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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemistry >
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What Is Chemistry?
What Is Chemistry?
Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?
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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
>Chemistry What Is Chemistry?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemistry > What Is Chemistry?
Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.
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Chemistry >
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Areas of Study
Areas of Study
What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?
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Chemistry > Areas of Study
Five traditional areas of study are
•organic chemistry
•inorganic chemistry
•biochemistry
•analytical chemistry
•physical chemistry
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Chemistry >
Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.
Areas of Study1.1
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Chemistry >
Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.
Areas of Study1.1
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Chemistry >
The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry.
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Chemistry >
Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.
Areas of Study1.1
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Chemistry >
Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.
Areas of Study1.1
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Chemistry >
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Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry
How are pure and applied chemistry related?
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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.
Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.
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Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works.
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Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry
Nylon
In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk.
A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon.
1.1
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Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry
Aspirin
Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack.
In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.
1.1
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Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry
Technology
Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.
• Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort.
• There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology.
1.1
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Chemistry >
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Why Study Chemistry?
Why Study Chemistry?
What are three general reasons to study chemistry?
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Chemistry > Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.
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>Chemistry Why Study Chemistry?
Explaining the Natural World
Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work.
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>Chemistry Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing For a Career
Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom.
1.1
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>Chemistry Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.
1.1
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1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly involve compounds containing carbon?
(1) organic chemistry
(2) inorganic chemistry
(3) biochemistry
a. (1) and (2)
b. (1) and (3)
c. (2) and (3)
d. (1), (2), and (3)
1.1 Section Quiz
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2. Which phrase best describes applied chemistry?
a. the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake
b. research that answers a general question
c. addresses fundamental aspects of a question
d. research directed toward a practical goal
1.1 Section Quiz
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3. Informed citizens are most likely to
a. provide funds for scientific research.
b. determine which areas of research are valid.
c. decide who is qualified to do research.
d. influence the development of technology.
1.1 Section Quiz
Homework:Homework:
read Section 1.1 andread Section 1.1 and
Pages 5-8 in your lab ManualPages 5-8 in your lab Manual
(see lab safety powerpoint)(see lab safety powerpoint)
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>Chemistry Materials
Materials
What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?
1.2
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>Chemistry Materials
Chemists design materials to fit specific needs.
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>Chemistry Materials
In 1948, George de Mestral took a close look at the burrs that stuck to his clothing. He saw that each burr was covered with many tiny hooks.
In 1955, de Mestral patented the design for the hook-and-loop tapes. These are used as fasteners in shoes and gloves.
1.2
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>Chemistry Materials
This story illustrates two ways of looking at the world—the macroscopic view and the microscopic view.
• Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye.
• The hooks belong to the microscopic world, or the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification.
1.2
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>Chemistry Energy
Energy
Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.
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>Chemistry Energy
Conservation
One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.
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>Chemistry Energy
SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light enough to float on soap bubbles.
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>Chemistry Energy
Production
The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used to make biodiesel.
1.2
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>Chemistry Energy
Storage
Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current.
For some applications, it important to have batteries that can be recharged rather than thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones, and laptop computers use rechargeable batteries.
1.2
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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicine and Biotechnology
Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.
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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology
Medicines
There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs.
1.2
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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology
Materials
Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints and allow people to walk again without pain.
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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology
From 1990 to 2003, scientists worldwide worked on the Human Genome Project. They identified the genes that comprise human DNA—about 30,000. The discovery of the structure of DNA led to the development of biotechnology.
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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology
Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes.
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>Chemistry Agriculture
Agriculture
Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.
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>Chemistry Agriculture
Productivity
One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land.
Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil.
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>Chemistry Agriculture
Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water.
If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered.
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>Chemistry Agriculture
Crop Protection
Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced.
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>Chemistry The Environment
The Environment
A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.
•Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.
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>Chemistry The Environment
Identify Pollutants
Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many products, including paints and gasoline.
A study done in 1971 showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had been thought, especially for children. Even low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system of a growing child.
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>Chemistry The Environment
Prevent Pollution
The strategies used to prevent lead poisoning include testing children’s blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, and public awareness campaigns with posters.
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>Chemistry The Environment
The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.
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>Chemistry The Universe
The Universe
To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.
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>Chemistry The Universe
Chemists have analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks that were brought back to Earth. Some of these rocks are similar to rocks formed by volcanoes on Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon's surface.
1.2
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1.2 Section Quiz.
1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. To meet the demand for energy, chemists find ways to __________ energy and __________ energy.
a. conserve, produce
b. conserve, use
c. produce, use
d. convert, store
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Slide 53 of 27
1.2 Section Quiz.
2. Which of the following is an example of biotechnology?
a. using soybeans to produce biodiesel
b. replacing diseased arteries with plastic tubes
c. testing the lead content of blood
d. transferring a jellyfish gene into a potato plant
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1.2 Section Quiz.
3. To understand how a burr could stick to clothing, George de Mestral had to take which view of a burr?
a. chemical
b. material
c. macroscopic
d. microscopic
Homework:Homework:
Read Section 1.2 andRead Section 1.2 and
pages 9-11 in your lab manualpages 9-11 in your lab manual
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>Chemistry Thinking Like a Scientist
In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.
1.3
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>Chemistry Alchemy
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?
1.3
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>Chemistry Alchemy
Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.
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>Chemistry Alchemy
Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
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>Chemistry An Experimental Approach to Science
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
1.3
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>Chemistry An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.
1.3
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>Chemistry An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific method?
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
•Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
Making Observations
When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation.
Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.
You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true.
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change.
• The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable.
• The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable.
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory.
• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
• A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results.
1.3
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>Chemistry The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory.
1.3
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>Chemistry
Steps in the Scientific Method
The Scientific Method1.3
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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and communication play in science?
1.3
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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication
No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team.
•When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
1.3
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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration
Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons.
• Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem.
• Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research.
1.3
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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration.
1.3
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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication
Communication
Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences.
Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field.
1.3
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1.3 Section Quiz.
1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of
a. speculation.
b. measurement.
c. hypotheses.
d. theories.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
2. A hypothesis is
a. information obtained from an experiment.
b. a proposed explanation for observations.
c. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.
d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.
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1.3 Section Quiz.
3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries?
a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field.
b. Any article that is submitted is published.
c. Everyone has access to the information.
d. The articles are short and easy to read.
Homework:Homework:
read Section 1.3read Section 1.3
and pages 13-16 in your lab manualand pages 13-16 in your lab manual
Do Pre-lab questions forDo Pre-lab questions for
Lab techniques Part ALab techniques Part A
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>Chemistry Skills Used in Solving Problems
Skills Used in Solving Problems
What is a general approach to solving a problem?
1.4
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>Chemistry Solving Numeric Problems
Solving Numeric Problems
What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?
1.4
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>Chemistry Solving Numeric Problems
•The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate.
1.4
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>Chemistry Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze
To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown).
After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown.
1.4
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>Chemistry Solving Numeric Problems
Calculate
If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process.
Evaluate
Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures.
1.4
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>Chemistry
Solving Numeric Problems
Problem Solving 1.27 Solve Problem 27 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
for Sample Problem 1.1
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>Chemistry Solving Conceptual Problems
Solving Conceptual Problems
What are the two steps for solving conceptual problems?
1.4
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>Chemistry Solving Conceptual Problems
•The steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve.
1.4
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1.4 Section Quiz
1. Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then
a. evaluating the plan.
b. doing calculations.
c. making an estimate.
d. implementing the plan.
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1.4 Section Quiz
2. During the analyze step for solving a numeric word problem, you
a. make an estimate of the answer using correct units.
b. rearrange an equation to solve for an unknown.
c. identify what is known and unknown and make a plan.
d. convert a measurement from one unit to another.
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Slide 99 of 27
1.4 Section Quiz
3. The steps for solving a conceptual problem are
a. solve and evaluate.
b. analyze, solve, and evaluate.
c. analyze and solve.
d. analyze, calculate, and evaluate.