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1 Skeletal System 1

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Page 1: Skeletal System - BINOCULARkomasmedtechers.weebly.com/uploads/6/2/5/8/... · Skeletal system includes: bones of the skeleton, cartilage and ligaments Skeletal system ... Skull Hyoid

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Skeletal System

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Skeletal system includes:bones of the skeleton, cartilage and ligaments

Skeletal system

Functions:• Support (structural support of whole body)• Storage of minerals (calcium)• Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)• Blood cell production (red marrow)

• Bone houses stem cells that produce RBCs, WBCs & platelets• Protection• Movement (bones and skeletal muscles provide movement)

• Bones act as levers that move when attached muscles contract

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Axial Skeleton

Lies in the midline of the body

Bones of the axial skeleton:

Skull

Hyoid bone

The vertebral column

The thoracic cage

Middle ear bones

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• Frontal bone• Nasal bone• Vomer bone

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• Mandible bone • Maxilla bone

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• Temporal bone• External Acoustic Meatus• Mastoid process• Styloid process of temporal bone

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• Coronal Suture• Parietal bone• Zygomatic bone

• Temporal process of the zygomatic bone

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Occipital bone• Foramen Magnum• Occipital condyles

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Ethmoid bone• Cribriform plate

Sphenoid• Sella Turcica

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• Supports rib cage• Serves as a point of attachment for the pelvic girdle• Protects the spinal cord

Vertebral Column (Spine)

• Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones of the neck

• Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones of the torso

• Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones of the lower back

• Sacrum – bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae • articulates with hip bones

• Coccyx

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Lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvatureKyphosis – increased roundness of the thoracic curvatureScoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region

Abnormalities

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• Sternum• Manubrium • Body of Sternum• Xiphoid process

• Costal cartilage• True ribs (1-7) • False ribs (8-12)

• Floating ribs (11-12)

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Hyoid boneOnly bone in the body that does not articulate with another boneAnchors the tongueSite of attachment for muscles associated with swallowing

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BREAK

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Appendicular Skeleton

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Pectoral GirdleClavicle boneScapula bone

• Acromion process of scapula• Coracoid process of scapula• Spine of scapula• Glenoid cavity

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Humerus bone

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Radius and Ulna

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Carpal bones

Metacarpals

Phalanges

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The Pelvis

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Femur bone

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Patella bone

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Tibia and Fibula

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TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

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Joints (Articulations)Three types of joints:

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Fibrous joints – fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone• typically immovable• examples:

• sutures of cranium• tooth in socket

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Joints (Articulations)Cartilaginous joints – bones are joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage• typically slightly movable• examples

• between adjacent bodies of vertebral bodies • pubic symphysis of the pelvis• between ribs and sternum

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Joints (Articulations)Synovial joints – bones do not touch each other• bones are separated by a joint cavity• typically freely movable

• but have to be stabilized via ligaments, muscles, etc.

• examples:

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synovial membrane – lines joint cavity → produces synovial fluid (lubricant)ligaments (bone to bone connection) - support, strengthen joints

• sprain - ligaments with torn collagen fiberstendons (bone to muscle connection) - help support jointbursae - pockets of synovial fluid in CT (lined by synovial membrane)

• cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub; “shock absorbers”

Properties of Synovial Joints

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Movements Permitted By Synovial Joints

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Joint Damage and Repair

• Cartilage and bone deteriorate with age

• cartilage can undergo calcification

• interferes with diffusion of nutrients/wastes through cartilage

• Joints can also become damaged by overuse or chronic inflammation

Arthritis – joint inflammation and destruction

Osteoarthritis – deterioration of the articular cartilage

Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane inflamed & grows thicker

• autoimmune cause (immune system mistakenly attacks synovial

membrane)