Slide 1

Fig. 19.1, p. 476

No electronic rights for this image.

Slide 2

Fig. 19.2, p. 478

WaterQuality

Good 8-9

Do (ppm) at 20˚C

Slightlypolluted

Moderatelypolluted

Heavilypolluted

Gravelypolluted

6.7-8

4.5-6.7

Below 4.5

Below 4

Slide 3

Fig. 19.3, p. 479

Clean Zone DecompositionZone

Septic Zone Recovery Zone Clean Zone

Normal clean water organisms(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

Trash fish(carp, gar,Leeches)

Fish absent, fungi,Sludge worms,

bacteria(anaerobic)

Trash fish(carp, gar,Leeches)

Normal clean water organisms(Trout, perch, bass,

mayfly, stonefly)

8 ppm

Dissolved oxygen

Biological oxygendemand

Oxygen sag

2 ppm

8 ppm

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

Typ

es o

fo

rgan

ism

s

Time of distance downstream

Direction of flow

Point of waste orheat discharge

Slide 4

Fig. 19.4, p. 481Rainbow smelt1.04 ppm

Zooplankton0.123 ppm

Phytoplankton0.0025 ppm

Water0.000002 ppm

Herring gull124 ppm

Lake trout4.83 ppm

Herring gull eggs124 ppm

Slide 5

Fig. 19.5, p. 482

Discharge of untreatedmunicipal sewage

(nitrates and phosphates)

Nitrogen compoundsproduced by cars

and factories

Discharge of treatedmunicipal sewage

(primary and secondarytreatment:

nitrates and phosphates)

Discharge of detergents

( phosphates)

Natural runoff(nitrates andphosphates

Manure runoffFrom feedlots(nitrates andPhosphates,

ammonia)

Dissolving of nitrogen oxides

(from internal combustionengines and furnaces)

Runoff and erosion(from from cultivation,mining, construction,

and poor land use)

Runoff from streets,lawns, and construction

lots (nitrates andphosphates)

Lake ecosystemnutrient overload

and breakdown of chemical cycling

Slide 6

Fig. 19.6, p. 483

Slide 7

Fig. 19.7, p. 484

Great Lakes drainage basin

Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board

“Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments

Eutrophic areas

CANADA

WISCONSIN

MINNESOTA

IOWA

ILLINOISINDIANA OHIO

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

MICHIGAN

MICHIGAN

Nipigon Bay

Thunder Bay

Silver Bay

St. Louis R.

Jackfish Bay

St. Mary’s R.

Spanish R.

Penetary Bay

Sturgeon Bay

SaginawBaySaginaw R.

SystemSt. Clair R.

Detroit R.Rouge R.Raisin R.

Maumee R.

Black R.Rocky R.

Cuyahoga R.Ashtabula R.

Thames R.

Grand R. Niagara Falls

Niagara R.Buffalo R.

St. Lawrence R.

Slide 8

Fig. 19.8a, p. 485

Industrialpollution

Beachesclosed

Suffocatedfish

Lowdissolvedoxygen

Mercury-tainted fish

Decreased fishpopulation

Dead algae

Sewagerunoff

Slide 9

Fig. 19.8b, p. 485

Suburbansprawl

Lowerwaterlevels

Clearwater

PCB’s insediment

Thriving fishpopulation

Highdissolvedoxygen

Slide 10

Fig. 19.9, p. 487

Waste lagoon,pond, or basin

Miningsite

Pumpingwell

Waterpumping

well

Sewer

Cesspoll,septictank

Hazardous wasteinjectionwell

Buried gasolineand solvent

tanksLandfill

Roadsalt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Confined aquifer Discharge

Leakagefrom faultycasingGroundwater

Groundwater flow

Slide 11

Fig. 19.10, p. 488

10 to 20 percent

Greater than 20 percent

Not tested

Contaminated Probability

Slide 12

Fig. 19.11, p. 489

IndustryNitrogen oxides from autosand smokestacks; toxicchemicals, and heavymetals in effluents flowinto bays and estuaries.

CitiesToxic metals andoil from streets andparking lots pollutewaters; sewageadds nitrogen andphosphorus.

Urban sprawlBacteria andviruses from sewersand septic tankscontaminate shellfishbeds and closebeaches; runoffof fertilization fromlawns adds nitrogenand phosphorus.

Construction sitesSediments are washed into waterways,choking fish and plants, cloudingwaters, and blocking sunlight.

FarmsRun off of pesticides, manure, andfertilizers adds toxins and excessnitrogen and phosphorus.

Red tidesExcess nitrogen causes explosivegrowth of toxic microscopic algae,poisoning fish and marine mammals.

Healthy zoneClear, oxygen-rich waterspromote growth of planktonand sea grasses, and support fish.

Oxygen-depleted zoneSedimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight,kill beneficial sea grasses,use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Toxic sedimentsChemicals and toxic metalscontaminate shellfish beds,kill spawning fish, andaccumulate in the tissuesof bottom feeders.

Closed shellfish bedsClosed

beach Oxygen-depletedzone

Slide 13

Fig. 19.12, p. 490

MississippiRiver Basin

MissouriRiver

OhioRiver

MississippiRiver

LOUISIANAMississippi

River

Depleted

Oxygen

Gulf of Mexico

Slide 14

Fig. 19.13, p. 490Drainagebasin

No oxygen Low concentrationsof oxygen

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

WESTVIRGINIA

MARYLAND

DELAWARE

NEWJERSEY

ATLANTICOCEAN

VIRGINIA

Cooperstown

Harrisburg

Baltimore

Washington

Richmond

Norfolk Chesapeake Bay

Slide 15

Fig. 19.14, p. 494

Householdwastewater

Perforatedpipe

Distributionbox

(optional)

Septic tank

Manhole (forcleanout)

Drainfield

Vent pipe

Nonperforatedpipe

Gravel orcrushedstone

Slide 16

Fig. 19.15, p. 494

Raw sewagefrom sewers

Bar screenGritchamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank

Chlorinedisinfection tank

Sludge

Sludge digester

Activated sludge

Air pump

(kills bacteria)

To river, lake,or ocean

Sludge drying bed

Disposed of in landfill orocean or applied to cropland,pasture, or rangeland

Primary Secondary

Slide 17

Fig. 19.16, p. 495

Effluent fromSecondarytreatment

Alumflocculation

plus sedimentsActivated

carbon

Desalination(electrodialysis

or reverse osmosis)Nitrate

removal

Specializedcompound

removal(DDT, etc.)

98% ofsuspended solids

90% ofphosphates

98% ofdissolvedorganics

Most ofdissolved salts

Recycled to landfor irrigation

and fertilization

To rivers, lakes,streams, oceans,

reservoirs, or industries

Slide 18

Fig. 19.17, p. 497

(1) Raw sewage drains by gravity into the first pool and flows through a long perforated PVC pipe into a bed of limestone gravel.

(3) Wastewater flows through another perforated pipe into a second pool, where the same process is repeated.

(2) Microbes in the limestone gravel break down the sewage into chemicals, that can be absorbed by the plant roots, and the gravel absorbs phosphorus.

(4) Treated water flowing from the second pool is nearly free of bacteria and plant nutrients. Treated water can be recycled for irrigation and flushing toilets.

45 centimeterlayer of limestonegravel coated with

decomposing bacteriaFirst concrete pool Second concrete pool

Sewage

Wetland typeplants

Wetland typeplants

Treatedwater