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Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1
Figure 7-1Page 127
Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2
Mangroves
Coral reefs
Rivers
Lakes
Figure 7-2Page 128
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Figure 7-3Page 129
Advantages Disadvantages
Physical support from water buoyancy
Fairly constant temperature
Nourishment from dissolved nutrients
Water availability
Easy dispersalof organisms, larvae, and eggs
Less exposure to harmful UVradiation
Dilution anddispersion ofpollutants
Can tolerate a narrow range of temperatures
Exposure to dissolved pollutants
Fluctuating population size for many species
Dispersion separates many aquatic off-spring from parents
Trade-offs
Living in Water
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Ocean hemisphere Land-ocean hemisphere
Figure 7-4Page 130
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Figure 7-5Page 130
Natural Capital
EcologicalServices
Climate moderation
CO2 absorption
Nutrient cycling
Waste treatment and dilution
Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)
Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species
Genetic resources and biodiversity
Scientific information
EconomicServices
Food
Animal and pet feed (fish meal)
Pharmaceuticals
Harbors and transportation routes
Coastal habitatsfor humans
Recreation
Employment
Offshore oil and natural gas
Minerals
Building materials
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Marine Ecosystems
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High tideLow tide
Coastal Zone
EstuarineZone
Continentalshelf
Open SeaSea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal Zone
Depth inmeters
0
50
100
200
Ph
oto
sy
nth
es
is
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Da
rkn
es
sT
wil
igh
t
Figure 7-6Page 131
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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Figure 7-7Page 132
DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
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Herring gulls
Snowyegret
Peregrine falcon
Cordgrass
Short-billeddowitcher
Marshperiwinkle
Bacteria
Clamworm
Soft-shelledclam
Zooplankton andsmall crustaceans
Phytoplankton
Smelt
Producerto primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary to higher-levelconsumer
All producers and consumers todecomposers
Figure 7-8Page 132
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Rocky Shore BeachSea star Hermit crab Shore crab
Nudibranch
Monterey flatworm
Kelp Sea lettuce
Barnacles
Sea urchin Anemone
Low tide
Mussel
Periwinkle
High tide
Sculpin
Figure 7-9a Page 134
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Barrier beach
Silversides
Blue crab
Low tide
Dwarfolive
Clam
Beach flea
Tiger beetle
High tide
GhostshrimpMole
shrimp
Sandpiper
Peanut worm
White sandmacoma
Sand dollar Moon snailFigure 7-9bPage 134
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Ocean Beach
Intensive recreation,no building
Primary Dune
No direct passage
or building
Trough
Limitedrecreation
and walkways
Secondary Dune
No direct passage
or building
Bay orLagoon
Intensiverecreation
Back Dune
Most suitablefor development
Grasses or shrubs Taller shrubs
Taller shrubs and trees
Bay shoreNo filling
Figure 7-11Page 135
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Gray reef shark
Green seaturtle
Sea nettle
Fairy basslet
Bluetangs
Brittle star Banded coralshrimp
Sergeant majorParrot fish
Hard coralsAlgae
Phytoplankton
Symbioticalgae
Zooplankton
Sponges
Bacteria
Morayeel
Blackcap basslet
Coney
Producerto primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary to higher-levelconsumer
All consumers and producers todecomposers
Figure 7-12Page 136
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Figure 7-13Page 137
Ocean warming
Soil erosion
Algae growth from fertilizer runoff
Mangrove destruction
Coral reef bleaching
Rising sea levels
Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion
Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish
Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry
Damage from anchors, ships,and tourist divers
Natural Capital Degradation
Coral Reefs
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Figure 7-14Page 137
Marine Ecosystems
Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development
Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms
About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level
Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats
Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed
Natural Capital Degradation
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Figure 7-15Page 138
Freshwater Systems
EcologicalServices
EconomicServices
Climatemoderation
Nutrient cycling
Waste treat-ment anddilution
Flood control
Groundwaterrecharge
Habitats foraquatic andterrestrialspecies
Geneticresourcesand bio-diversity
Scientificinformation
Food
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Hydroelectricity
Transportationcorridors
Recreation
Employment
Natural Capital
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Sunlight
Paintedturtle
Greenfrog
Pondsnail
Blue-wingedteal
Muskrat
Plankton
Northernpike
BloodwormsYellowperch
Divingbeetle
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
Figure 7-16Page 139
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Figure 7-17Page 139
Sunlight
Little shore vegetation
Limnetic zone
Profundalzone
Oligotrophic lake
Low concentration of nutrients and plankton
Sparse fish population
Narrow littoral zone
Sleepily sloping shorelines
Sand, gravel, rock bottom
Sunlight
Much shore vegetation
Limnetic zone
Profundalzone
Eutrophic lake
High concentration of nutrients and plankton
Dense fish population
Widelittoral zone
Gentlysloping shorelines
Silt, sand, clay bottom
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Rain and snow
Water
Sediment
Lake Glacier Rapids
WaterfallTributary
Flood plain
Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Delta Ocean
Depositedsediment
Source Zone
Transition Zone
Floodplain Zone
Figure 7-18Page 140
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Click to view animation.
Ocean provinces interaction.
Animation
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Click to view animation.
Lake zonation interaction.
Animation
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Click to view animation.
Lake turnover interaction.
Animation
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Click to view animation.
Trophic nature of lakes interaction.
Animation