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SKA and the Cradle of LifeFormation of Planets and Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Marc Audard (U of Geneva)Swiss SKA days, June 21, 2019
Slides from I. Jimenez-Serra & D. Johnstone with a personal flavour
SKA Big Questions
SKA Cradle of Life
• TheCradleofLife&Astrobiology– Howdoplanetsform?Arewealone?
• Strong-fieldTestsofGravitywithPulsarsandBlackHoles– WasEinsteinrightwithGeneralRelativity?
• TheOriginandEvolutionofCosmicMagnetism– Whatistheroleofmagnetismingalaxyevolutionandthe
structureofthecosmicweb?• GalaxyEvolutionprobedbyNeutralHydrogen
– Howdonormalgalaxiesformandgrow?• TheTransientRadioSky
– WhatareFastRadioBursts?Whathaven’twediscovered?• GalaxyEvolutionprobedintheRadioContinuum
– Whatisthestar-formationhistoryofnormalgalaxies?• Cosmology&DarkEnergy
– Whatisdarkmatter?Whatisthelarge-scalestructureoftheUniverse?
• CosmicDawnandtheEpochofReionization– Howandwhendidthefirststarsandgalaxiesform?
Cradle of Life Science Themes
1) How do rocky planets form?2) How did life originate?
3) What are exoplanets like?
4) SETI project
• Formation of rocky cores of planets via grain growth and settling
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 4
Ned Wright - UCLA
Hope Ishii - UH
• Formation of rocky cores of planets via grain growth and settling
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 5
Testi et al. 2014 Hoare et al. 2015
SKA covers the right λ’s to probe cm-sized grainsmatching beams of
40 mas≈4 au radius of snow line at 100pc
à measure strength and and spectral index
Opacity curve
SKA1-MID
• Flattening of the spectral index has been observed in discs
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 6
AS209 Dust traps help overcome grain growth barriers è‘spiral density waves’
van der Marel et al. (2016)
Perez et al. 2012, 2015; Tazzari et al. 2016
• Using SKA to observe continuum emission for dust in discs
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 7
SPH simulationGravitationally Unstable Disk
(Run2 from Hall+2017)
Mdisk=0.25 MoM*=1 Mo
50 au
t = 4100 yrs
George
Ringo
Column Density N(H2) (Hall+2017; Ilee+2007)
• Using SKA to observe continuum emission for dust in discs
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 8
40 mas beam@12 GHz
SKA-Mid Band 5 (64 dishes)
Credit: D. Quenard, C. Hall, J. IleeSPH simulation
Gravitationally Unstable Disk (Run2 from Hall+2017)
Mdisk=0.25 MoM*=1 Mo
distance = 100 pc
1000 hr integration
Peak= 19 µJy/beam (Tb=115 K) Noise= 0.07 µJy/beam (Tb=0.4 K) 50 au
Witnessing the formation of planets
• Using SKA to observe continuum emission for dust in discs
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 9
@12 GHz
SKA-Mid
Credit: D. Quenard, C. Hall, J. IleeALMA 1.3 mm
MAPPING OF β ACROSS THE SNOW LINE OF WATER
40 mas beam
50 auTobin+2016
• Using SKA to observe continuum emission for dust in discs
How Do Rocky Planets Form?
SKA Cradle of Life 10
@12 GHz
SKA-Mid
Credit: D. Quenard, C. Hall, J. IleeALMA 1.3 mm
MAPPING OF β ACROSS THE SNOW LINE OF WATER
40 mas beam
50 auDSHARP (Andrews+ 2018)
Intermediate to high optical depths at mm
• From the ISM to the Origin of Life
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 11
35 mas x 40 mas beam
Planetary systems
Protoplanetary disks
Complex Organics (COMs)
How complex can organic chemistry become in the ISM and disc?Pre-biotic species!!
?Molecular clouds(Pre-stellar Cores)
• Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) … in Space
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 12
COMs are carbon-based compounds with >6 atoms (Herbst & van Dishoeck 2009)
• Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) … in Space
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 13
Glycolaldehyde(CH2OHCHO)
Amino Acetonitrile(NH2CH2CN)
Prebiotic COMs: species believed to be involved in the processes leading to the origin of life
Formamide(NH2CHO)
Simplest naturally occurring amide containing all elements needed for the synthesis of bio-molecules (Saladino+12,15)
• Formamide undetected in discs: SKA will be a pre-biotic COM detector
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 14
50 au
Simulations of NH2CHO (gas & solid) in the disk
SPH simulation (Hall+2017; Ilee+2007)+
chemistry of NH2CHO (Quenard+2018a)
Gas-phase NH2CHO (Quenard+2018b)
• Formamide undetected in disks: SKA as a pre-biotic COM detector
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 15
Simulations of NH2CHO (gas & solid) in the disk
SPH simulation (Hall+2017; Ilee+2007)+
chemistry of NH2CHO (Quenard+2018a)
distance = 100 pc1000 hr integration
Peak= 87 μJy/beam (Tb=530 K) Noise= 7 μJy/beam (Tb= 40 K)
t = 4100 yrsGas-phase NH2CHO with SKA1
40 mas beam
50 au
NH2CHO transition at 13.489 GHz
Credit: D. Q
uenard, C. Hall, J. Ilee
• Detection of pre-biotic COMs will be challenging
How Did Life Originate?
SKA Cradle of Life 16
Problems:• High spectral line densities at mm/sub-mm l’s Þ Line blending/confusion!!• Broad linewidths (a few to some km s-1) Þ Line identification problematic
interferometry reduces linewidths
cm l’s are cleanerSKA
Belloche+2013Rest Frequency (MHz)
SgrB2(N) & SgrB2(M)
Tmb
(K)
• Planet dynamos è large-scale Bmag è magnetospheres– Magnetospheres may be key for habitability of planets …
• Low-frequency (~50 MHz) bursts seen from Jovian planets– Cyclotron-Maser Instability Emission (CMI) --- see also activity in brown dwarfs!
What are Exoplanets like?
SKA Cradle of Life 17
SKA1-LOW
• Planet dynamos è large-scale Bmag è magnetospheres
What are Exoplanets like?
SKA Cradle of Life 18
Zarka et al. 2015
Earth’s ionospheric cutoff
metric-decimetric synchrotron
CMI, auroral, Io-induced
• Planet dynamos è large-scale Bmag è magnetospheres
What are Exoplanets like?
SKA Cradle of Life 19
Zarka et al. 2015
What can we learn??
® Magnetic field strength : planet interior structure® Tilt of magnetic axis® Rotation and revolution periods® Orbit inclination® Stellar wind activity® Presence of exo-moons?
• Planet dynamos è large-scale Bmag è magnetospheres
What are Exoplanets like?
SKA Cradle of Life 20
SKA1-LOW, sensitivity improved by a factor ~8
Jupiter-like planet could be detected to ~10 pc
~200 known stars and ~35 known
exo-planets within this volume !
Zarka et al. 2015
Max emission frequency
Searching for Extraterrestrial Life
SKA Cradle of Life 21
• Known Technology Detection Limits …
Searching for Extraterrestrial Life
SKA Cradle of Life 22
Siemion et al. 2015(tintegration = 60 min, SNR = 12)
§ SKA1: high-power airport radars detectable for >104 stars
§ SKA2: low-power TV and radio stations detectable for a fewnearest stars
Volume-limited search
Long range Aircraft Radar 1017 erg/s
High power TV and radio5x1012 erg/s
Cradle of Life Key Science Projects
SKA Cradle of Life 23
KSP 1) Young Stellar Cluster Deep Field – Mapping β across snow lines
² Oph A star-forming cluster : 2/3 Class 0, 7 Class I, 12 Class II² 1000 hours in SKA1-Mid (Band 5, @12 GHz)² Angular resolution ~ 40 mas, i.e. 5 au at 125 pc
² Additional Science: Pre-biotic COMs, Jets, 6D Tomography, Magnetic Flaring
KSP 2) Stars, Planets and Civilizations
² Key Obs # 1 (SKA1-LOW): All sources within 25 pc è 2500 hours
² Key Obs # 2 (SKA1-LOW): Selected sample (>25 pc) è 1500 hours
² Key Ob # 3 (SKA1-LOW): Search for low Galactic latitudes è 833 hours
² High commensality with SWGs “Our Galaxy”, “Epoch of Reionization”, “Cosmology” and “Transients”
The Cradle of Life Working Group
+ 33 associate members from 15 countries
Cradle of Life Science Themes
1) How do rocky planets form?2) How did life originate?
3) What are exoplanets like?
4) SETI project