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Figure 8-1Page 143
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mft
10
50
20
30100
Tropicalrain forest
Coniferousforest
Deciduousforest
Thornforest
Tall-grassprairie
Short-grassprairie
Desertscrub
Thornscrub
Figure 8-2Page 144
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Figure 8-3Page 145
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
Sp
ecie
s D
iver
sity
1,000
100
10
Latitude
80ºN 60 40 20 0
200
100
0
90ºN 60 30 0 30ºS 60
Latitude
(a) Ants (b) Breeding birds
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Nu
mb
er o
f d
iato
m s
pec
ies Unpolluted
stream
Pollutedstream
Figure 8-4Page 145
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Equilibrium number
Immigration and extinction rates
Number of species on island
(a)
Figure 8-5a Page 146
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Small island
Effect of island size
Number of species on island
(b)
Large island
Figure 8-5bPage 146
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High
Low
Rat
e o
f im
mig
rati
on
or
exti
nct
ion
Far island
Effect of distance from mainland
Number of species on island
(c)
Near island
Figure 8-5cPage 146
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Immigration(near island)
Immigration(far island)
Extinction
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Animation
Area and distance effects interaction.
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Figure 8-6Page 147
sperm
Eggs
Sexualreproduction
Fertilized eggdevelopment
Organ formation
Egg hatches
Tadpole
TadpoledevelopsInto frog
Young frogAdult frog(3 years)
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Animation
Gause's competition experiment interaction.
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Nu
mb
er o
f in
div
idu
als
Nu
mb
er o
f in
div
idu
als
Resource use
Resource use
Species 1 Species 2
Regionof
niche overlap
Species 1 Species 2
Figure 8-7Page 150
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Figure 8-8Page 151
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Span worm Bombardier beetle
Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake
Figure 8-9Page 153
Wandering leaf insect
Hind wings of io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal
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Figure 8-10Page 155
Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros Clown fish and sea anemone
Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil
Lack of mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil
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Time
Small herbsand shrubs
Heath mat
Jack pine,black spruce,
and aspen
Balsam fir,paper birch, and
white spruceclimax community
Exposedrocks
Lichensand mosses
Figure 8-11Page 157
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Time
Annualweeds
Perennialweeds and
grasses
ShrubsYoung pine forest
Mature oak-hickory forest
Figure 8-12Page 158
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Two types of ecological succession animation.
Animation
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Table 8-1Page 158
Table 8-1 Ecosystem Characteristics at Immature and Mature Stages of Ecological Succession
Characteristic
Ecosystem Structure
Plant size
Species diversity
Trophic structure
Ecological niches
Community organization(number of interconnecting links)
Ecosystem Function
Biomass
Net primary productivity
Food chains and webs
Efficiency of nutrient recycling
Efficiency of energy use
Immature Ecosystem(Early Successional Stage)
Small
Low
Mostly producers, few decomposers
Few, mostly generalized
Low
Low
High
Simple, mostly plant herbivorewith few decomposers
Low
Low
Immature Ecosystem(Late Successional Stage)
Large
High
Mixture of producers, consumers, and decomposers
Many, mostly specialized
High
High
Low
Complex, dominated by decomposers
High
High
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Animation
Resources depletion and degradation interaction
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Types of two species interactions animation.
Animation
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Types of two species interactions animation.
Animation
