slavery, sectionalism, & the Civil War

territorial expansion & slavery controversy stopped Manifest Destiny

• Haiti• Ostend Manifesto• U.S. expansion slowed• “bleeding” Kansas• statehood

applications• Civil War• Native Americans

Haiti

• was French colony called Saint-Domingue (St. Domingo)• produced 1/3 of world’s sugar, ½ of world’s coffee,

+ cotton & indigo• 85% of population (1790) were black slaves– inspired by U.S. & French revolutions &

Enlightenment– overthrew government run by

white Frenchmen (peninsulares) and white creoles– French army (helped by U.S.) was defeated

Haiti

– declared independence, became Haiti (1803)• 2nd independent republic in

Western Hemisphere (what was the 1st?)• only successful revolution by slaves• no U.S. diplomatic recognition for 60 years

(1862): why?

• 1776:U.S. independence

• 1803:Haitian independence

• 1810–1830: nearly all colonies in America became independent, creole-dominated countries– Monroe Doctrine

(1823)

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

• U.S. ambassadors to Spain, France, & England proposed that U.S. buy (or take) Cuba from Spain– slavery also legal in Cuba– fear a slave revolt in Cuba could spread to the U.S.– add as slave state to U.S.

• proposal supposed to be secret, but leaked– northern states & European governments protested– U.S. forced to restrict territorial expansion

Ostend Manifesto (1854)(Greenberg, document 36, pp. 126–127)

After we shall have offered Spain a price for Cuba far beyond its present value, and this shall have been refused, it will then be time to consider the question; does Cuba, in the possession of Spain, seriously endanger our internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union?

Should this question be answered in the affirmative, then, by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain,…

We should, however, be recreant* to our duty, be unworthy of our gallant forefathers, and commit base treason against our posterity, should we permit Cuba to be Africanized and become a second St. Domingo, with all its attendant horrors to the white race, and suffer the flames to extend to our own neighboring shores, seriously to endanger or actually to consume the fair fabric of our Union.

* recreant = cowardly

U.S. expansion slowed

• Compromise of 1850: slavery in territory won from Mexico decided on by white men living there– popular sovereignty for all U.S. territories

• Kansas application for statehood (1854‒1858)– 2 different constitutions

• federal government accepted pro-slavery gov’t• but… territorial elections won by anti-slavery groups

(“jayhawks”)– “bleeding Kansas”: guerrilla warfare (200 deaths)

U.S. expansion slowed

• no new territory acquired 1853‒1867• popular sovereignty a problem• Civil War in U.S. (1861‒1865)

U.S. territory during the Civil War

U.S. Civil War & the world

• no country gave diplomatic recognition or military aid to Confederate States of America (“the Confederacy”)– no country needed its cotton badly enough

(monocrop)– not enough military success

U.S. Civil War & the world

– Britain: – strong economic ties: imported food from North– slavery banned in Britain since 1830s;

navy patrolled Atlantic to stop slave ships

• rest of Europe– by 1840s: most countries banned slavery;

manumitted (freed) slaves– 1861: Russia liberated serfs

(agricultural workers tied to lords & their land)

SITES OF MAJOR U.S.-INDIAN BATTLES, 1854–1882

Native Americans & the United States

• July 4, 1876: Battle of Little Bighorn– last & one of the few Native victories

• 1890: Battle of Wounded Knee– last major battle in Indian wars

• population loss– 1492: 2 to 5 million– 1860: 360,000– 1887: 243,000

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)• abolished tribes

– land divided, given to individuals

– “leftover” land given to railroads & whites

• children moved to schools run by whites

• only natives who “adopted the habits of civilized life” could become U.S. citizens, even if born in the U.S.– violated 14th amendment– full citizenship rights given to

Indians in 1924

Indian School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania (1903)

We took away their country and their means of support, broke up their mode of living, their habits of life, introduced disease and decay among them, and it was for this and against this they made war. Could anyone expect less?

―U.S. general Philip Sheridan