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Skeletal System Unit 6.4 (6 th Edi-on) Chapter 7.4 (7 th Edi-on) 1

Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

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Page 1: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Skeletal  System  

Unit  6.4  (6th  Edi-on)  Chapter  7.4  (7th  Edi-on)  

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Page 2: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Learning  Objec4ves  •     Understand  the  five  func-ons  of  bones          (physiology)  •     Classify  the  four  major  types  of  bones  •     Iden-fy  the  major  parts  (anatomy)  of  a  bone  •     Iden-fy  the  components  of  the  axial  and          appendicular  divisions  of  the  skeleton  •     Iden-fy  the  main  bones  of  the  human  skeleton    •     Iden-fy  major  joints  and  describe  their  mo-on  •     Describe  the  main  diseases  of  the  skeletal          system  (pathophysiology)  •     Dis-nguish  between  the  major  bone  fractures  

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Page 3: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Fun  Facts  About  the  Human  Skeleton  •     Adult  humans  have  206  bones  •     You  are  born  with  300  bones  •     Bones  fuse  together  as  you  age  •     As  human  develops  in  mother’s  womb,  majority  of            skeleton  is  car-lage,  not  yet  ossified  bone  •     The  strongest  and  longest  bone  in  the  femur  (thigh)  •     The  smallest  bone  is  the  stapes  bone  in  the  ear  •     Ounce  for  ounce,  bone  is  stronger  than  steel  and            reinforced  concrete  •     However,  in  a  given  year,  doctors  around  the  world            treat  tens  of  millions  of  broken  bones!  •     One  out  of  20  people  have  an  extra  rib   3

Page 4: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Bone  Func4ons  (Physiology)  •     Framework  –   support  the  body’s  muscles,  fat,  and  skin  

•     Protec-on  –   surround  vital  organs  to  protect  them  

•     Levers  –   muscles  aVach  to  bones  to  help            provide  movement  

•     Blood  Cell  Produc-on  –   produce  red  and  white  blood  cells  and  platelets  

•     Storage  –   store  most  of  calcium  supply  of  body  

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Types  of  Bones  

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Page 6: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Bone  Anatomy  

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•     Diaphysis  –   long  shaX  of  bone  –   medullary  cavity  contains  yellow          marrow  (fat  cells)  

•     Epiphysis  –   ends  of  long  bone  –   contains  red  marrow  

•     Red  Marrow  –   produces  red  blood  cells  –   produces  platelets  –   some  white  blood  cells  –   used  to  diagnose  blood  diseases  

•     Periosteum  –   tough  membrane  on  outside  of  bone  –   aids  in  bone  growth,  repair,  nutri-on  

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Two  Divisions  of  the  Skeleton  

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•     Axial  Skeleton  –   main  trunk  of  body  –   skull  –   spinal  column  –   ribs  –   breastbone  

•     Appendicular  Skeleton  –     extremi-es  of  body  –     shoulder  girdle  –     arm  bones  –     pelvic  girdle  –     leg  bones  

Page 8: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Bones  of  the  Skull  

8 Know  the  Yellow  Highlighted  Bones  

Page 9: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Division  of  Spinal  (Vertebral)  Column  

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•     Spinal  Column  –   made  of  26  bones  called                vertebrae  –   bones  protect  spinal  cord  –   provide  support  for  head              and  trunk  

•     Intervertebral  Disks  –   pads  of  car-lage  -ssue  –   separate  the  vertebra  –   act  as  shock  observers  –   permit  bending  &  twis-ng            mo-on  

Page 10: Skeletal System Class Notes - San Dieguito Union High ...teachers.sduhsd.net/jmccluan/HCE/Notes/Skeletal System Class Notes.pdfChapter!7.4!(7thEdion) 1 . ... •!!Iden-fy!the!components!of!the!axial!and!!

Ribs  &  Breastbone  

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•     Ribs  –     12  pairs  called  costae  –     aVached  to  thoracic  vertebrae              on  dorsal  surface  

•     True  Ribs  –     first  7  pairs  of  ribs  –     aVached  directly  to          sternum  on  front  of  body  

•     False  Ribs  –     next  5  pairs  of  ribs  –     first  three  pairs  of  false  ribs            aVach  to  car-lage  of  the  rib  above  –     last  two  pairs  of  false  ribs  are            called  floa-ng  ribs  because  they  do                  not  aVach  to  front  of  body  

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Bones  of  the  Skeleton  

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Joints  

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•     Joints  –     areas  where  2+  bones  join  

•     Ligaments  –     connec-ve  -ssue  bands  –     help  hold  long  bones  at  joints  

•     Tendons  –     tough  connec-ve  -ssue  cords  –     one  way  skeletal  muscles  aVach  to  bone  

•     Four  Main  Types  of  Joints  –     classified  according  to  degree  of  movement  –     arthr/o  =  joint  –     diarthroses-­‐  moveable  (hip,  elbow,  knee)  –     amphiarthroses-­‐  par-ally  moveable  (ribs  to  vertebrae)  –     synarthroses-­‐  immoveable  (cranium)  

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Diathroses  (Moving)  Joints  

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•     Three  Major  Joint  Parts  –     ar-cular  car-lage  –     bursa  (joint  capsule)  –     synovial  (joint  cavity)  

•  Ball  and  Socket  – shoulders,  hips  

•  Hinge  – knees,  elbows  

•  Pivot  –  radius,  ulna  

•  Gliding  – vertebrae  

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Diseases  &  Abnormal  Condi4ons  •     Arthri-s  –   inflamma-on  of  the  joints  

•   Osteoarthri-s    –   most  common  form  of  arthri-s  –   chronic  disease  due  to  aging  –   commonly  affects  knees  and  hips  –   symptoms  are  s-ffness,  pain,  aching,  limited  range  of  mo-on  –   no  cure,  but  treatments  include:    an--­‐inflammatory  medica-ons,  heat/          cold  applica-on,  steroid  injec-ons,  and  rest  

•   Rheumatoid  arthri-s  –     affects  joints  and  connec-ve  -ssues  –     3  -mes  more  common  in  women  than  men  –     occurs  between  35  and  45  years  of  age  –     can  case  scar  -ssue  forma-on  and  atrophy              of  bone  and  muscle  -ssue  –     results  in  deformity  and  immobility  –     rest,  an--­‐inflammatory  medica-ons,  and  surgery   14

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Diseases  &  Abnormali4es  Con4nued  •     Bursi-s  –   inflamma-on  of  bursae  (small,  fluid-­‐filled  sacs  surrounding  joints)  –   common  in  shoulders,  elbows,  hips,  or  knees  

•     Disloca-on  –     when  bone  is  forcibly  displaced  from  a  joint  –     common  in  shoulders,  fingers,  knees,  and  hips  

•       Sprain  –     twis-ng  ac-on  tears  ligaments  at  joint  –     common  in  wrists  and  ankles  

•     Osteomyeli-s  –     bone  inflamma-on  usually  caused  by  pathogenic  organism  –     abscess  is  formed  within  the  bone  and  accumula-on  of  pus  

•     Osteoporosis  –     increased  porosity  or  soXening  of  bones  caused  by  hormone  deficiency            lack  of  calcium,  and  sedentary  lifestyle  

•     Ruptured  (Herniated)  Disk  –     occurs  when  an  intervetrebral  disk  ruptures/protrudes  out  of  place   15

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Abnormal  Curvatures  of  the  Spine  •     Causes  –     poor  posture  –     congenital  (at  birth)  defects  –     structural  defects  of  vertebrae  –     malnutri-on  

•     Kyphosis  –   hunchback  or  rounding  of  spine          at  the  back  of  thoracic  area  

•     Scoliosis  –     side-­‐to-­‐side,  or  lateral,  curvature  

•     Lordosis  –     swayback  –     inward  curvature  of  lumbar  region   16

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Bone  Fractures  •     Defini-on  –     crack  or  break  in  a  bone  

•     Greens-ck  –     bone  bends  &  is  split  causing  a  crack/incomplete  break  common  in  kids  

•     Simple  or  Closed  –     complete  break  of  the  bone  with  no  damage  to  skin  

•     Compound  or  Open  –     bone  breaks  and  ruptures  through  the  skin  with  increased  infec-on  risk  

•     Impacted  –     broken  bone  ends  jam  into  each  other  

•     Comminuted  –     bone  fragments/splinters  into  2+  pieces  

•     Sprial  –     bone  twists  and  results  in  one  or  more  breaks  

•     Depressed  –     broken  piece  of  skull  bone  moves  inward  

•     Colles  –     breaking  and  disloca-on  of  distal  radius  that  causes  bulge  at  wrist   17

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Bone  Fractures  Con4nued  

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