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Xsorb Extends Solar Heating beyond Seasonal Limits
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Xsorb eco technology b.v.
Extending Solar Heatingbeyond seasonal limits
Presentation of Xsorb eco-technologies rev 2 15 October 2009 by A. Minkkinen
WarmAir Heat Store
VentilationHumidity Adsorption
Solar De-sorptionDrying
Xsorb eco-technologySolar Energy
In-situ
Warmair
Winter WinterSummer
Solar Energy Heating / Storage Paradox
3.0
2.0
1.0
MWh/a
Excess Solar
Direct Solar Contribution
HeatStore
Space heating demand curve
Solar irradiation supply curve
Humid Heat Energy
The sources are many:• Intake of outside humid air• Cooking generated boil off steam• Bathroom ventilation• Clothes washing and drying generated vent streams• Purposely generated humidity from humidifiers• Human, animal and green plant respiration• Liberated gas from candle wax combustion
also Combustion flue gas from gas fired water heaters
Humid Heat Recovery
Condensation on a heat transfer surface Recovers heat of water condensation
at ever lowering temperatures
Adsorption on a solid surface
Recovers heat of water adsorption at a useful temperature
Humid Heat Energy
How much heat when condensed??
2 300 kJ / kg of waterOr
2.3 MJ / kg
Adsorption Heat Energy
How much heat when adsorbed ??? Heat of water condensation 2.3 MJ/kg
plus
heat of adhesion from 0.5 to1.7 MJ/kg (wet to dry)
Average heat of water adsorption
3.4 MJ / kg of water over cycle
Air/Air Heat Exchanger Warm fresh air to rooms
Cold freshair
Expelled humid room air
heated dry air
Dry coolVentilated
airKitchen Shower HeatStoreLaundry
Axial Fan
Solar panel
Xsorb Process in Heating Mode
Adsorbing
Air/Air Heat Exchanger
Outsideair
Warm humid air
MoistVentilated
air
HeatStore
Axial Fan
Solar panel
Xsorb Process in Recharging Mode
Warm fresh air
Hot solar heated air
Drying
30
DegreeC
40% 60% 80%Relative Humidity @ Inlet Temperature
Expected Air Temperature Rise
0
T
100 %
20
10
Mid Depleted Adsorbent at Middle of Run ( MOR )
Inlet Temperature Deg C
20
10
30
10
20
Heat Duty kW
Heat Exchange Curves
0
30
0
Dry PFHE
5 degree C approach
Xsorb Air Heating40
HeatStoreAdsorption heat
Ventilated humid room temperature
Fresh warm air
5 degree C approach
DegreeC
1.0 m3 EnergyStore
Energy storage density of 220 kwh / m3
800 MJ of Space Heat @ 30 Degree C
Solar Storage Performance
Example
Seasonal energy consumption of a super insulated
150 m2 house built to 2015 EU recommended residential space heating duty
15 kWh/m2 equivalent to 55 MJ /m2
thus:55 MJ/m2 x 150 m2 = 8 250 MJ
8.3 GJ
Solar Contribution
Then 0.8 x 8.3 GJ = 6.6 GJ needs to be provided
by the EnergyStore solar battery
If 20 % is considered as the direct solar fraction
Based on EU ventilation standard of 50 m3/h/person
@ inside comfort of 50% humidity & 20 degree C
• A house with 4 persons living inside ventilates stale humid air with roughly 4 200 kg of water vapor in a typical heating season
• with only 50 % recovery 2 100 kg of water is adsorbed• The adsorption heat recovered to useful house
space heating @ 3.1 MJ/kg
is 2 100 kg x 3.1 MJ/kg = almost 6 600 MJ
volume of adsorbent required would be
6 600 MJ / 800 MJ/m3 around 8.0 m3
Example
Ventilation Humid Heat Recovery
Example
Conclusion
Requires less than 2 %
of the house volume
150 m2 house volume with 3 meter high ceiling
150 m2 X 3 m = 450 m3
thus:8.0 m3 / 450 m3 = 0.0177
Xsorb Process in Adsorption Heating ModeFront end view
Fresh air inlet
Vent dry air
Heat exchanger
HeatStore
Glazed hybrid PV/thermal solar
panel
Humid room air
Humid room air
Humid room air
Warm air
Warm air
Warm airWarm air
Xsorb heated dry air
Warm air duct
Vent air duct
ID axial fan
Dark PV cell surface
Air space Not used
Warm air
Hot waterCV
Humid room air
Windowclosed
Xsorb Process in Recharging ModeBack end view
Ambient air inlet
Cooled moist air vent
Hybrid Thermal/PVSolar panel
HeatStore
Solar heated hot air inlet connectionat the opposite end
Warm moist air
Preheated fresh air
FD axial fan
Inlet air header
Hot air header
ID axial fan
used
used
Dormer room
Solar radiation collected in roof top panels•Thermal capture to air •Thermal capture to water•PV and thermal capture to air or water
Solar Recharging
Heat energy• heat adsorbent bed to around 40 °C• heat carrier gas to between 60 to 80 °C
This slowly evaporates water from adsorbent
Carrier gas• heated outside air• heated inside dry air
This carries water vapor from adsorbent
Recharging Requirements
Cost effective in-situ use of solar energy
• Leak free solar heat storage• summer use gets fully valorized • good combination with hybrid air & water cooled PV
solar technologies• Ideal for newly built “green” buildings
Nearly complete elimination
of fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in space heating
Conclusion