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Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
- The skeleton is a The skeleton is a framework of structures, framework of structures, made of bones and cartilage made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the that support and protect the body.body.
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
- includes the skull, includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and vertebrae, ribs, and
sternum.sternum.
Skull
Cervical
Axis Thoracic
Lumbar
Atlas
Coccygeal
Sacral
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
Ribs
SkullSkull
- many plates of bone many plates of bone fused together.fused together.
SkullSkull
The soft spot on top of the The soft spot on top of the skull is called a skull is called a fontanelfontanel.
VertebraeVertebraeHave five distinct regions:Have five distinct regions:
1.1. CervicalCervical
2.2. ThoracicThoracic
3.3. LumbarLumbar
4.4. SacralSacral
5.5. CoccygealCoccygeal
CervicalCervical• vertebrae of the neck regionvertebrae of the neck region
CervicalCervicalAtlasAtlas
the first cervical vertebra the first cervical vertebra
called “C1”called “C1”
CervicalCervicalAtlasAtlas
CervicalCervicalAtlasAtlas
Forms the joint that lets you nodForms the joint that lets you nod
““yes”yes”
CervicalCervical
AxisAxis
the second cervical vertebra the second cervical vertebra
called “C2”called “C2”
CervicalCervical
AxisAxis
CervicalCervical
AxisAxis
Forms the joint that lets you nod Forms the joint that lets you nod “no”“no”
CervicalCervical• How many does a cow have?How many does a cow have?
• What about a horse?What about a horse?
• How about a dog?How about a dog?
• And a cat?And a cat?
• Any guesses on a giraffe?Any guesses on a giraffe?
CervicalCervical
There are There are sevenseven cervical vertebrae cervical vertebrae in all mammals in all mammals
Even the giraffe!Even the giraffe!
CervicalCervical
1 23
45
67
ThoracicThoracic
- vertebrae of the body region- vertebrae of the body region
ThoracicThoracic- always have a rib attached and - always have a rib attached and
a spine on top.a spine on top.
ThoracicThoracic
““True ribs”: True ribs”:
directly attach to sternum with directly attach to sternum with cartilagecartilage
ThoracicThoracic
““True ribs”: True ribs”:
ThoracicThoracic
““False ribs”:False ribs”:
connect to each other with connect to each other with cartilage, not the sternumcartilage, not the sternum
ThoracicThoracic
““False ribs”:False ribs”:
ThoracicThoracic
““Floating ribs”:Floating ribs”:
seen in the dog seen in the dog
have cartilage on the tips but do not have cartilage on the tips but do not attach to anything.attach to anything.
ThoracicThoracic
““Floating ribs”:Floating ribs”:
LumbarLumbar
vertebrae of the lower backvertebrae of the lower back
LumbarLumbar
Carnivores generally tend to have more
perhaps to lend greater flexibility
LumbarLumbar
Herbivores need to have a short, strong back to support large digestive and reproductive
organs
SacralSacral
vertebrae of the pelvic regionvertebrae of the pelvic region
SacralSacral
Fused together on the ventral side.
SacralSacral
Herbivores generally tend to have more to add strength and support
to the back.
Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility.
CoccygealCoccygeal
vertebrae of the tail regionvertebrae of the tail region
CoccygealCoccygeal
Used for balance.
Become smaller at the
end of the tail
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
the fore and hind limbsthe fore and hind limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
Scapula
UlnaRadiusCarpals
Humerus
MetacarpalsPhalanges
Olecranon
Forelimb
Sesamoids
Pelvis
TarsalsTibia
Metatarsals
FibulaFemur
SesamoidsPhalanges
Appendicular SkeletonHind limb
Patella
ForelimbForelimbScapulaScapula
““shoulder blade” attached with muscleshoulder blade” attached with muscle
Clavicle Clavicle ForelimbForelimb
the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle!
HumerusHumerus
forms the upper arm
ForelimbForelimb
Ulna Ulna forms the elbow joint
ForelimbForelimb
Ulna Ulna
fused with the radius in herbivores
ForelimbForelimb
RadiusRadiusforms the forearm
ForelimbForelimb
CarpusCarpuscommonly called the “knee” in horsescommonly called the “knee” in horses
ForelimbForelimb
CarpusCarpus
the “wrist” in dogs and humans
ForelimbForelimb
MetacarpalsMetacarpalscommonly called the cannon region of the
forelimb
ForelimbForelimb
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Humans:Humans:
55
Number depends on species:Number depends on species:
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Number depends on species:Number depends on species:
Horses:Horses:
1 plus 2 accessory metacarpals 1 plus 2 accessory metacarpals
called “splint bones”called “splint bones”
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Splint Bones(II or IV Metacarpals)
Cannon Bone(III Metacarpals)
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Dogs and cats: Dogs and cats:
4 plus the dewclaw4 plus the dewclaw
Number depends on species:Number depends on species:
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Cattle: Cattle:
1 that splits at bottom into a cloven hoof 1 that splits at bottom into a cloven hoof and 2 dewclawsand 2 dewclaws
Number depends on species:Number depends on species:
MetacarpalsMetacarpals
Pigs: Pigs:
4 4
(2 toes and 2 dewclaws)(2 toes and 2 dewclaws)
Number depends on species:
PhalanxPhalanxProximal phalanx (P1) Proximal phalanx (P1)
(bones of the finger, hoof, and claw)(bones of the finger, hoof, and claw)
Intermediate phalanx (P2)Intermediate phalanx (P2)
Distal phalanx (P3)Distal phalanx (P3)(the coffin bone in horses)(the coffin bone in horses)
PhalanxPhalanx
P1P2
P3
PhalanxPhalanx
P1
P2P3
SesamoidsSesamoidsProximal sesamoidsProximal sesamoids
(tucked in behind P1)(tucked in behind P1)
Distal sesamoidDistal sesamoid(tucked in underneath P3)(tucked in underneath P3)
called the navicular bone in horsescalled the navicular bone in horses
SesamoidsSesamoids
Proximal
Distal
SesamoidsSesamoids
Navicular Bone
Hind LimbHind Limb
PelvisPelvis
Hind LimbHind LimbPelvisPelvis
Tuber coxaeTuber coxae
part of pelvis that forms the part of pelvis that forms the
““point of hip”point of hip”
Hind LimbHind LimbPelvisPelvis
Ischiatic tuberosityIschiatic tuberosity
part of pelvis that forms the part of pelvis that forms the
““seat bones”seat bones”
PelvisPelvisTuber coxaeTuber coxae
Ischiatic tuberosityIschiatic tuberosity
FemurFemur
Hind LimbHind Limb
PatellaPatella
Hind LimbHind Limb
PatellaPatella
-- forms the “stifle” joint in horsesforms the “stifle” joint in horses
- sometimes called the “knee” in dogs sometimes called the “knee” in dogs
- equivalent to the human kneeequivalent to the human knee
Hind LimbHind Limb
Patella
Patella
TibiaTibia
main bone of the gaskin of the horsemain bone of the gaskin of the horse
Hind LimbHind Limb
FibulaFibula
fused with the tibia & considered fused with the tibia & considered vestigial in herbivoresvestigial in herbivores
Hind LimbHind Limb
TarsusTarsus
commonly called the “hock”commonly called the “hock”
Hind LimbHind Limb
TarsusTarsus
equivalent to the human “ankle”equivalent to the human “ankle”
Hind LimbHind Limb
MetatarsalMetatarsal
cannon region in the hind limb.cannon region in the hind limb.
Hind LimbHind Limb
MetatarsalMetatarsal
Number depends on speciesNumber depends on species
Hind LimbHind Limb
Short BoneShort Bone
cube shaped cube shaped
i.e. carpus and tarsusi.e. carpus and tarsus
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Flat BoneFlat Bone
plate of boneplate of bone
i.e. scapula, rib, skulli.e. scapula, rib, skull
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Irregular BoneIrregular Bone
complex shaped
i.e. vertebrae
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
SesamoidSesamoid
small, seed-shaped bonesmall, seed-shaped bone
i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patellapatella
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Long BoneLong Bone
bone is longer that it is widebone is longer that it is wide
i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc.i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyDiaphysisDiaphysis
body of a long bonebody of a long bone
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyEpiphysisEpiphysis
enlarged ends of long bonesenlarged ends of long bones
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyMetaphysisMetaphysis
joining point of diaphysis and joining point of diaphysis and epiphysisepiphysis
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyPeriosteumPeriosteum
thin outer protective layer of bonethin outer protective layer of bone
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyMedullary CavityMedullary Cavity
space within bone filled with space within bone filled with marrowmarrow
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyEndosteumEndosteum
thin inner protective layer lining thin inner protective layer lining the medullary cavitythe medullary cavity
Bone AnatomyBone AnatomyMarrowMarrow
Bone GrowthBone Growth
Occurs in the epiphysis of Occurs in the epiphysis of
long bones.long bones.
Bone GrowthBone Growth
Epiphyseal growth plates produce Epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called into bone via a process called
ossificationossification
FracturesFractures
Major CategoriesMajor Categories
SimpleSimple
bone does not break skinbone does not break skin
FracturesFractures
Major CategoriesMajor Categories
CompoundCompound
bone breaks through skin, much bone breaks through skin, much more seriousmore serious
FracturesFractures
Major CategoriesMajor Categories
CompleteComplete
fracture goes completely across the fracture goes completely across the bonebone
FracturesFractures
Major CategoriesMajor Categories
IncompleteIncomplete
fracture does not go completely fracture does not go completely across boneacross bone
Classifying FracturesClassifying FracturesFissure FractureFissure Fracture
incomplete break, along the long axis of the bone
Classifying FracturesClassifying Fractures
Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fractureincomplete break on one side of a incomplete break on one side of a
bone, usually due to bone, usually due to
a bending forcea bending force
Classifying FracturesClassifying Fractures
Transverse FractureTransverse Fracturebreak across the bonebreak across the bone
Classifying FracturesClassifying Fractures
Comminuted FractureComminuted Fracturebone shatters into many piecesbone shatters into many pieces
Healing FracturesHealing Fractures
Bone cells lay down a material Bone cells lay down a material called called fibrocartilagefibrocartilage, which , which
gradually turns into bone in a gradually turns into bone in a process called process called ossificationossification..