SLAC

Volume 9, Number 1

STANFORD LINEAR

ELECTRON ACCELERATORPROJECT

BEAM LINE'All composite things decay. Striv diliently.'

-- Buddha (his last words)

January 1978

ORGANIZATIONCHART

December 19, 1960

Office of the Project Director

Project Director: E. L. GinztonDeputy Director: W. K. H. PanofskySecretary: B. Monks

I

Division of Adminis. Services

Assoc. Director: R. H. MoultonOrganiz. Planning: 0. Snyder

Reports Editor: W. KirkSecretaries: L. Axt

P. Langston P. Brady...... , , , ........

Technical Division

Assoc. Director: R. B. NealStaff Specialists:

E. L. Chu R. HelmK. G. Dedrick K. Mallory

Secretary: B. Monks

iDivision of Business Services

Assoc. Director: F. V. L. PindarAssistants:

E. B. Rickansrud W. FieldP. Fihe (Inventions)

Secretary: J. Post

Plant Engineering Department

Manager: K. CopenhagenProject Engineers:

Civil: R. S. GouldMechanical: L. GallagherElectrical: P. C. Edwards

C. B. Jones K. R. WilsonArchitect: W. Kinst

Accelerator Structures Department

Manager: R. B. Neal (acting)

Accelerator Tube: A. L. EldredgeJ. A. PopeL. E. Cain

Vacuum System: D. J. GoerzSupport & Alignment: R. C. Sandkuhle

Microwave Engineering Department

Manager: R. B. Neal (acting)Klystrons: J. V. Lebacqz G. Beardsley

G. K. Mardihian J. MeloniWindows: J. Jasberg R. FowkesMicrowave Circuitry: G. Loew

Instrumentation & Control Engin. Dept.

Manager: K. BrownMeasurements and K. Mallory

Local Control: O. Kraus

Data Transmission and K. BreymayerDistant Control: T. Christie

...

Electronics Engineering Dept.

Manager: R. B. Neal (acting)Modulators: T. Turner C. Sphar

Injection: G. Dome

Research Planning Dept.

Manager: R. F. MozleyH. D. DeStaebler

Accelerator Design Department

Manager: R. B. Neal (acting)Mark IV Conversion D. Goerz

and M Accelerator: A. Crabtree

This month's cover is aimed mostly at SLAC'sIn This Issue

old-timers, many of whom recently received 20-n sssue

year service awards (see pages 5-7). This org- Evidence grows for a new heavy lepton 2-4anization chart shows who was doing what some 17 New appointments in Personnel 4years ago on the proposed project that eventu- 20-year service awards 5-7ally became SLAC. The main activities at that SLAC Christmas party 8time were engineering of various kinds and a lot PEP Notes 9of finger-nail biting as we waited to see if the SLAC Women's Association 10-11$114 million proposal would be authorized. Seminar on sexism 12

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L.

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EVIDENCE GROWS FOR CHARGED HEAVY LEPTON AT 1.8-2.0 GeV

[During the past several years, a special

class of events has been observed at the SPEAR

storage ring in which the annihilation of an el-

ectron and a positron produces an electron and

a muon and no other observed particles. Some

other particles must be present, however, be-

cause the detected electron and muon carry only

a fraction of the total energy that is available

in the initial collision. There is now a good

deal of evidence to support the view that a new

kind of particle, a "heavy lepton," is respons-

ible for these puzzling events. The new part--

icle, called the "tau" (T), appears to be the

third member of the very exclusive lepton family

of elementary particles, which previously con-

sisted only of the electron and the muon (plus

their antiparticles and associated neutrinos).

The electron was discovered in 1897, and the

muon in 1937--40 years later. Now that another

40 years has passed, perhaps nature is ready to

yield up a third fundamental lepton.

In contrast with the discoveries at SPEAR of

the first two psi particles, f(3095) and ~(3684),

which gave dramatic and unmistakable evidence of

their existence as soon as the conditions were

correct, understanding the true nature of the

tau particles is a much more difficult business.

The case for the tau's being heavy members of

the lepton family is based largely on circum-

stantial evidence, which at present is very per-

suasive but not yet definitive. But there is

never going to be a "smoking gun" (see below),

and its seems about time to begin giving this

very important discovery some of the Beam Line

attention it deserves.

The following article is reprinted from the

November 1977 issue of Physics Today. It was

written by the Senior Editor of that journal,

Gloria B. Lubkin, after a recent visit to SLAC.

A somewhat more comprehensive article on the tau

discovery, with a bit more of the physics back-

ground information sketched in, is scheduled to

appear in the Scientific American in a couple

of months, probably March.]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Early in 1975 Martin Perl and his collabor-

ators at SLAC observed anomalous production of

an electron-muon pair in electron-positron an-

nihilation. At the time (Physics Today, October

1975, page 17) the group thought they could be

observing a heavy lepton, a heavy meson, or an

elementary boson. By now, the returns from four

additional detectors are in. The detector

groups reported their results at the Internat-

ional Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interact-

ions at High Energies held in Hamburg late in

August. All the groups believe the most likely

explanation for the anomalous events is a charg-

ed heavy lepton, now called the "tau," a point-

like particle with mass 1.8-2.0 GeV. The heavy

lepton would join its lighter siblings--the el-

ectron, muon, electron neutrino and muon neut-

rino. Presumably the T would also have its own

neutrino. The particle is called T because it

appears to be the third charged lepton to be

found, and the Greek word for third starts with

T.

In the original experiment, done at the SLAC

storage ring, SPEAR, by the SLAC-Lawrence Berk-

eley Laboratory magnetic detector group, Martin

Perl had started analyzing the data, following

an old hunch of his (shared with many others),

that a heavier lepton than the muon might exist.

Of the first 10,000 events he scanned, he found

24 where an electron, positive muon and lots

of energy were produced or else a positron,

negative muon and lots of energy were produced,

with no photons and no other charged particles

in the detector. One interpretation was that

the electron and positron had produced a pair

of charged heavy leptons, each of which then de-

cayed into a charged lepton and two neutrinos.

(At the time, the group called the new particle

the U, for unknown.)

The anomalous events could have come from

hadrons [such as pions] being misidentified as

electrons or muons in the detector. After six

months the group showed that only 25-30% could

be coming from such background.

A more-difficult-to-eliminate possibility

was that the events came from production of

charmed mesons, now called D mesons, which at

that time had not yet been found, although they

had been predicted by Sheldon Glashow (Harvard)

and his collaborators. Gary Feldman (SLAC) an-

alyzed the e-p events, which by then numbered

100. If the events were caused by a charmed

meson, one should sometimes observe decays with

an electron, a muon and additional charged

tracks or photons. Although some such events

were indeed found, they could all be explained

as misidentified hadron events. By December,

1975, Feldman and Perl thought they had found

heavy leptons. However, other groups at SPEAR

and at DORIS, the storage ring at DESY in Ham-

burg, were not seeing them.

The following year, a new signature for

heavy-lepton production was observed. This was

an event with two charged particles, one of

which was identified as a muon. A Princeton-

Maryland-Pavia group reported 12 such events.

Then the SLAC-LBL group observed 100 p-X events

in which X could be a hadron or an electron but

not a muon. By then, Perl recalls, his group

was fairly convinced that they were not seeing

charmed mesons.

In the summer of 1976 Hinrich Meyer (Univer-

sity of Wuppertal) reported at the SLAC summer

institute that the Pluto group was seeing elec-

�SLAC Beam Line, January 1978

2

SLAG Beam Line, January 1978 3

tron-muon events. Although the DASP group atDESY saw some indication of the heavy lepton,their statistics were not significant. At thispoint many physicists questioned the heavy lep-ton explanation for the e-p events.

Then Perl and his collaborators joined for-ces with Lena Barbaro-Galtieri (LBL) and hergroup, calling the team the lead-glass-wallgroup. In this experiment they covered 1/8 ofthe magnetic detector with lead glass to improvedetection of electrons.

By the beginning of 1977 the DASP and Plutogroups began to see e-p, e-X and p-X events.Meanwhile, still another group was tooling up atSLAC, installing the Delco detector in the EastPit of SPEAR. (The SLAC-LBL magnetic detectorwas installed in the West Pit.) The Delco groupwas a collaboration among Stanford, University ofCalifornia at Irvine and UCLA. Delco has tentimes the solid angle of the lead-glass wall de-tector and can reject pions down to very low mo-mentum, making it more difficult for a pion tofake an electron. The Delco group was able toanalyze their data in time for the Hamburg meet-ing. At that time Jasper Kirkby (Stanford) saidhis group, too, finds no contradiction with theheavy lepton. The most interesting evidence wasan apparent smooth (pointlike) production of e-Xevents as the beam energy was increased, in con-trast with the violent oscillations they observedin multi-pronged events (which are due to charmedparticles).

"How can you be sure you're seeing a heavylepton and not a meson?" we asked. Kirkby wrylyremarked, "There's no smoking gun." Perl descri-bed five pieces of evidence for a heavy lepton:

(1) If one has a charmed meson, one wouldexpect the number of e-p events to go up byfactors of two or three at 4.1 and 4.4 GeVbecausethe D mesons would be produced at those energies.Such an increase in production cross section isnot seen.

(2) At higher energies, in the range 6-7.8GeV, charmed mesons would be produced with lotsof hadrons. Instead, the purity of the signalstays the same, even at high energy.

(3) When the D meson decays into an electronplus hadrons or a muon plus hadrons, the electronor muon generally has a momentum less than 100MeV/c, whereas in typical electron-muon eventsthe electrons and muons have momenta greater than100 MeV/c.

(4) If the new particle were an ordinarybaryon, the production cross section would belower. Furthermore, once the energy was highenough to produce them, as the energy were in-creased further, additional hadrons would beobserved. They were not observed.

(5) If the T is a heavy lepton, it shouldfollow the predictions of quantum electrodynamics,which says that the production cross sectionshould vary as the inverse square of the total

energy. The observed cross section agreeswith theory within 20-30%.

What next? All the experiments have haddifficulty pinning down the exact mass of theT. Because it decays with at least one un-detectable neutrino, it is tough to tellexactly what the mass is. The i''(3772)resonance is just a trifle more massive thanhalf the mass of the Do (1863 MeV) or Do+(1868 MeV); so the p'', recently reported bythe SLAC-LBL group, decays to D mesons. Whilerunning in that energy region, one can lookfor the T. If it is not seen, the T mass isgreater than 1868 MeV. If it is seen, the Tmass is less than 1868. Both the lead-glasswall and Delco groups have seen some indica-tions of T being formed.

The very convenience of the D meson's massbeing so close to that of the T is also a pro-found disturbance to the experimenters. Per-haps the T is in reality the D. Yet for allthe reasons he outlined, Perl is sure that itis not. Is the similarity in mass just acoincidence or does it mean something? Onlytwo groups have published values for the mass.The SLAC-LBL group gives (1.9 ± 0.1) GeV.Gerhard Knies (DESY) of the Pluto group saidat the Hamburg meeting that the T mass is(1.93 ± 0.05) GeV.

Another problem is that not all the ex-pected decays of the T are observed. So farthe experimenters at DESY and SLAC have seenT going to e + 2 neutrinos, p + 2 neutrinos,p + 2 neutrinos and the A meson plus a neutrino.But if T is a conventional lepton, one wouldexpect to see T- + 7- +v. At the Hamburgmeeting, S. Yamada of the DASP group reported

.10

U)En

10

Un0)

n4

4 5 6 7Energy In Center Of Mass (GeV)

Cross section (picobarns) vs. center-of-massenergy for the electron-muon events producedin electron-positron annihilation at SPEAR.The solid curves show the behavior expectedfor the production of a pair of heavy lep-tons, with the heavy lepton mass being either1.8 or 2.0 GeV, as indicated. The dashedcurve shows the behavior expected for theproduction of a pair of hadrons. Figure fromMartin Perl of SLAC.

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 3

I nr

J

4 SLAC Beam Line, January 1978

electron. Both the SLAC-LBL and Pluto groups

(Heavy Lepton article continued)have established upper limits on the mass of

the tau neutrino, in the same fashion as thethat this decay is not observed with a 3-4 - ordinary neutrno is obtained frommass of the ordinary neutrino is obtained from

standard deviation error. a beta-decay spectrum. From the e-> mode, SLAC-

Assuming that the T is a heavy lepton, very LBL finds that the mass is less than 600 MeV/c2.

likely it has its own neutrino associated with And from e-X events, Pluto sets an upper limit

it. Perl explained that the T cannot have the of 540 MeV/c2 . From their two-body decay events

same lepton number as the muon or the T would into Al and neutrino, Pluto infers an upper

have been observed as neutrino-induced events limit of 300 MeV/c2. If there is a T neutrino,

at bubble chambers, and it was not. However, we would have six leptons. And one can argue,

the T could have the same lepton number as the we should by symmetry have six quarks. Or more._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NEW APPOINTMENTS IN PERSONNEL OFFICE

The SLAC Personnel Department has recently

added several new persons to its staff. Hilda

Korner has been appointed to the newly created

position of Employment Operations Manager.

Wyleacy Morgan has joined Employment Operations

as an Employment Representative. Manuel San-

chez has assumed duties as Classification An-

alyst.

Ms. Korner comes to SLAC from the State

University of New York at Buffalo, where she

held several positions including Supervisor of

Personnel Services, Director of Women's Re-

cruitment, and Coordinator of Human Resources

Development. Her duties at SLAC will involve

her both directly and through staff in all as-

pects of employment: resource development, re-

cruiting and interviewing, requisitions, post-

ing and advertising.i _

Ms. Morgan has most recently held the pos-

ition of Personnel Consultant at Executive

Systems, which is an affirmative action re-

cruitment agency, and she has additional ex-

perience as a recruiter and training coordin-

ator in the Bay Area. Her responsibilities

will be in the mechanical areas, both profess-

ional and technical.

Mr. Sanchez was a Management Analyst for

the County of San Mateo before coming to SLAC.

He has had experience in all phases of person-

nel work and also as an Engineering Associate

for Western Electric. His responsibilities

will primarily involve Classification work,

with additional duties in such areas as compen-

sation and special projects.

Two other new faces in Personnel are Diana

Gregory, who is in charge of the emplyment rec-

ords desk; and Jane Marcus, who is secretary

for Employee Relations and Public Information.

Wyleacy Morgan is now an Employment Represent-

ative in Employment Operations. (Photo by

Joe Faust.)

Hilda Korner holds the newly created position

of Employment Operations Manager. (Photo by

Joe Faust.)

I

SLAC Beam Line, JanuarU 1978 5

20-YEAR SERVICE AWARDS

Although the SLAC construction project wasnot authorized until September 1961, old-

timers at SLAC tend to date the start of theproject back to April 1957, which is the date

when the original Proposal For A Two-Mile Lin-ear Electron Accelerator was first submitted

by Stanford University to the government spon-

soring agencies. At that time the people con-

cerned with "Project M," as it was then call-

ed, were members of the staffs of the W. W.Hansen Laboratories of Physics (Microwave Lab

and High Energy Physics Lab) on the Stanfordcampus. A surprisingly large number of theoriginal Project M'ers have stayed with the

enterprise from 1957 to the present time, andlast month their 20 years of service to M/SLAC

was recognized in a special awards ceremonyheld at the Stanford Faculty Club on the even-

ing of December 21.

The 20-year service awards were presentedto the following persons:

Marion AdamsRobert Boesenberg

Robert BroederEn-Lung Chu

Herbert DeStaeblerTheodore Evans

Blaine HaywardJohn Jasberg

Ted Johnston

Carey JonesWilliam Kirk

Albert Koula

Jean Lebacqz

Paul LeeThomas McKinney

Kenneth MalloryEarl Maninger

Lydia MooreRobert Moulton, Jr.

Robert MozleyRichard Neal

Carl OlsonWolfgang Panofsky

Frederick Pindar

James PopeBurton RichterWillie Roberts

Eugene RoeHarry Soderstrom

Paul Zinder, Jr.

Also in attendance were the wives and hus-

bands of many of the persons being honored, as

well as the following guests: Stanford Presi-dent Richard Lyman and Mrs. Lyman; Stanford Pro-

SLAC Director Wolfgang Panofsky is shown here

talking with Ed Ginzton, who was the original

Director of Project M.

vost William F. Miller and Mrs. Miller; Dr. Ed-ward Ginzton (the first Director of Project M)

and Mrs. Ginzton; and SLAC Personnel DirectorDoug Dupen and Mrs. Dupen. President Lyman and

Dr. Ginzton each spoke briefly, then shared inthe task of presenting the awards. The ceremon-

ies were preceded by cocktails and dinner. Theentire evening was planned and arranged by Al

Ashley and Ruth Thor Nelson of SLAC.

Of the 30 persons listed above who were to

receive awards, 25 were actually able to be

present for the ceremonies. These 25 personsare shown in the photos on this and the follow-

ing two pages that were taken by SLAC photograph-er Dick Muffley as the individual awards were

presented. --Bill Kirk

Bob Broeder receives his 20-yearservice award from President Lyman

(left) and Dr. Ginzton. Pictures

of the other award winners appear

on the next two pages.

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 5

20-YEAR AWARDS

Marion Adams

Blaine Hayward

Bob Boesenberg

John Jasberg

Hobey DeStaebler

Ted Johnston

Ken MalloryJean Lebacqz Paul Lee

Ted Evans

Bill Kirk

I - - -SLAC Beam Line, January 19786

Al Koula

SLAC Beam Line, Jan uaru 1978 7

20-YEAR AWARDS

Lydia Moore Bob Moulton

Pief Panofsky Fred Pindar Jim Pope

Willie Roberts Harry Soderstrom

Bob MozIey Dick Neal

Carl Olson

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 7

Paul ZinderBurt Richter

SLAC Beam Line, January 19788

(Photos by Joe Faust) Ron Koontz, Santa and Chief Elf on center stage.

Part of the Christmas

Party crowd eagerly

awaits the results of

the raffle.

The madrigal singers

from Palo Alto High

in action.

SLAC CHRISTMAS PARTY

On December 21, about 500 SLAC employees

and members of their families found their way

to the Cafeteria at noontime to participate in

the annual Christmas festivities. A special

luncheon was served, and drinks and dessert

were provided at the party. During its course,

the partiers managed to put away 132 liters of

punch and 2112 cookies, with the latter being

supplied in 4-dozen lots from the homes of 44

SLAC employees. They were delicious!

Live entertainment was supplied by a group

of madrigal singers from Palo Alto High School

After a greeting from Dr. Panofsky, Santa

Claus masterminded a raffle in which 10 tur-

keys and 8 beam trees were given out as prizes.

The prize for best Christmas tree ornament

went to Bob Morgan for the star he made, which

was suspended above the tree. All in all, it

was a merry afternoon.Kathy Slavin--Kathy Slavin

-_ _-

_ I _

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 9_

PEP NOTESThe Slot Machine

The job of the PEP vacuum people is to pro-

duce nothing at all--or as close to nothing as

possible in the mile-long pipe through which

PEP's beams must circulate for hours without any

of those close encounters of the dirt kind.

Even with the strenuous cleaning preparation

that we described a while back, the PEP vacuum

chambers continue to outgas, and steady, strong

pumping is necessary to maintain the required

low pressure. In addition to conventional vac-

uum pumps located periodically around the ring,

there is a built-in system of pumps within the

vacuum chamber itself.

These sputter-ion pumps were originally de-

veloped for SPEAR, and are now used universally

in storage rings. They consist of an array of

small metal cylinders along the inside of the

vacuum chamber, with a high voltage applied be-

tween the cylinders and adjacant plates to pro-

duce a small current of ions. What makes this

small current effective is the fact that the mag-

netic field of the bending magnet used to guide

the beams causes these low-energy ions to spiral

around many times, thus greatly extending the

path they follow in going from plate to anode.

And during this long trip the ions sweep up much

of the molecular debris in the area, finally de-

positing the whole package on the inner walls of

the cylindrical anodes and thus making the world

a cleaner place.

A cross-sectional view of the extruded-alum-

inum vacuum chamber for PEP is shown in the

photograph on this page. This structure has

been dubbed the "three-holer" by the rurally in-

clined. The large central passage is for the

beams, while the smallest passage will carry

high-pressure cooling water to take away the in-

tense heat generated when synchrotron radiation

from the beams strikes the adjacent (outer)

chamber wall. The remaining passage is designed

to contain the distributed vacuum-pumping sys-

tem just described.

Clearly the cooling water must circulate in

its own isolated channel, but what good does it

do to have a solid wall between the pumps and

the central beam passage? None at all, of

course, and there must be many openings between

these two passages in the final system. Then

why have the beam and pump passages separated at

all? The answer to that is "money." The pump-

ing scheme we've been talking about is only used

within the PEP bending magnets, and the three-

hole construction of these vacuum-chamber sec-

tions makes it easier to connect them to the sim-

pler chamber sections (without pumping passages)

that are used in other parts of the ring. These

simpler chambers have a smaller cross-sectional

area, which permits the use of smaller quadru-

pole magnets, which use less electrical power,

and we all know what that means.

The holes between the beam and pumping

passages have to be made in staggered series

of 3 each, reminiscent of an old Buick hood,

at intervals all along the 50-foot lengths of

the individual extruded-aluminum chamber sec-

tions, and it's no mean feat to punch such

holes while working from the inside of a two-

inch pipe. The trick that is used was devel-

oped at Cornell University; the resulting "slot

machine," made by a company in Ithaca, New York,

is shown in the photograph.

An hydraulically operated punching head is

cranked through the chamber, stopping at inter-

vals to knock out the required holes against a

die. After this job is done, the chambers then

get bent to the proper curvature, cleaned, out-

fitted and eventually installed in a production-

line fashion. --Bill Ash

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 9

10SA ea ie anay17

SLAC WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION

MACHINIST APPRENTICESHIPS

(Cartoons by Shirley Livengood)

With a view to encouraging women at SLAC to

consider applying for the soon-to-be-posted mach-

inist apprenticeships, the Women's Association

held a "Let's find out about being a machinist"

meeting on November 7. The meeting was divided

into two parts. First, Herman Zaiss, head of

SLAC's Mechanical Fabrication Department, spoke

to us about the prerequisites for entering the

apprenticeship programme and the structure of

it. Then, Ray Pickup took us on a fascinating

tour of the Central Lab machine shop, which he

supervises.

The idea of an apprenticeship is to train a

Person in a trade starting from scratch, and

reaching a high level of proficiency after sev-

eral years. The emphasis in a machinist's

training is on learning how to use drill press-

es, lathes and milling machines by working in a

regular machine shop under the guidance of ex-

perienced machinists. Hence the prerequisites

are relatively simple, namely a proficiency in

high school algebra and geometry, and mechanical

aptitude.

The latter prerequisite has been a stumbling

block against the movement of women into tech-

nical jobs, because the extent of one's aptitude

was often measured against too narrow a set of

criteria. For example, many people thought (and

maybe still do) that mechanical aptitude was

only indicated by familiarity with the innards

of an automobile engine. But what is really

needed is the ability to see how several parts

fit together to form a whole, and that is equal-

ly well measured by competence in following a

dress pattern.

A beginning apprentice machinist gets paid

more money than a Secretary II can ever earn.

Zaiss explained that the in-shop training

is backed up by mandatory attendance (during

working hours) of College of San Mateo courses

in drafting, machine shop practice and blue-

print reading; these are necessary skills for

a machinist, but are not prerequisites for en-

tering the SLAC apprentice programme. The sal-

ary for a beginning apprentice is extremely

attractive compared to clerical salaries--almost

$1000/month. There are also 5% increments every

six months, leading eventually to a salary of

$1403/month at the end of the several-year pro-

gramme.

Ray Pickup showed us some of the complex

machine tools that can punch, drill, scrape,

slice, file, chisel, grind and polish various

types of material under the guiding hand of the

machinist. Using these machines, the people in

Ray's shop turn slabs of aluminum, steel, cop-

per, tungsten and plastic into intricate devices

such as vacuum vessels, target holders, and com-

ponents for the PEP storage ring. Ray shared

with us his ideas on what makes a good machin-

ist: manual dexterity, patience, a delicate

touch, and the ability to look at a drawing and

visualize how the finished product will look.

These talents are enjoyed by anyone who has a

flair for making models or home carpentry. For

example, Ray recognizes them in his 12-year-old

At the end of a four-year apprenticeship pro-

gramme, a machinist earns more money than a

SLAC Ph.D. physicist who has 8 years of Uni-

versity education.

I REALLf WANTED TO BE A MACHIN ISTUT THERE WERE NO APPREITI CE5HIP5 FORtWMEb

GET ON TOP OF THE SITUATIOIN CHANGE

YOUR THINKING! CHANGE YOUR JOB I I t

_ __ C_ _�

- ------

SLAC Beam Line, January 197810

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 11

daughter, who can see how to assemble toy con-struction kits without pondering over the in-

structions.

Powerful muscles are not needed to be amachinist, so any woman with the talents men-

tioned above who is willing to learn a new tradewould be a good candidate for the machinist ap-

prenticeships which will be posted in early1978. We hear that several women at SLAC have

already contacted the Personnel Department formore information on these apprenticeships, and

we wish them the very best.

We thank Herm Zaiss and Ray Pickup for tak-ing the time to tell us about being a machinist.

--Cherrill Spencer

SELF-DEFENSE FOR WOMEN

On November 14, the Women's Associationpresented a talk by Sergeant Debbie Marinaro

of the Stanford Department of Public Safetyconcerning self-defense for women, safety pre-

cautions, and the services that are availableto women who have been assaulted.

Sergeant Marinaro began by discussing rape

in general. It can happen anywhere, often inthe victim's home, at any time during the day

or night; most disturbingly, it can happen toany woman, young or old. The rape victim may

be chosen entirely at random, she may be an

aquantance or a formerly intimate friend who

has withdrawn from the relationship, or therape can be a premeditated act of revenge and

humiliation.

The best prevention is being mentally alert

and aware of what is going on around you. Ifsomeone seems to be following you, don't look

back; instead, walk to the nearest place wherethere are likely to be other people around. If

another car is tailing you, don't drive to yourhome but go to a gas station, fire station or

police station. If you see a suspicious sit-uation, even if you cannot stop and give help,

try to notify the police as soon as possible,giving such information as a description of the

people involved, and the license number, colorand make of the car or cars.

About 50% of rapes occur in the victim's home.

If you find yourself in a threatening situ-

ation, don't panic. Talk to the aggressor;tell him that you have VD, or that you are preg-

nant. A plastic lemon filled with ammonia to

squirt in the face, or a hatpin or umbrella are

things that can be used to scare off an attack-er, but remember that they can also be used

against you. Sergeant Marinaro demonstrated a

small hand-held alarm that lets out a piercing

shriek. You could try kicking his shins, bit-

ing, hitting the nose or groin, or poking the

eyes to throw the attacker off balance enoughto let you escape. But you must try to judge

his mental state--that kind of resistance mightjust infuriate him to further violence. If you

are being threatened with a weapon, there isnot much you can do except submit in order to

avoid being killed or seriously maimed.

Sergeant Marinaro gave a detailed descrip-tion of what you should do, and what the police

will do, if you should be the victim of a rape.Many rapes are not reported to the police at

all because the woman feels ashamed and degrad-ed. The sergeant made it clear that reporting

the incident to the police does not necessarilylead to full court proceedings. The victim

herself has the final decision on whether tofile a complaint or not.

It is important to notify the police assoon as possible and not to change clothes or

clean up or disturb things where the assaulthappened. The police will take you to a hospit-

al, and you can ask for a female officer to es-cort you. At the hospital, the clothes you are

wearing are turned over to the police, and adoctor will give you a standard medical exam

that includes smears for blood, sperm and sal-iva. A chart will be filled out noting any

bruises or other injuries. You will be given

a VD test, a contraceptive pill, an anti-VD

shot, and usually a sedative. The police willcall your husband or a friend to bring some

clothes and take you home. The police will tryto get a complete report on how and when the

assault happened. The exact details neededmake it unpleasant for the victim, but a detail-

ed report will help the police in identifyingand tracking down the rapist and in connecting

your attacker with other possible incidents ofrape.

You can ask for a female police officer to be

present during the investigation of a rape.

If the rapist has been identified and you

decide to file a complaint, the District Attor-ney will prosecute the case at no cost to you.

You would have to give evidence in court toprove that there was coercion. Also, the pres-

ence of a weapon and the doctor's report aboutinjuries sustained will be important evidence.

When pressed to demonstrate specific tac-

tics in dealing with an aggressor, Sergeant

Marinaro declined to do so, saying that thereare no easy tricks that will always work.

Physical self-defense has to be learned in an

extended course, and for this reason a demon-

stration would be of no use and in fact mightgive a false sense of security. If there is

enough interest in such a course, the Women's

Association might be able to arrange a series

of lunch-time lessons in self-defense.

--Arsella Raman

SLAC Beam Line, January 1978 11

12 SLAC Beam Line, January 1978

SEMINAR ON SEXISM

What is sexism, and what actions can be

construed as sexist? Is intent the determin-

ing factor, or is it the effect of one's act-

ions that is important? These and other re-

lated questions were dealt with on December 7

in a special seminar that was presented to the

members of Norm Dean's Storage Ring Vacuum

Group. The half-day seminar was intended to

familiarize the group members with some of the

problems that women encounter in non-tradition-

al jobs--as indicated by its title: Women in

Non-Traditional Jobs--Developing an Awareness.

The first of three speakers at the seminar

was Drucilla Ramey, who is a lawyer with the

firm of Lombardi & Lombardi in San Francisco.

She presented a review of sexism through the

use of a number of historical and legal exam-

ples. Her presentation made it easier to under-

stand why, even today, sexist attitudes contin-

ue to prevail over more rational judgements.

Second on the program was Christie Neibel,

who is a Job Developer with the firm of Women

in Apprenticeship Programs, Inc. Christie's

presentation dealt with some of the problems

that women typically encounter when entering a

predominantly male environment. She cited a num-

ber of actual cases in which certain actions,

or lack of action, contributed to an undesirable

work environment with sexist overtones.

The third speaker was Mary Samis, a Consult-

ant with the Fair Employment Practices Commis-

sion (FEPC). Her talk was intended to familiar-

ize the audience with the role and responsibil-

ities of the FEPC; with what constitutes sex dis-

crimination and what sorts of actions tend to

lend support to such a charge; and with the in-

vestigative process followed by the FEPC in

handling a sex-discrimination case.

The program allowed time for the audience

to ask questions and to participate in the dis-

cussions with each of the speakers. The pro-;

-r-,=Tn an-a 4-,-n h- r .wrlw TTl1 V r 'Ci v-d T h7v the nar-gL L L L s e l l e L A J D o v er W1 rCBV yWsYgLC~L1 rc-UR SeelltU L i v<-j- wt-- i--i I- ;-IjN-- jV*L. -

ticipants, and the concensus was that it had

been a very productive and worthwhile session.

--SueVon Gee, Associate

Affirmative Action Officer

WON WOK!

When you hear someone yell "WON WOK!" in

front of the Cafeteria during lunch hour, you

can be pretty sure that the person is not real-

ly trying to order an oriental lunch but is in-

stead giving an order for group one to walk in-

stead of run. The group is one of two groups

(evening and noon) that is participating in the

Heart Disease Risk Reduction Program (HDRRP).

The groups meet three times a week for 45 min-

utes of supervised exercise and jogging. The

groups meet in front of the A&E Bldg. on the

following schedules:

Noon - Monday, Wednesday, Thursday

5 PM - Monday, Wednesday, Thursday

Everyone at SLAC is welcome to join either

of these groups. However, there is one prereq-

uisite: you must first have a medical examin-

ation. Dr. Beal in the SLAC Medical Department

will be glad to give you this exam, but please

phone in advance (x2281) to make an appointment

There is also a minimal fee for each quarter.

--Gloria Hogenauer

Leo Szilard stayed several years with the

phage group between two periods of intense pol-

itical activity. Before revealing his interest

in the phage, Szilard had visited Luria's lab-

oratory at the University of Indiana.

"Doctor Szilard, I don't know how much to

explain," said Luria, embarrassed by the pres-

ence of the great nuclear physicist. "I don't

know what to assume . ."

"You may assume," Szilard replied promptly,

"infinite ignorance and unlimited intelligence."

[From A Random Walk In Science, an anthology

compiled by R. L. Weber.]

SLAC Beam Line Joe Faust, Bin 26, x2429 Photography

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Stanford University Crystal Washington, Bin 68, x2502 Production

Stanford, CA 94305 Dorothy Ellison, Bin 20, x2723 Articles

Published monthly on about the 15th day of Herb Weidner, Bin 20, x2521 Associate Editor

the month. Permission to reprint articles

is given with credit to the SLAC Beam Line. Bill Kirk, Bin 80, x2605 Editor

l0-5 7-2 13-60 23-20 34-4 52-8 61-22 67-10 73-12 81-60 87-12 94-18

Beam Line 1-21 8-5 14-2 24-19 40-123 53-44 62-42 68-11 74-9 82-12 88-22 95-42

Distribution 2-8 9-3 15-5 25-3 45-7 55-38 63-16 69-41 75-4 83-6 89-12 96-18

at SLAC 3-7 10-4 20-65 26-25 48-7 56-8 64-13 70-1 78-32 84-8 90-4 97-96

4-16 11-19 21-4 30-50 50-22 57-16 65-22 71-35 79-82 85-25 91-3 98-24

Tota: 5 6-19 12-112 22-17 33-25 51-55 60-22 66-20 71-3 80-8 86-7 92-3

II_ _

r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

12 SLAC Beam Line, January 1978