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Skeletal System
Unit 6.4 (6th Edi-on) Chapter 7.4 (7th Edi-on)
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Learning Objec4ves • Understand the five func-ons of bones (physiology) • Classify the four major types of bones • Iden-fy the major parts (anatomy) of a bone • Iden-fy the components of the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton • Iden-fy the main bones of the human skeleton • Iden-fy major joints and describe their mo-on • Describe the main diseases of the skeletal system (pathophysiology) • Dis-nguish between the major bone fractures
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Fun Facts About the Human Skeleton • Adult humans have 206 bones • You are born with 300 bones • Bones fuse together as you age • As human develops in mother’s womb, majority of skeleton is car-lage, not yet ossified bone • The strongest and longest bone in the femur (thigh) • The smallest bone is the stapes bone in the ear • Ounce for ounce, bone is stronger than steel and reinforced concrete • However, in a given year, doctors around the world treat tens of millions of broken bones! • One out of 20 people have an extra rib 3
Bone Func4ons (Physiology) • Framework – support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin
• Protec-on – surround vital organs to protect them
• Levers – muscles aVach to bones to help provide movement
• Blood Cell Produc-on – produce red and white blood cells and platelets
• Storage – store most of calcium supply of body
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Types of Bones
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Bone Anatomy
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• Diaphysis – long shaX of bone – medullary cavity contains yellow marrow (fat cells)
• Epiphysis – ends of long bone – contains red marrow
• Red Marrow – produces red blood cells – produces platelets – some white blood cells – used to diagnose blood diseases
• Periosteum – tough membrane on outside of bone – aids in bone growth, repair, nutri-on
Two Divisions of the Skeleton
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• Axial Skeleton – main trunk of body – skull – spinal column – ribs – breastbone
• Appendicular Skeleton – extremi-es of body – shoulder girdle – arm bones – pelvic girdle – leg bones
Bones of the Skull
8 Know the Yellow Highlighted Bones
Division of Spinal (Vertebral) Column
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• Spinal Column – made of 26 bones called vertebrae – bones protect spinal cord – provide support for head and trunk
• Intervertebral Disks – pads of car-lage -ssue – separate the vertebra – act as shock observers – permit bending & twis-ng mo-on
Ribs & Breastbone
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• Ribs – 12 pairs called costae – aVached to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface
• True Ribs – first 7 pairs of ribs – aVached directly to sternum on front of body
• False Ribs – next 5 pairs of ribs – first three pairs of false ribs aVach to car-lage of the rib above – last two pairs of false ribs are called floa-ng ribs because they do not aVach to front of body
Bones of the Skeleton
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Joints
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• Joints – areas where 2+ bones join
• Ligaments – connec-ve -ssue bands – help hold long bones at joints
• Tendons – tough connec-ve -ssue cords – one way skeletal muscles aVach to bone
• Four Main Types of Joints – classified according to degree of movement – arthr/o = joint – diarthroses-‐ moveable (hip, elbow, knee) – amphiarthroses-‐ par-ally moveable (ribs to vertebrae) – synarthroses-‐ immoveable (cranium)
Diathroses (Moving) Joints
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• Three Major Joint Parts – ar-cular car-lage – bursa (joint capsule) – synovial (joint cavity)
• Ball and Socket – shoulders, hips
• Hinge – knees, elbows
• Pivot – radius, ulna
• Gliding – vertebrae
Diseases & Abnormal Condi4ons • Arthri-s – inflamma-on of the joints
• Osteoarthri-s – most common form of arthri-s – chronic disease due to aging – commonly affects knees and hips – symptoms are s-ffness, pain, aching, limited range of mo-on – no cure, but treatments include: an--‐inflammatory medica-ons, heat/ cold applica-on, steroid injec-ons, and rest
• Rheumatoid arthri-s – affects joints and connec-ve -ssues – 3 -mes more common in women than men – occurs between 35 and 45 years of age – can case scar -ssue forma-on and atrophy of bone and muscle -ssue – results in deformity and immobility – rest, an--‐inflammatory medica-ons, and surgery 14
Diseases & Abnormali4es Con4nued • Bursi-s – inflamma-on of bursae (small, fluid-‐filled sacs surrounding joints) – common in shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
• Disloca-on – when bone is forcibly displaced from a joint – common in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips
• Sprain – twis-ng ac-on tears ligaments at joint – common in wrists and ankles
• Osteomyeli-s – bone inflamma-on usually caused by pathogenic organism – abscess is formed within the bone and accumula-on of pus
• Osteoporosis – increased porosity or soXening of bones caused by hormone deficiency lack of calcium, and sedentary lifestyle
• Ruptured (Herniated) Disk – occurs when an intervetrebral disk ruptures/protrudes out of place 15
Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine • Causes – poor posture – congenital (at birth) defects – structural defects of vertebrae – malnutri-on
• Kyphosis – hunchback or rounding of spine at the back of thoracic area
• Scoliosis – side-‐to-‐side, or lateral, curvature
• Lordosis – swayback – inward curvature of lumbar region 16
Bone Fractures • Defini-on – crack or break in a bone
• Greens-ck – bone bends & is split causing a crack/incomplete break common in kids
• Simple or Closed – complete break of the bone with no damage to skin
• Compound or Open – bone breaks and ruptures through the skin with increased infec-on risk
• Impacted – broken bone ends jam into each other
• Comminuted – bone fragments/splinters into 2+ pieces
• Sprial – bone twists and results in one or more breaks
• Depressed – broken piece of skull bone moves inward
• Colles – breaking and disloca-on of distal radius that causes bulge at wrist 17
Bone Fractures Con4nued
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