Slide 1 Chapter 1 Organization of the Body. Slide 2 Science and Society Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentation Science involves logical

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Chapter 1Chapter 1Organization of the BodyOrganization of the Body

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Science and SocietyScience and Society

• Science involves logical inquiry based on Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentationexperimentation

Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in experimentsexperiments

Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis; Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influencesoutside influences

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• TheoryTheory

• LawLaw

• process of science - active and changing process of science - active and changing

• affected by culture and culture is affected by affected by culture and culture is affected by societysociety

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy—science of the structure of an Anatomy—science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its partsorganism and the relationship of its parts

• Gross anatomy Gross anatomy

• Microscopic anatomyMicroscopic anatomy

Cytology—study of cellsCytology—study of cells

Histology—study of tissuesHistology—study of tissues

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• Developmental anatomyDevelopmental anatomy

• Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy

• Systemic anatomySystemic anatomy

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• Physiology—science of the functions of Physiology—science of the functions of organisms; organisms;

subdivisions named according tosubdivisions named according to

• Organism involvedOrganism involved

• Organizational level—molecular or cellular physiologyOrganizational level—molecular or cellular physiology

• Systemic functionSystemic function

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Language of Science and MedicineLanguage of Science and Medicine

• Latin or Greek word partsLatin or Greek word parts

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Language of Science and MedicineLanguage of Science and Medicine

• Terminologia anatomicaTerminologia anatomica

Official list of anatomical termsOfficial list of anatomical terms

Terms listed in Latin, English, and by numberTerms listed in Latin, English, and by number

• Physiology terms do not have an official list Physiology terms do not have an official list but follow the same principles as but follow the same principles as Terminologia AnatomicaTerminologia Anatomica

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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

• General criterion - describe lifeGeneral criterion - describe life

Autopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintainingAutopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintaining

Cell theory - made of one or more cellsCell theory - made of one or more cells

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ResponsivenessResponsiveness

ConductivityConductivity

GrowthGrowth

RespirationRespiration

DigestionDigestion

AbsorptionAbsorption

SecretionSecretion

ExcretionExcretion

CirculationCirculation

ReproductionReproduction

• Characteristics of life considered most important in humans:

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• MetabolismMetabolism

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Levels of Organization Levels of Organization

• Chemical level—basis for lifeChemical level—basis for life

Organization of chemical structures separates Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving materialliving material from nonliving material

Organization of atoms, molecules, and Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasmcalled cytoplasm

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Organelle levelOrganelle level

Chemical structures organized to form organelles Chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functionsthat perform individual functions

functions of the organelles that allow the cell to functions of the organelles that allow the cell to livelive

Dozens of organelles identifiedDozens of organelles identified

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• Cellular levelCellular level

Cells—smallest and most numerous units - Cells—smallest and most numerous units - possess / exhibit characteristics of lifepossess / exhibit characteristics of life

Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membranelimiting membrane

Cells differentiateCells differentiate

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• Tissue levelTissue level

Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain functionperform a certain function

Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrixTissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

Four major tissue types:Four major tissue types:

• Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue

• Connective tissueConnective tissue

• Muscle tissueMuscle tissue

• Nervous tissueNervous tissue

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• Organ levelOrgan level

Organ—organization of several different kinds of Organ—organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special functiontissues to perform a special function

Organs represent discrete and functionally Organs represent discrete and functionally complex operational unitscomplex operational units

Each organ has a unique size, shape, Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the bodyappearance, and placement in the body

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• System levelSystem level Systems—most complex organizational units of Systems—most complex organizational units of

the bodythe body

System level involvesSystem level involves

• Support and movementSupport and movement

• Communication, control, and integrationCommunication, control, and integration

• Transportation and defenseTransportation and defense

• Respiration, nutrition, and excretionRespiration, nutrition, and excretion

• Reproduction and developmentReproduction and development

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• Organism levelOrganism level

The living human organism is greater than the The living human organism is greater than the sum of its partssum of its parts

All of the componentsAll of the components

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Homeostasis Homeostasis

• Walter B. CannonWalter B. Cannon

• Homeostasis is the term used to describe the Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant statesrelatively constant states

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Homeostasis Homeostasis • ““set point” in an acceptable or normal rangeset point” in an acceptable or normal range

• Examples of homeostasis:Examples of homeostasis:

Temperature regulationTemperature regulation

Regulation of blood carbon dioxide levelRegulation of blood carbon dioxide level

Regulation of blood glucose levelRegulation of blood glucose level

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Devices for maintaining or restoring Devices for maintaining or restoring

homeostasis by self-regulation through homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loopsfeedback control loops

• Basic components of control mechanismsBasic components of control mechanisms Sensor mechanismSensor mechanism

Integrating, or control, centerIntegrating, or control, center

Effector mechanismEffector mechanism

FeedbackFeedback

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Negative feedback control systemsNegative feedback control systems

Are inhibitoryAre inhibitory

Stabilize physiological variablesStabilize physiological variables

Produce an action that is opposite to the change Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the systemthat activated the system

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• Positive feedback control systemsPositive feedback control systems Are stimulatoryAre stimulatory

Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurringAmplify or reinforce the change that is occurring

Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasishomeostasis

Bring specific body functions to swift completionBring specific body functions to swift completion

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• Levels of controlLevels of control Intracellular controlIntracellular control

Intrinsic control (autoregulation)Intrinsic control (autoregulation)

Extrinsic controlExtrinsic control

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Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Reference positionReference position

• Body erect with arms at sides and palms Body erect with arms at sides and palms forwardforward

• Head and feet pointing forwardHead and feet pointing forward

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Anatomical Position Anatomical Position

• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

Ipsilateral structuresIpsilateral structures

ContralateralContralateral

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Body CavitiesBody Cavities• Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity

• Right and left pleural cavitiesRight and left pleural cavities

• MediastinumMediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

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Body CavitiesBody Cavities

• Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity

Cranial cavityCranial cavity

Spinal cavitySpinal cavity

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Body RegionsBody Regions

• Axial subdivisionAxial subdivision

HeadHead

NeckNeck

Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisionsTorso, or trunk, and its subdivisions

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• Appendicular subdivisionAppendicular subdivision

Upper extremity and subdivisionsUpper extremity and subdivisions

Lower extremity and subdivisionsLower extremity and subdivisions

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• Abdominal regions Abdominal regions Right hypochondriac regionRight hypochondriac region

Epigastric regionEpigastric region

Left hypochondriac regionLeft hypochondriac region

Right lumbar regionRight lumbar region

Umbilical regionUmbilical region

Left lumbar regionLeft lumbar region

Right iliac (inguinal) regionRight iliac (inguinal) region

Hypogastric regionHypogastric region

Left iliac (inguinal) regionLeft iliac (inguinal) region

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• Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrantRight upper quadrant

Left upper quadrantLeft upper quadrant

Right lower quadrantRight lower quadrant

Left lower quadrantLeft lower quadrant

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Terms Used in Describing Body Structure Terms Used in Describing Body Structure

• Directional termsDirectional terms

SuperiorSuperior

InferiorInferior

Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal)

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

ProximalProximal

DistalDistal

SuperficialSuperficial

DeepDeep

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Terms Used in Describing Body StructureTerms Used in Describing Body Structure

• Terms related to organsTerms related to organs Lumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organLumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organ

Central - towards the middleCentral - towards the middle

Peripheral - towards the outsidePeripheral - towards the outside

Medullary (medulla) - the inner layerMedullary (medulla) - the inner layer

Cortical (cortex) - the outer layerCortical (cortex) - the outer layer

Apical (apex) - the point or tipApical (apex) - the point or tip

Basal (base) - the base or bottomBasal (base) - the base or bottom

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Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections

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Body Planes and Sections Body Planes and Sections

• There are three major planes, which lie at There are three major planes, which lie at right angles to each other:right angles to each other:

SagittalSagittal

• midsagittal or median sagittalmidsagittal or median sagittal

Frontal (coronal)Frontal (coronal)

Transverse (horizontal) planeTransverse (horizontal) plane

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Interaction of Structure and Function Interaction of Structure and Function

• Complementarity of structure and functionComplementarity of structure and function

• Anatomical structures - designed to perform Anatomical structures - designed to perform specific functionsspecific functions

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Body Type and Disease Body Type and Disease

• SomatotypeSomatotype

• EndomorphEndomorph ““Apple-shaped” endomorphApple-shaped” endomorph

““Pear-shaped” endomorphPear-shaped” endomorph

• MesomorphMesomorph

• EctomorphEctomorph

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Mechanisms of diseaseMechanisms of disease

Pathogenic organismPathogenic organism

Tumors/cancerTumors/cancer

Physical and chemicalPhysical and chemical

MalnutritionMalnutrition

AutoimmunityAutoimmunity

InflammationInflammation

degenerationdegeneration

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Disease TerminologyDisease Terminology

• PathologyPathology

• DiagnosisDiagnosis

• SymptomsSymptoms

• Syndrome - collection of Syndrome - collection of signs and symptomssigns and symptoms

• Acute - intense and shortAcute - intense and short

• ChronicChronic

• Idiopathic - disease with Idiopathic - disease with undetermined causeundetermined cause

• Communicable - can be Communicable - can be passed onpassed on

• Pathogenesis - pattern Pathogenesis - pattern of disease developmentof disease development

• Epidemiology - study of Epidemiology - study of occurance of diseaseoccurance of disease

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Medical imagingMedical imaging

• RadiographyRadiography

• Computed tomographyComputed tomography

• Magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imaging

• Ultrasonography Ultrasonography

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• Structure and function of body undergo Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years (developmental changes over the early years (developmental processes) and late years (aging processes)processes) and late years (aging processes)

• Infancy and old age are periods of time when Infancy and old age are periods of time when the body functions least wellthe body functions least well

Cycle of Life: Cycle of Life: Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations

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Cycle of Life: Cycle of Life: Life Span ConsiderationsLife Span Considerations

• Young adulthood is period of greatest Young adulthood is period of greatest homeostatic efficiencyhomeostatic efficiency

• AtrophyAtrophy

Documents

Slide 1 Chapter 1 Organization of the Body. Slide 2 Science and Society Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentation Science involves logical