Upload
taylor-snee
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Slide 1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT4A Topical Approach to
John W. Santrock
Health
Slide 2
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Health
• Health, Illness, and Disease
• Nutrition and Eating Behavior
• Exercise
• Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 3
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Bio-Psycho-Social Health Model
• Asia and Greece: ancient physicians believed good habits essential to good health
• New model that health is best understood in terms of
– Biological Factors
– Psychological Factors
– Social Factors
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 4
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Children's Health
• In last 50 years– Shift toward prevention and outpatient care– Vaccines prevent many diseases – Children’s motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional development makes health care needs unique– Caregivers play important role
• Poverty is a special concern– Approximately 11 million preschool children in U.S. malnourished
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 5
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recommended Immunization Schedule of Normal Infants and Children
Health, Illness, and Disease
Fig. 4.1
18 mos, 4-6 yrs
15 months
1 year
14-16 years
11-12 years
6 months
Age
4 months
2 months
Tetanus-diphtheria
Diphtheria, Polio
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Influenza
TB test
Diphtheria, Influenza
Diphtheria, Polio, Influenza
Immunization
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Diphtheria, Polio, Influenza
Slide 6
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Adolescents' Health
• A Critical Juncture in Health– Many factors linked to both poor health habits and early death in the adult years begin during adolescence– Families, peers, schools influence health
• Health Services– Use private physician services at lower rate than other age groups; lowest use by older males
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 7
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Young Adults' Health
• Most have few chronic health problems
• Know how to stay healthy but adopt unhealthy lifestyles
• Many college students unrealistic, overly optimistic about future health risks
• Hidden dangers in peaks of performance and health in early adulthood
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 8
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender, Health, and the
Health-Care System • Women and men experience health and
health-care system differently – Males may use health care inadequately
– Special concerns for women’s health issues
• Medicine — male-dominated profession
• Gender bias affects medical research– Most research conducted with men
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 9
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chronic Disorders
• Characterized by slow onset, long duration• Gender differences
– Fatal chronic disorders affect men more– Nonfatal chronic disorders affect women more
• Socioeconomic differences– Poor older adults 3 times more likely than non-poor to be limited by chronic disorder
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 10
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Increasing Disabilities with Age
Health, Illness, and Disease
Fig. 4.2
Slide 11
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Osteoporosis
• Aging disorder involving extensive bone tissue loss– Related to calcium deficiencies
• Gender differences — 80% of cases women– Affects 2/3 of women over age 60– Common in white, thin, small-framed women
• Diet, exercise, weightlifting can help
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 12
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alzheimer's Disease
• Dementia — global term; Alzheimer is one form
• Progressive, irreversible brain disorder with gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, eventually, physical function
– Rate increasing in U.S.; no cure
– Causes not fully identified; early and late onset
– Healthy lifestyle, medication can slow progression
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 13
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alzheimer's Disease
– Early detection: MCI and special brain scans
– Caring for patients is exhausting, some respite care available
• Parkinson disease– Another type of dementia, no cure
– Chronic and progressive, triggered by loss of dopamine production in brain
– Medication available, loses effect over time
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 14
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Robust Oldest-Old
• Persons 80 years and older
– Frail image fueled by media
• A substantial subgroup of oldest old are robust and active
– Less than 60% have a disability
– Health care and medical treatment can improve functioning, provide intervention
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 15
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Health Treatment for Older Adults
• Probability of living in nursing home increases with age
• Quality varies enormously– 1/3 are seriously deficient; cause for national concern, fail inspections
• Home health care, elder-care centers, preventative medicine good alternatives
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 16
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Percentage of U.S. Older Adults of Different Ages In Nursing Homes
Health, Illness, and Disease
Fig. 4.4
Slide 17
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Health Treatment for Older Adults
• Important factors for residents
– Feelings of control and self-determination
– Alert, responsive, caring staff
– Effective coping skills
– Opportunities to make choices
– Positive staff, absent of stereotyping beliefs
– Active role in medical encounters
Health, Illness, and Disease
Slide 18
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Perceived Control and Mortality
Health, Illness, and Disease
Fig. 4.5
Slide 19
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Infancy
• Breastfeeding versus Bottle-Feeding• Benefits of breastfeeding:
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
– Denser bones in childhood
– Reduced risk of SIDS
– Advanced neurological, cognitive development
– Better vision
– Appropriate weight gain
– Lowered risk of childhood obesity
– Fewer allergies, lower risk of illnesses
Slide 20
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Infancy
• When breastfeeding is avoided– Physical difficulties– Lifestyle conditions– HIV virus
• Poor, developing countries– Few or no alternatives– Unsanitary health risks– Death rates linked to bottle-feeding
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 21
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
U.S. Breastfeeding Trends
Fig. 4.6
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 22
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Malnutrition in Infancy
• Marasmus — wasting away of body tissues in first year; severe protein-calorie deficiency
• Kwashiorkor — deficiency in protein; child’s abdomen and feet swollen with water
• Nutritional supplements linked to long-term effects on cognitive development– Lowest SES groups benefited most
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 23
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nutrition in Childhood
• Poor nutrition is special concern for many low-income children in U.S. – Children showed more aggression, hyperactive and excessive motor behaviors
• Positive influences on nutrition and health– WIC program linked to reduced risk of obesity
• Malnutrition threatens many in developing countries during childhood
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 24
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Healthy and Unhealthy Eating
• Most children’s diets need improvement – Eating away from home, high fat foods
• Good diet can have long-term effects
– Basal metabolism rate (BMR) — minimal amount of energy a person uses in a resting state - suggest how much to eat
– Include low fat foods, milk, vegetables, eaten with family away from TV
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 25
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Childhood Obesity
• Consequences of Obesity– Increases child’s risk of medical problems– Low self-esteem and depression common; has links to bullying
• Treatment of Obesity– Diet– Exercise– Behavior modification
• Problem among adolescents
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 26
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Increase in Overweight U.S. Adolescents
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Fig. 4.8
Slide 27
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ethnicity and Overweight in U.S. Adolescents
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Fig. 4.9
Slide 28
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eating disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa — relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation– Most are white females from well-educated, middle- and upper-income families– Competitive families, high achievement goals– Media and American culture fashion image
• Bulimia Nervosa — individual consistently follows a binge-purge eating pattern
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 29
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Adult Development and Aging
• Obesity– Heredity and environmental influences – Health problems increasing
• Dieting– Restrained eating — individuals who chronically restrict food intake to control their weight– Concern for fad diets and obsession with thinness– Most effective programs include exercise– Harms and benefits of various diets
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 30
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions About Aging and Nutrition
• Food Restriction and Longevity– Food-restricted animals live longer, healthier lives– Leaner men live longer, healthier lives– Increase in body mass linked to earlier death
• The Vitamin-and-Aging Controversy– Antioxidant supplements may slow aging process, improve health of older adults; still controversial– Vitamin supplements help cognitive performance
Nutrition and Eating Behavior
Slide 31
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Childhood and Adolescence
• Concern: lack of exercise and obesity – Boys more physically active at all ages than girls– Effects of TV watching, computers, video games– Childhood habits continue in adolescence
• Getting children and adolescents to exercise – More physical activity programs at school– Plan community and school exercise activities– Encourage families to focus on physical activity
Exercise
Slide 32
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exercise in Adulthood
• Moderate and intense exercise may produce important physical and psychological gains
– Prevention of heart disease, live longer
– Aerobic exercise: sustained activity that stimulates heart and lung functioning (e.g. jogging, cycling)
– Exercising enough to burn more than 2,000 calories a week can cut risk of heart attack by two-thirds
Exercise
Slide 33
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ways to Get Yourself to Exercise More
• Reduce TV time• Chart your progress• Get rid of excuses
– Eliminate “I don’t have time” by making exercise a priority
• Imagine the alternative• Learn more about exercise
Exercise
Slide 34
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Aging and Longevity
Exercise benefits:
– Related to preventing and treating disability
– Counteract side effects of standard medical care, improve quality-of-life and outcomes
– Linked to increased longevity
Exercise
– Minimize physiological changes in aging, health
– Optimize body composition
– Related to prevention of common chronic diseases
– Associated with improved treatment of diseases
Slide 35
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Fitness and Mortality
Exercise
Fig. 4.12
Slide 36
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drugs, Health, and Addiction
• Long menu of psychoactive drugs used around the world
– Alcohol use: religion, gender, nationality
– Cultural acceptability of substance abuse is no measure of safety
– Alcohol and cigarettes pose serious health and development risks for adolescents and adults
– Secondhand smoke
Exercise
Slide 37
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Addiction
• Pattern of behavior characterized by overwhelming involvement with using a drug and securing its supply
– Psychological dependence
– Physiological dependence
– Withdrawal symptoms
• Whether addictions are diseases is matter of controversy
Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 38
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Addiction
Disease model
• Biologically-based
• Lifelong disease that involves loss of control over behavior
• Requires medical and/or spiritual treatment
• Promoted by medical profession and AA
Substance Use and Addiction
Life-process model
• Habitual response and source of gratification and security
• Can only be understood in context of persons’ lives, social relationships, experiences, and environments
Slide 39
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trends in Drug Use By U.S. Eighth-, Tenth-, and Twelfth-Grade Students
Substance Use and Addiction
Fig. 4.13
Slide 40
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alcohol and Cigarettes
• Drinking has declined among U.S. adolescents, but rates still high– 19 percent of eighth graders, 48 percent of high school seniors drank in past 30 days– Binge drinking, mostly males
• Smoking has declined heavily– Prices, anti-tobacco ads, social disapproval– Can cause permanent genetic lung changes
• Roles of parents and peers
Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 41
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fatal Lung Cancer andYears Since Quitting Smoking
Substance Use and Addiction
Fig. 4.15
Slide 42
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Substance Abuse in Adulthood
• Smoking and lung cancer risk decreasing; cigarette and cigar smoking still a concern
• Alcohol use remains accepted part of U.S. culture– Half of all college students drink heavily– Binge drinkers and reported problems– College students drink more than youths ending education after high school
Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 43
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Substance Abuse in Adulthood
• Patterns of use
– Persons not attending college smoke more
– Singles use marijuana more than marrieds
– Singles and divorced persons drink more
– Engagement or marriage reduces alcohol use
– Drug use lower among regular church attendees
Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 44
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Binge Drinking in the Adolescence — Early Adulthood Transition
Substance Use and Addiction
Fig. 4.16
Slide 45
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Age and Binge Drinking
Substance Use and Addiction
Fig. 4.17
Slide 46
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Substance Abuse in Older Adults
• Alcohol Use Declines
– Majority of 65 and over abstain completely
• “Invisible Epidemic” of illicit and prescription drug abuse that goes undetected
– Multiple medications
– Mixing medicines with alcohol
– Consequences may be attributed to other medical or psychological conditions
Substance Use and Addiction
Slide 47
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The End
4