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Slide 1
Evolution of WarfareEvolution of Warfare
Clausewitz/JominiClausewitz/Jomini
Major Carlos RasconMajor Carlos Rascon
Slide 2
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that “war is nothing but a continuation of political “war is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with an admixture of other intercourse with an admixture of other means”means”
Comprehend and contrast the present day Comprehend and contrast the present day acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of Jomini’sJomini’s
Slide 3
Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)
Know and describe the wide spectrum of the Know and describe the wide spectrum of the types of war which Clausewitz addressed, types of war which Clausewitz addressed, (e.g., People’s War)(e.g., People’s War)
Comprehend the importance assigned by Comprehend the importance assigned by Clausewitz to moral force vice physical forceClausewitz to moral force vice physical force
Slide 4
Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)
Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to the theory of war fare, especially his the theory of war fare, especially his “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of war”war”
Slide 5
Reading AssignmentReading Assignment
Preston, Roland, and Wise, Preston, Roland, and Wise, Men in ArmsMen in Arms, pp. , pp. 207-208, 238-240, 338207-208, 238-240, 338
Weigley, Weigley, The American Way of WarThe American Way of War, pp. 210-, pp. 210-213213
Handout: Basford, Handout: Basford, Jomini and Clausewitz: Jomini and Clausewitz: Their InteractionTheir Interaction
Slide 6
Clausewitz/JominiClausewitz/Jomini
Contemporary rivalsContemporary rivalsJomini more influential at Jomini more influential at
the timethe timeClausewitz’s writings are Clausewitz’s writings are
the accepted standardthe accepted standardVideo 4 min Crimson TideVideo 4 min Crimson Tide
Created by Chris Bassford
Slide 7
Clausewitz - BackgroundClausewitz - Background
Born in 1780Born in 1780Joined Prussian Army Joined Prussian Army
as an Ensignas an Ensign In 1806, he was In 1806, he was
wounded and taken wounded and taken prisoner by napoleon’s prisoner by napoleon’s forcesforces
In 1812, the Russian In 1812, the Russian ArmyArmy
Slide 8
Clausewitz (cont)Clausewitz (cont)
He fought the French until Napoleon He fought the French until Napoleon abdicated in 1814abdicated in 1814
Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Prussian Corps CommanderPrussian Corps Commander
In 1818 he was promoted to Maj GenIn 1818 he was promoted to Maj GenHead of Prussian War AcademyHead of Prussian War Academy
– AdministrationAdministrationDied of Cholera in 1830Died of Cholera in 1830
Slide 9
ClausewitzClausewitz
““War is nothing but a continuation of political War is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means”intercourse with a mixture of other means”
““Is war not merely another kind of writing and Is war not merely another kind of writing and language for political thought? It has language for political thought? It has certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is not peculiar to itself”not peculiar to itself”
Video (Theoretical Argument Video (Theoretical Argument Crimson TideCrimson Tide))
Slide 10
Vom Kriege (Vom Kriege (On WarOn War))
Absolute warAbsolute war– Similar to total warSimilar to total war
People’s warPeople’s war– Vietnam and AfghanistanVietnam and Afghanistan
Slide 11
Primary Objectives of WarPrimary Objectives of War
To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed forcesforces
To get possessions of the material elements To get possessions of the material elements of aggression of the enemyof aggression of the enemy
To gain public opinionTo gain public opinion
Slide 12
PrinciplesPrinciples
The principles which should be followed to The principles which should be followed to attain the objectivesattain the objectives– To employ all the forces which we can make To employ all the forces which we can make
available with the utmost energyavailable with the utmost energy– To concentrate our force as much as possible at To concentrate our force as much as possible at
the point where the decisive blows are to be the point where the decisive blows are to be struckstruck
Slide 13
Principles (cont)Principles (cont)
– Not to lose time – by rapidity many measures of Not to lose time – by rapidity many measures of the enemy are nipped in the bud and public the enemy are nipped in the bud and public opinion is gained in our favor – surprise is the opinion is gained in our favor – surprise is the most powerful element of victorymost powerful element of victory
– Lastly, to follow up the success we gain with the Lastly, to follow up the success we gain with the utmost energy. utmost energy.
The pursuit is the only means of The pursuit is the only means of gathering up the fruits of victorygathering up the fruits of victory
Slide 14
Center of GravityCenter of Gravity
Governs the grand strategical aim of a warGoverns the grand strategical aim of a war
Without it the whole structure of national Without it the whole structure of national power will collapsepower will collapse
Slide 15
Moral ForceMoral Force
Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1Courage, audacity, and self-sacrificeCourage, audacity, and self-sacrifice““Shinning blade”Shinning blade”
Slide 16
ClausewitzClausewitz
““War is a trinity of War is a trinity of violence, chance and violence, chance and reason”reason”
““As soon, therefore, as As soon, therefore, as required expenditures of required expenditures of force exceeds the values force exceeds the values of the political, the of the political, the objectives must be objectives must be abandoned and peace abandoned and peace will be the result”will be the result”
Created by Rex Sutton
Slide 17
Clausewitz (cont)Clausewitz (cont)
Remarks on Russia:Remarks on Russia:– Maintained that Russia was (is) a country which Maintained that Russia was (is) a country which
cannot be conquered by force of armscannot be conquered by force of arms
Slide 18
Jomini BackgroundJomini Background
Swiss, born in 1779Swiss, born in 1779Worked in a banking Worked in a banking
house in Parishouse in ParisPeace of Amiens Peace of Amiens
(1801-1802)(1801-1802)– Marshal NeyMarshal Ney
Treatise on Frederick Treatise on Frederick the Greatthe Great
Slide 19
Jomini – Nature of ApproachJomini – Nature of Approach
Convinced that warfare must make senseConvinced that warfare must make senseApproach was that of a scientistApproach was that of a scientistHe endeavored to demonstrate that there are He endeavored to demonstrate that there are
fundamental, unchanging principlesfundamental, unchanging principles
Slide 20
Jomini - Strategic Principles Jomini - Strategic Principles
Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a generalized description of Napoleon’s generalized description of Napoleon’s campaignscampaigns– Bringing strategic measures, the major part of an Bringing strategic measures, the major part of an
army’s forces, successively to bear upon the army’s forces, successively to bear upon the decisive areas of a theater of war and as far as decisive areas of a theater of war and as far as possible upon the enemy’s communications possible upon the enemy’s communications without compromising one’s ownwithout compromising one’s own
Slide 21
Strategic Principles (cont)Strategic Principles (cont)
Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage one’s major forces against parts only of one’s major forces against parts only of those of the enemythose of the enemy
Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, bringing one’s major forces to bear on the bringing one’s major forces to bear on the decisive area of the battlefield or on the part decisive area of the battlefield or on the part of the enemy’s lines which is important to of the enemy’s lines which is important to overwhelmoverwhelm
Slide 22
Strategic Principles (cont)Strategic Principles (cont)
Arranging matters in such a fashion that Arranging matters in such a fashion that these masses of men not only brought to these masses of men not only brought to bear at the decisive place but they be put bear at the decisive place but they be put into action speedily and together, so that into action speedily and together, so that they may make a simultaneous effortthey may make a simultaneous effort
Slide 23
JominiJomini
One might say that he (Napoleon) was sent into this One might say that he (Napoleon) was sent into this world to teach generals and statesmen what they world to teach generals and statesmen what they ought to avoid. His victories teach what may be ought to avoid. His victories teach what may be accomplished by activity, boldness, and skill; his accomplished by activity, boldness, and skill; his
disasters what might have been avoided by prudencedisasters what might have been avoided by prudence
Slide 24
Jomini – His ConceptsJomini – His Concepts
Each military operation will take place within Each military operation will take place within a definite zone of operationsa definite zone of operations– Regarded the zone of operations as a field with Regarded the zone of operations as a field with
four sidesfour sides– Two sides were occupied by opposing forcesTwo sides were occupied by opposing forces(find picture)(find picture)
Slide 25
Jomini – His Concepts (cont)Jomini – His Concepts (cont)
The task of the commanding GeneralThe task of the commanding General– Choose the line of operation that will be most Choose the line of operation that will be most
effective in dominating three sides of the zoneeffective in dominating three sides of the zone• The enemy will be crushed, orThe enemy will be crushed, or• Forced to abandon the zone of operationsForced to abandon the zone of operations
Slide 26
Ideal Military ForceIdeal Military Force
Leadership trained for political as well as Leadership trained for political as well as military responsibilitiesmilitary responsibilities
A high state of readiness – both personnel A high state of readiness – both personnel and materialand material
Continued study of military science at all Continued study of military science at all levels of leadershiplevels of leadership
An esteemed position for the military An esteemed position for the military professionprofession
Slide 27
Ideal (cont)Ideal (cont)
Peacetime planningPeacetime planningOperational planning compatible with war Operational planning compatible with war
aims (National Objectives)aims (National Objectives)Contingency planning, strategic intelligence, Contingency planning, strategic intelligence,
adequate budgetadequate budget
Slide 28
SummarySummary
ClausewitzClausewitz– Center of gravityCenter of gravity– Morale forceMorale force
JominiJomini– Strategic principlesStrategic principles– Ideal Military ForceIdeal Military Force
Slide 29
QuestionsQuestions