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SLCP emissions from small-scale woodcombustion in the Nordic countriesA project financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers June 2013 - December 2017
Ingrid Mawdsley 2017-05-11
Background
Focus on Black Carbon/EC (but also OC, PM2.5, CH4, NMVOC).
2013-2015: Background analysis and identification of knowledge
gaps
– Report available at http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-523
– Background analysis provided basis for designing a measurement
program
2015-2017: Emission measurements (residential biomass
combustion), development of emission factors, inventory
methodology
2016-2017: Identify relevant actions/measures for reduced
emissions of SLCP in the Nordic countries
Residential biomass combustion
Emission factors for PM in the Nordic countries based on different
measurement standards.
Generally lower emission factors for PM2.5 in Sweden, based on hot flue
gas measurements (without condensables), while e.g. Danish and
Norwegian emission factors are based on diluted sampling (with
condensables).
Differences may also be due to different assumptions regarding
operational conditions, e.g. the extent of bad firing habits (incomplete
combustion due to restricted air supply) which will produce higher
emissions.
Measurement program
Residential biomass appliances representative for the Nordic countries
EC, OC, PM2.5, CH4, NMVOC
Test methods (operational conditions and firing schemes):
– Boilers: EN 303-5
– Room heaters: EN 16510 series, including part load (according to proposed revision)
– Startup phase (ignition) sampled separately
Sampling: Dilution tunnel (according to Norwegian standard 3058)
Performed in cooperation by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
(boilers) and Danish Technological Institute (DTI) in Denmark (stoves)
The boiler population
P1 Inverse combustion and λ-probe
P2 Inverse combustion and flue gas fan
P3 Inverse combustion and flue gas fan
P4 Inverse combustion and natural draught
P5 "Simple" boiler
P6 Old combination boiler (oil+wood)
P7 Traditional pellet burner in an oil or combination boiler
P8 Advanced pellets burner in boiler designed for pellet firing
P9 Pellet boiler with integrated grate burner
P10 Wood chip boiler
Modern
Old
Pellets
The stove population
A0 Modern medium class wood stove
A1 DIY wood stove (simple ”building market stove”)
A2 Modern popular wood stove
A3 State of the art wood stove
A4 Traditional Nordic cast iron stove
A5 Traditional Nordic tiled stove
A6 Traditional Nordic slow heat release appliance
A8 European type pellets stove
A9 Traditional Nordic sauna stove
Modern stoves
A1 Simple A2 Modern A3 State-of-the-art
A4 Cast iron stoveA5 Tiled stove
A6 Slow heat release
A8 Pellets
A9 Sauna
Example of results – individual boilers
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
PM2.5(mg/MJ)
EC (mg/MJ) OC (mg/MJ) CH4 (mg/MJ) NMVOC(mg/MJ)
mg/MJ
P1 λ-probe
P2 flue gas fan
P3 flue gas fan
P4 natural draught
P5 old tech
P6 old combi
P7 "old" pellet burner
P8 adv pellet burner
P9 pellet boiler
P10 wood chip
Modern log wood boilers
(41 samples, 6 cycles)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PM2.5(mg/MJ)
EC (mg/MJ) CH4 (mg/MJ) NMVOC(mg/MJ)
mg/MJ
Measured EF (nominal load,standard fuel)
GB - Advanced/ecolabelledboilers and stoves
Moist fuel
X1.5
X1.5
X1 X1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) EC (mg/MJ) CH4 (mg/MJ) NMVOC (mg/MJ)
mg/MJ
Measured EF (nominal load,standard fuel)
GB - Conventional boilers <50kWh
Traditional log wood boilers
(14 samples, 2 cycles)
Moist fuel
X1.5
X>1.5
X>1.5
X>1.5
Part load
x4
x1
X>3
X>3
Modern stoves
(25 samples, 8 cycles)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) EC (mg/MJ) CH4 (mg/MJ) NMVOC (mg/MJ)
mg/MJ
Measured EF (nominal load,standard fuel)
Measured EF, including ignition
GB Advanced/ecolabelledstoves and boilers
GB Energy efficient stoves
Moist fuel
X5
X5
X1
X2
Part load
x2x2
x1
X1.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) EC (mg/MJ) CH4 (mg/MJ) NMVOC (mg/MJ)
mg/MJ
Measured EF (nominal load,standard fuel)
GB Conventional stoves
GB Energy efficient stoves
Tiled and masonry stoves
(6 samples, 2 cycles)
Moist fuel
x1x1
x1x1
x2
Part load
X1.5x1
x2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7thEC
PM
2.5
an
d O
C
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) OC (mg/MJ) EC (mg/MJ)
EC emissions do not correlate with PM2.5
emissions
EC/PM2.5Nominal: Standard fuel
Modern log wood boilers 18%
Traditional log wood boilers 7%
Pellet-fired boilers 17%
Wood chip boilers 2%
Modern stove 28%
State-of-the-art 3%
Older stove 9%
Tiled and masonry stove 52%
Pellet stove 10%
Sauna stove 50%
Can the new EFs be used outside of the Nordic
countries?
EFs are general for specific installation type
Different user practices are reflected by the factors for moist fuel and part
load combustion
Wood type – judged to be less importance compared to other factors (moist
fuel and poor combustion)
Application of emission factors𝑬𝑭𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅= 𝑬𝑭𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 × 𝑺𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍
EFNormal = Emission factor under normal combustion conditions
SNormal = Share of fuel used in the specific technology burned under normal
combustion conditions
RatioPart/Nominal = Factor showing increased emissions during part load firing
SPart = Share of fuel used in the the specific technology burned under part load
conditions
RatioMoist/Nominal = Factor showing increased emissions during firing of moist wood
SMoist = Share of moist fuel used in the specific technology
+𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕/𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 × 𝑬𝑭𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 × 𝑺𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕
+ 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕/𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 × 𝑬𝑭𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 × 𝑺𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕
Some conclusions
All measurements in dilution tunnel = with condensables.
Lower emissions for wood log boilers and older/traditional stoves
than Guidebook EFs.
However EC emissions for stoves more consistent with Guidebook
factors.
EC emissions not strongly affected by heat load or fuel moisture.
Part load increases PM emissions, especially for boilers, up to 4
times.
Moist fuel increases PM emissions, especially for stoves, up to 5
times.
Detailed activity data (technologies) and assumptions regarding
operational conditions essential for emission inventory
Thank you for your attention
Project group
Karin Kindbom, Erik Fridell, Ingrid Mawdsley, IVL, Sweden
Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Morten Winther, AU, Denmark
Kristina Saarinen, SYKE, Finland
Kári Jónsson, Umhverfisstofnun, Iceland
Kristin Aasestad, SSB, Norway
New EF - boilers
Nominal: Standard fuel
(N:S)N:S min
N:Smax
Ratio moist fuel to
standard fuelN:M/N:S
Ratio part load to
nominal loadP:S/N:S
Guidebook2016
Modern log wood boilers (41,6)Advanced/ecola
belled boilers and stoves
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 35 24 45 1.5 93
EC (mg/MJ) 6 2 15 1.0 26.04
CH4 (mg/MJ) 15 10 19 1.0 11*
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 85 32 141 1.5 250
CO (mg/MJ) 1160 233 2037 1.0 2000
Traditional log wood boilers (14,2)Conventional
boilers <50kWhPM2.5 (mg/MJ) 320 317 320 1.5 4.0 470
EC (mg/MJ) 25 19 27 >1.5 1.0 75.2
CH4 (mg/MJ) 75 47 103 >1.5 >3.0 11*
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 470 462 477 >1.5 >3.0 350
CO (mg/MJ) 3270 2963 3578 1.5 2.0 4000
Pellet-fired boilers (15,3)Pellet stoves and boilers
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 35 15 57 3.0 29
EC (mg/MJ) 6 1 14 1.5 4.35
CH4 (mg/MJ) 2 1 4 5.0 11*
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 15 9 22 6.0 10
CO (mg/MJ) 295 120 631 4.0 300
Wood chip boilers (5,1)
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 50 1.5 5.0
EC (mg/MJ) 5 5.0 6.0
CH4 (mg/MJ) 5 3.0 15.0
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 50 2.0 15.0
CO (mg/MJ) 366 5.0 12.0
* IPCC EF: Utility source EF (wood/wood waste boilers)
New EF – room heaters (I)
Nominal: Standard fuel
N:Smin
N:Smax
N:S including ignition N:M/N:S P:S/N:S Guidebook
2016
Modern stoves (incl state-of-the-art) (25,8)
Advanced/ecolabelled
stoves and boilers
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 84 60 106 105 5.0 2.0 93
EC (mg/MJ) 20 3 42 25 1.0 1.0 26.04
CH4 (mg(MJ) 90 31 153 90 2.0 1.5 258-2190**
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 76 19 144 96 5.0 2.0 250
CO (mg/MJ) 1582 919 2287 1582 2.0 1.5 2000
Older stove (3,1)Conventiona
l stoves
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 147 185 2.5 740
EC (mg/MJ) 13 16 1.0 74
CH4 (mg(MJ) 49 50 3.0 932*
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 132 165 2.5 600
CO (mg/MJ) 1165 1165 2.0 4000
Tiled and masonry stove(6,2) Convention
al stove
PM2.5 (mg/MJ)140 82 198 175 1.0 2.0 740
EC (mg/MJ)72 22 122 90 1.0 1.5 74
CH4 (mg/MJ)114 61 167 115 1.0 2.0 932*
NMVOC (mg/MJ)181 133 229 225 1.0 1.0 600
CO (mg/MJ)2365 1585 3145 2355 1.0 1.0 4000
* IPCC EF: Wood stoves** IPPC EF: Conventional wood stoves
New EF – room heaters (II)
Nominal: Standard
fuelN:Smin
N:Smax
N:S including ignition N:M/N:S P:S/N:S Guideboo
k 2016
Pellet stove (3,1)
Pelletstoves and
boilers
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 100 125 1.5 29
EC (mg/MJ) 10 13 1.0 4.35
CH4 (mg(MJ) 1 1 2.5 258-2190*
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 4 5 3.5 10
CO (mg/MJ) 189 190 2.5 300
Sauna stove (3,1)
PM2.5 (mg/MJ) 104 130 1.5
EC (mg/MJ) 52 65 1.0
CH4 (mg/MJ) 43 45 2.0
NMVOC (mg/MJ) 85 105 2.0
CO (mg/MJ) 1405 1405 1.5
* IPCC EF: Wood stoves