the friction force over the entire surface is determined from

The thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases in the flow direction

the shape of the temperature profile in the thermal boundary layer dictates the convection heat transfer between a solid surface and the fluid flowing over

the development of the velocity boundary layer relative to the thermal boundary layer will have a strong effect on the convectionheat transfer.

the fluid flow is streamlined at low velocities but turns chaotic as the velocity is increased above a critical value

Laminar, characterized by smooth streamlines and highly-ordered motionTurbulent is characterized by velocity fluctuations and highly-disordered motion.

The turbulent boundary layer: The very thin layer next to the wall where the viscous effects are dominant is the• laminar sublayer velocity profile is nearly linear, and the flow is streamlined. •buffer layer, in which the turbulent effects are significant but not dominant of the diffusion effects•turbulent layer, in which the turbulent effects dominate.