Slide 1

Project Management

Chapter 4

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Objectives■ Become familiar with estimation.■ Be able to create a project workplan.■ Become familiar with how to staff a project.■ Understand how computer-aided software

engineering, improve the efficiency of a project.

■ Understand how to reduce risk on a project.

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Key Definitions

Project management – planning and controlling the development of a system

specified timeframe minimum cost right functionality.

Project Manager – managing the many tasks and roles that need to be carefully coordinated.

Four key steps

Identify project sizeCreate and manage workplanStaff projectCoordinate project activities

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Estimation

Estimation involves assigning projected values for time and effortPerformed manually or using software packageNumbers come from experience with industry standards and past projectsSlide 5

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Estimating a Project Based on Industry Information

Planning Analysis Design Implementation

IndustryStandardFor Web 15% 20% 35% 30%Applications

TimeRequired 4 5.33 9.33 8in PersonMonths

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Estimation Trade-offs

SizeFunction pointsLines of code

CostPerson-monthsPeople available

TimeMonths

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Getting the Right Numbers for Estimation

Prior projectsPast experienceIndustry standards

Detailed analysis

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Function Point ApproachEstimate System Size

A function point is a measure of program size that is based on the system’s number and complexity of inputs, outputs, queries, files, and program interfaces

Estimate effort requiredPerson Months

Estimate time requiredMonths to complete

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Time Estimation Using a More Complex Approach

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CREATING THE WORK PLAN

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Developing a WorkPlan

Identify tasks in the projectEstimate task lengthDetermine task dependenciesSpecify to whom task will be assignedList deliverables

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A Workplan Example

Work Plan Information Example

Name of task Perform economic feasibilityStart date ` Jan 05, 2001Completion date Jan 19, 2001Person assigned Mary Smith, sponsorDeliverable(s) Cost-benefit analysisCompletion status OpenPriority HighResources needed SpreadsheetEstimated time 16 hoursActual time 14.5 hours

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Identifying Tasks

Top-down approachIdentify highest level tasks as phases in the projectBreak them into increasingly smaller units

MethodologyUsing standard list of tasksSimilar to previous projects

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Top Down Task Identification

PhasesPhases with

high level steps

Work Plan Deliverables Estimated Assignedhours To

****

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Work Breakdown Structure

Specify high level tasks

Break down each step into smaller tasks and number them in a hierarchical fashion

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WBS: Implement new IT training class

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STAFFING THE PROJECT

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Key Definitions

The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the projectThe project charter describes the project’s objectives and rulesA functional lead manages a group of analystsA technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

Key staffing activities

How many people needed?Match people’s skills with project needsMotivate people to meet objectivesMinimize conflict

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Staffing Attributes

Staffing levels will change over a project’s lifetimeAdding staff may add more overhead than additional laborUsing teams of 8-10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity

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Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams

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Possible Reporting Structure

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Motivation

Use monetary rewards cautiouslyUse intrinsic rewards

RecognitionAchievementThe work itselfResponsibilityAdvancementChance to learn new skills

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Conflict Avoidance Strategies

Clearly define roles and project plansHold individuals accountableProject charter listing norms and groundrulesDevelop schedule commitments ahead of timeForecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project

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CONTROLLING AND DIRECTING THE PROJECT

Workplan

Two visual ways of managing the workplan

Gantt ChartPERT Chart

Use tools like VISIO or Microsoft Project

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Gantt Chart

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PERT Charts

Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)PERT uses three time estimates:

Optimistic, OMost likely, MPessimistic, P

Time Estimate = (O + 4 * M + P) / 6

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Pert Chart

CASE Tools

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Computer-Aided Software Engineering toolsUpper CASE

Used during analysis phaseCreate system diagramsStore system component info

Lower CASEDiagrams and code for database tables and system functionality

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Standards

ExamplesFormal rules for naming filesForms indicating goals reachedProgramming guidelines

Can you think of more examples?

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Documentation

Project binderTable of contentsContinual updating

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Managing Scope

Scope creep -- a major cause of development problems

PrototypingFormal change approvalCharging for changes

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Managing Risk

Risk assessmentActions to reduce riskRevised assessment

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Classic Mistakes

Overly optimistic scheduleFailing to monitor scheduleFailing to update scheduleAdding people to a late project

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Summary

Project management is critical to successful development of new systemsProject management involves planning, controlling and reporting on time, labor, and costs.

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Expanding the Domain

For more detail on project management, visit the project management institute and its special interest group on information systems:

www.pmi.orgwww.pmi-issig.org