21
Numerical simulation of oscillatory flow and heat transfer in pulsating heat pipes with multi-turns using OpenFOAM Jongwook Choi a and Yuwen Zhang b a School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; b Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA ABSTRACT The oscillatory flow and the heat transfer in two-dimensional pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) with multi-turns were simulated using OpenFOAM. The volume of fluid method was used for the phase change, and the behavior of the working fluid was achieved by considering the mass transfer bal- ance between the evaporation and the condensation. Ethanol was used as the working fluid, and the liquid phase and the vapor phase were assumed to be incompressible. The result revealed that the temperature variation curves did not converge to one pattern according to the number of grids in the symmetric shape of the PHP because the starting time of the work- ing fluid circulation was different. In the PHP with the asymmetric shape, the circulation started earlier than in the PHP with symmetric shape. When the bond number was 0, which means being in zero gravity, the working fluid dried out in the evaporator section of the PHPs with 5 and 10 turns. However, the working fluid still remained in the PHPs with 15 and 20 turns. The numerical analysis performed in this article is expected to help to simulate the flow phenomenon in PHP. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 23 September 2019 Accepted 9 January 2020 1. Introduction Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a device capable of continuously performing heat exchange without the external driving force by utilizing the sensible heat caused by the temperature difference and the latent heat by the phase change. The device can be applied to various fields ranging from a small electronic substrate to a solar water heating system, and it can also be used to improve the efficiency of the existing heat exchanger. The previous studies on the PHP have focused mainly to improve the thermal performance, which can be directly affected by working fluid, input power, inclination angle, filling ratio, the number of turns, internal diameter, evaporator and condenser lengths, and so on. The experimen- tal studies [18] on working fluid have been carried out to compare the thermal performances of the PHPs with water, ethanol, and methanol as a working fluid. As the results of these studies, the thermal performance of PHPs with water, naturally retaining large values of specific heat and latent heat, was generally better than PHPs with ethanol and methanol. In other experimental conditions, however, ethanol and methanol had a better thermal performance than water [9, 10]. Furthermore, some studies have pursued the experiments using nanofluid [1115], ferrofluid [14, 16, 17], self-rewetting fluid [18, 19], and surfactant fluid [20]. Such working fluids showed even higher thermal performance than water due to their own characteristics. CONTACT Yuwen Zhang [email protected] Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/unht. ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC NUMERICAL HEAT TRANSFER, PART A: APPLICATIONS 2020, VOL. 77, NO. 8, 761781 https://doi.org/10.1080/10407782.2020.1717202

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Page 1: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES

Page 2: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Who is SkyDrones ?Since 2008, SkyDrones has developed solutions for obtaining

automated data and information using aerial Drone technology.

We Operate in the Inspection, Mapping, Search and Rescue, Security and Agriculture markets.

In addition to having an experienced and qualified technical team from the aerospace industry, we distribute major brands in Brazil and have technological partnerships in several countries, such as the United States, Germany and China.

Page 3: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

We have already been invited to speak at important companies about our development work using the DJI platform and its SDK:

SAP GOOGLEApril/2018 May/2018

Page 4: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

SkyDrones Customer Development Cases

SkyDrones App Strix-Ag SARtubeStrix-T1020

AgricultureSkyPatrol A.I. NavigationSmartUAV

Page 5: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project App SkyDronesCustomer: DJI Mapping Users

● Customer Objective: Carry out automatic flight plans for mappings using

DJI products. It is a practical app in Portuguese, English and German.

● Abstract: Create a free mobile app to meet the market

mapping demand for iOS and Android.

● Status:Active.

2016/1

Page 6: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project App SkyDronesSolution: Free mobile app for mapping

Page 7: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project App SkyDronesSolution: Free mobile app for mapping

• Implementation:• Using the Waypoints Missions Mobile SDK for

mapping automated areas;• Telemetry;• Video Streaming; • Missions:

• Simple Grid; • 3D Plane; • Circular; • Domain range.

● Languages:● Swift;● Java.

● Frameworks, SDKs:• DJI SDK Mobile;• DJI SDK UX.

● App Platforms:• iOS;• Android.

Page 8: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Bayer - Strix-AGCustomer: Bayer Crop Science

● Customer Objective: Identify and classify weeds automatically in soybean

crops through the use of Drones.

● Abstract: Develop a solution for high resolution image

acquisition with programmable height relative to the plant surface, through pre-programmed automatic flight and LIDAR sensor for active height control.

● Status:Active (more than 8000 flights by August 2018).

2016/2

Page 9: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Bayer - Strix-AGSolution: Strix-AG

• Onboard electronics with microcomputer and onboard SDK DJI.

• Used platform: DJI Matrice 100 with SkyDrones developed vacuum forming fuselage protection.

• App WeedScout Air:

• LIDAR altimeter for height correction:

Page 10: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Bayer - Strix-AGSolution: Strix-AG

• Implementation:• ROS and SDK Onboard for height control with

LeddarOne sensor when taking automatic photos;• SDK Mobile for Waypoint missions imported via

KML; • Video streaming;• Telemetry.

● Languages:● Python;● C++, C;● Swift;● SQL, PHP.

● Frameworks, SDKs:• DJI SDK Onboard;• DJI SDK Mobile;• ROS (Robotic Operating System).

● App Platform:• iOS.

Control Mother Board Interface - Strix-AG

Page 11: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Strix-T1020Customer: Flir

● Customer Objective: Embark the Flir T1020 thermographic camera into a

Drone and remotely control its functions through the Flight App.

● Abstract: Integrate the Flir T1020 camera to a drone and

develop the hardware and software interface for its remote control.

● Status:Active.

2017/1

Page 12: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Strix-T1020Solution: Strix-T1020

• SkyDrones drone/camera integration App

• Used platform: Matrice 600 and Ronin MX

• Onboard electronics with microcomputer and onboard SDK DJI.

Page 13: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Strix-T1020Solution: Strix-T1020

• Implementation:● ROS and Onboard SDK for camera control via

sockets like Color palette, take radiometric pictures, video settings;

● SDK Mobile to send App data to Onboard;● Video streaming;● Telemetry.

● Languages:● Python;● Swift.

● Frameworks, SDKs:• DJI SDK Onboard;• DJI SDK Mobile;• ROS (Robotic Operating System);• A2.

● App Platform:• iOS.

Page 14: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SARtubeClient: First Responders

● Customer Objective: Conduct remote searches and rescue using inflatable

buoys attached to a Drone.

● Abstract: Develop a low-cost solution with hardware and

software to launch self-inflating buoys to help search and rescue operation for people at risk of drowning.

● Status:Active.

2017/2

Page 15: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SARtubeSolution: SARtube

• Float device dropping system (hardware and software)

• Used platform: DJI Phantom 4 and Inspire 1/2 • App SARtube

• RESTUBE automatic inflation buoy

Page 16: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SARtubeSolution: SARtube

• Implementation:• Using the SDK Mobile to control servos to

release the buoy;• Telemetry;• Video Streaming.

● Languages:● Swift;● Kotlin;● C.

● Frameworks, SDKs:● DJI SDK Mobile;● DJI SDK UX;● Firebase.

● App Platforms:• iOS;• Android.

Page 17: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SkyPatrolCustomer: Security Companies

● Customer Objective: Perform pre programmed perimeter rounds using

Drones.

● Abstract: Develop a solution for the planning of rounds and

automatic actions in establishments and properties.

• Status:Under development.

2018/1

Page 18: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SkyPatrolSolution: SkyPatrol

• APP SkyPatrol

• Used Platform: All DJI product line

Page 19: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SkyPatrolSolution: SkyPatrol

• Implementation: • Mobile SDK for perimeter flight and action

programming (Waypoint Missions);• Telemetry;• Video Streaming.

• Languages:• Swift;

• Frameworks, SDKs:• DJI SDK Mobile;• DJI SDK UX;• Firebase.

● App Plataform:• iOS.

Page 20: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SmartUAVCustomer: SmartX Technology

● Customer Objective: Automatically collect data from Beacons and RFID

Tags.

● Abstract: Develop a system that automatically captures and

processes information from Beacons and RFID tags following outdoor and indoor flight plans (indoor under development).

● Status:Active / under Development.

2018/2

Page 21: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project SmartUAVSolution: Integration between DJI drones, tags and beacons

• Implementation: • SDK Mobile for flight planning (Waypoints

Missions) to detect RFID Tags and Beacons in real-time;

• Receiving data from beacons via Bluetooth on Nodejs by Raspberry PI and sending to the App via the Onboard SDK with ROS;

• A triangulation is performed to find the shortest detected distance.

• Languages:• Swift;• Nodejs;• Python.

● Frameworks, SDKs:● DJI SDK Mobile;● DJI SDK UX;● DJI SDK Onboard;● ROS;● Bluetooth Connector.

● App Platform:• iOS.

Page 22: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project AI Assisted NavigationCustomer: Inspection Companies

● Customer Objective: Perform automatic inspection of transmission lines

using drones with Artificial Intelligence.

● Abstract: Develop a solution for the inspection of transmission

lines, using artificial intelligence and computer vision algorithms to automatically follow and inspect power transmission lines.

● Status:Under development.

2016/1

Page 23: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Solution: Image assisted navigation using Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence in action (automatically detecting transmission lines):

• Used platform: DJI Matrice 100 + Manifold

• Implementation:• Filtering images captured by the camera in real time: OpenCV.• Controlling Drone's attitude: DJI Onboard SDK.

• Languages:• Python;• C++.

● App Platform:• iOS.

Project AI Assisted Navigation

Page 24: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Pest ControlCustomer: Family Agriculture

● Customer Objective: Perform dispersal of chemical compounds for control of

pests and weeds with small Drones.

● Abstract: Develop a docking and dispensing device in a drone for

the remote dispersion of chemical compounds. Development of hardware, software and mission app.

● Status:Under development.

2017/1

Page 25: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project Pest ControlSolution: Remote spraying device

• Spray container docking and drive device.

• Used platform: DJI Matrice 100.

Page 26: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project - Strix-BIOCustomer: SkyAgri

● Customer Objective: Disperse solid Biological defensives automatically

through the use of Drones.

● Abstract: Develop a solution for high precision controlled

dispersion of Biological agro defensives with programmable height relative to the plant surface, through pre-programmed automatic flight and LIDAR sensor for active height control.

● Status:Active.

2018/2

Page 27: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project - Strix-BIOSolution: Strix-BIO

• Onboard electronics with microcomputer and onboard SDK DJI to interface Bio dispenser.

• Used platform: DJI Matrice 100 with SkyDrones developed vacuum forming fuselage protection.

• App SDBio Air:

• LIDAR altimeter for height correction:

Page 28: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Project - Strix-BIOSolution: Strix-BIO

• Implementation:• ROS and SDK Onboard for height control with

LeddarOne sensor when taking automatic photos;• SDK Mobile for Waypoint missions imported via

KML; • Video streaming;• Telemetry.

● Languages:● Python;● C++, C;● Swift;● SQL, PHP.

● Frameworks, SDKs:• DJI SDK Onboard;• DJI SDK Mobile;• ROS (Robotic Operating System).

● App Platform:• iOS.

Biological dispenser - Strix-BIO

Page 29: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

External Attachments:

Presentation SDK DJI (portuguese)

Power lines - A.I. Assisted NavigationStrix-T1020

SkyDrones App

SARtube

Click on the images to see the videos

Weedscout - Strix-AG

Page 30: SkyDrones SDK DJI CASES€¦ · development work using the DJI platform and its SDK: SAP April/2018 GOOGLE May/2018. SkyDrones Customer Development Cases ... • Used platform: DJI

Porto Alegre | RS | BRAZIL

+55 (51) 3328 6091

+55 (51) 98111 0550

+55 (51) 99595 0550

[email protected]

skydrones.com.br/en/