid tissueRed marrow - produce of blood cellsLocated in medullary cavities of long
bones and in the spaces of spongy bone
Two types of marrow Red marrowYellow marrow
Made of myeloid tissueRed marrow - produce of blood cellsLocated in medullary cavities of long
bones and in the spaces of spongy bone
Two types of marrow Red marrowYellow marrow
Slide 17
Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels
Cells that maintain constancy of blood calcium levels
Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone
Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone
Homeostasis essentialBone formation, remodeling, and repairBlood clottingnerve impulsesMuscle contraction
Cells that maintain constancy of blood calcium levels
Osteoblasts -take calcium from blood to build bone
Osteoclasts - remove calcium from bone
Homeostasis essentialBone formation, remodeling, and repairBlood clottingnerve impulsesMuscle contraction
Slide 18
Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis
Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium regulatorStimulates osteoclasts to break down bone Increase renal absorptionStimulates vitamin D synthesis
Calcitonin - produced in thyroidStimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone - primary calcium regulatorStimulates osteoclasts to break down bone Increase renal absorptionStimulates vitamin D synthesis
Calcitonin - produced in thyroidStimulates bone deposit by osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts
Slide 19
Development of BoneDevelopment of Bone Osteogenesis Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)
Osteoblasts formedOsteoblasts secrete matrix and collagenCalcium is depositedTrabeculae form
Endochondral ossification (long bones) - begin as cartilageDiaphysis ossifies before epiphysisEpiphyseal plate - growth plate
Layers Resting cartilage Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification
Osteogenesis Intramembranous ossification (flat bones)
Osteoblasts formedOsteoblasts secrete matrix and collagenCalcium is depositedTrabeculae form
Endochondral ossification (long bones) - begin as cartilageDiaphysis ossifies before epiphysisEpiphyseal plate - growth plate
Layers Resting cartilage Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy Zone of calcification
Slide 20
FracturesFracturesFracture - damages tissues and
blood vesselsVascular damage initiates repair
Fracture healing
Fracture - damages tissues and blood vesselsVascular damage initiates repair
Fracture healing
Slide 21
stepssteps
Callus forms - specialized repair tissue - binds broken ends together
Fracture hematoma - blood clot - occurs after fracture, then resorbed and replaced by callus
Callus forms - specialized repair tissue - binds broken ends together
Fracture hematoma - blood clot - occurs after fracture, then resorbed and replaced by callus
Slide 30
CartilageCartilageCharacteristics
AvascularFibers embedded in gelFlexibility of firm plasticChondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by
diffusionPerichondrium- covering
CharacteristicsAvascularFibers embedded in gelFlexibility of firm plasticChondrocytes - nutrients, oxygen by
diffusionPerichondrium- covering
Slide 31
Cartilage - differ because of amount of matrix and
fibers
Cartilage - differ because of amount of matrix and
fibersTypes of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage - most commonArticular surfaces, found in trachea,
bronchi, tip of noseElastic cartilage - external ear,
epiglottis, eustachian tubesFibrocartilage - occurs in
symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs
Types of cartilageHyaline cartilage - most common
Articular surfaces, found in trachea, bronchi, tip of nose
Elastic cartilage - external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes
Fibrocartilage - occurs in symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs
Slide 32
CartilageCartilage
Histophysiology of cartilage - permits cartilage to sustain great weight/serve as shock absorber
Growth of cartilageInterstitial or endogenous growth -
cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix - during childhood/adolescense
Histophysiology of cartilage - permits cartilage to sustain great weight/serve as shock absorber
Growth of cartilageInterstitial or endogenous growth -
cartilage cels divide/secrete matrix - during childhood/adolescense
Slide 33
Cycle of Life: Skeletal Tissues
Cycle of Life: Skeletal Tissues
Ossified by mid-twenties Adults—changes occur from specific
conditions Increased density and strength from exerciseDecreased density and strength from
pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness Advanced adulthood—apparent
degenerationHard bone matrix replaced by softer
connective tissueExercise can counteract degeneration
Ossified by mid-twenties Adults—changes occur from specific
conditions Increased density and strength from exerciseDecreased density and strength from
pregnancy, nutritional deficiencies, and illness Advanced adulthood—apparent
degenerationHard bone matrix replaced by softer
connective tissueExercise can counteract degeneration