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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition
The Skeletal System
Foundation
• Physical Foundation of the Body
– 206 Bones
• Osteology – science of the anatomy,
structure, and function of bones
– “Os” means Bone
• With the exception of teeth, bone IS the
hardest substance in the body
The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
2
Functions of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats (K, Mg,
Na)
• Blood cell formation (White and Red)
Bones of the Human Body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like pieces of bone
• Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
Classification of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Long bones
• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Classification of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
3
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
4
Bone Growth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of
long bone during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage
Bone Growth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops
• Bones change shape somewhat
• Bones grow in width
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.4
Types of Bone Cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
5
Bone Fractures
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.5
6
The Axial Skeleton
Slide
5.20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax
The Axial Skeleton
Slide
5.20b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
The Skull
Slide
5.21a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Two sets of bones
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Bones of the Cranium
1. Occipital – hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal, forms the back of the skull
2. Parietal – forms top (crown) and sides of skull
3. Frontal – Forms the forehead
4. (2) Temporal- forms the side of the skull in the Ear region
7
The Skull
Slide
5.21b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7
Human Skull, Superior View
Slide 5.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8
Bones of the Face
1. (2) Nasal Bones – form the bridge of the nose
2. Lacrinal Bones – small, thin bones located at
the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)
3. (2) Zygomatic or malar bones – cheekbones
4. (2) maxillae – Bones of the upper jaw
5. Mandible – lower jawbone; LARGEST and
strongest bone of the face
Paranasal Sinuses
Slide
5.25a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
8
Paranasal Sinuses
Slide
5.25b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
Bones of the Skull
Slide 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Inferior View
Slide 5.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9
Bones of the Neck:
The Hyoid Bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The only bone that
does not articulate with another bone
• U-shaped bone
that Serves as a moveable base for
the tongue Figure 5.12
9
The Vertebral Column
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae
separated by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a
normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
location Figure 5.14
Bones of the Neck:
Cervical Vertebrae
• Cervical
Vertebrae – 7
bones of the top
part of the
vertebral column
(neck region)
McGraw Hill Companies
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.16
The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide
5.32a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
10
The Appendicular Skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6c
Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, &
Back - 1
1. Thorax – chest; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other major organs
2. Ribs-12 pairs of bones forming the walls of the thorax
3. Scapula-One of a pair of shoulder blades (a large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder
4. Sternum – Breastbone – flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of ribs
The Bony Thorax
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms a
cage to protect
major organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony Thorax
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Made-up of
three parts
• Sternum
• Ribs
• Thoracic vertebrae
11
Slide 5.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
• Clavicle – collarbone
• Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, & Back - 2 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide
5.35a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The arm is
formed by a single bone
• Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide
5.35b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
12
Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis
Slide
5.38a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
13
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide
5.40a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The thigh has
one bone
• Femur – thigh bone/the heavy long bone above the KNEE
Figure 5.35a, b
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide
5.40b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The leg has two bones
• Tibia – larger of the 2 bones below the KNEE
• Fibula – smaller of the 2 bones below the KNEE
Figure 5.35c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The foot = 26 bones
• Tarsal bones – ankle •Talus, Calcaneous,
navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, and the cuboid
• Metatarsals – sole (5)
• Phalanges – toes (14) = 3 in each toe except for the big toe which only has two
Figure 5.25
Bones of the Ankle
• The ANKLE
• Talus – ankle
• Tibia
• Fibula
14
Patella
-Also called the
Accessory bone
-Forms the knee
cap joint
http://www.ehealthyland.com/health/knee-
disorders/chondromalacia/chondromalacia-what-are-
chondromalacia-patella.html
Joints
Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
• Functionally
• Structurally
Functional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Synarthroses – immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
• Freely moveable
15
Fibrous Joints
Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
• Pubic symphysis
• Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Synovial Joints
Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulating
bones are separated by a
joint cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the
joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses
Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
16
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide
5.52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide
5.52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the United States