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Sizing or size is any one of numerous specific substances that is applied to or incorporated in other material, especially papers and textiles, as a protecting filler or glaze. Sizing is used in papermaking and textile manufacturing to change the absorption and wear characteristics of those materials; it is used as a surface preparation for gilding; and it is used by painters and artists to prepare paper and textile surfaces for some art techniques.
Sizing also refers to the process of including or applying the substance
Papermaking
Sizing is used during paper manufacture in order to reduce the paper's tendency when dry to absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the paper, and to dry there rather than be absorbed into the paper. This provides a more consistent, economical, and precise printing, painting, and writing surface. This is achieved by curbing the paper fibers' tendency to absorb liquids by capillary action. In addition, sizing affects abrasiveness, creasibility, finish, printability, smoothness, and surface bond strength and decreases surface porosity and fuzzing.
There are three categories of papers with respect to sizing: unsized (water-leaf), weak sized (slack sized), and strong sized (hard sized). Waterleaf has low water resistance and includes absorbent papers for blotting. Slack sized paper is somewhat absorbent and includes newsprint, while hard sized papers have the highest water resistance, such as coated fine papers and liquid packaging board.
There are two types of sizing: internal sizing, sometimes also called engine sizing, and surface sizing (tub sizing). Internal sizing is applied to almost all papers and especially to all those that are machine made, while surface sizing is added for the highest grade bond, ledger, and writing papers.
[edit] Surface sizing
Surface sizing solutions consists of mainly modified starches or sometime other hydrocolloid as gelatine and a surface sizing agent such as AKD or acrylic co-polymers. Surface sizing agents are amphipathic molecules, having both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) ends. The sizing agent covers the cellulose and forms a film, with the hydrophilic tail facing the fiber and the hydrophobic tail facing outwards. This creates a water-repellent situation. Sizing improves the surface strength, printability, and water resistance of the paper surface. In the sizing solution, optical brightening agents (OBA) may also be added to improve the opacity and whiteness of the paper surface.
[edit] Internal sizing
Main article: Wet strength
Internal sizing chemicals used in papermaking at the wet end are ASA, AKD and rosin. By making the paper web more hydrophobic, the sizing agents influence dewatering and retention of
fillers and fibers in the paper sheet. Next to paper quality, internal sizing agents' main effect is on runability of the paper machine.
[edit] Preservation Related Issues
As the process of sizing had and has the intent of making the paper suitable for printing, it would seem slightly ironic that some processes of sizing would make printing paper a problem for the continued existence of that paper and those who would preserve them. Sizing processes started early on in the paper making processes, with historians citing that items, such as starch, were early sizing agents used on paper.[1] Dard Hunter in Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries corroborates this by writing, “The Chinese used starch as a size for paper as early as A.D. 768 and its use continued until the fourteenth century when animal glue was substituted.” [2] In the early modern paper mills in Europe, which produced paper for printing and other uses, the sizing agent of choice was gelatin, as Susan Swartzburg writes in Preserving Library Materials': “Various substances have been used for sizing through the ages, from gypsum to animal gelatin.” [3] Hunter describes the process of sizing in these paper mills in the following:
The drying completed, the old papermakers dipped their paper into an animal size that had been made from the parings of hides, which they procured from the parchment-makers. It was necessary to size that paper so that it would be impervious to ink, but sizing was more needed in writing than in printing papers. Many books of the fifteenth century were printed upon paper that had not been sized, this extra treatment not being essential for a type impression. The sizing was accomplished by a worker holding a number of sheets by the aid of two wooden sticks, and dipping the paper into the warm gelatinous liquid. The sheets were then pressed to extract the superfluous gelatine. This crude method of sizing the paper was extremely wasteful as many sheets were torn and bruised beyond use. The sizing room of the early paper mills, was, for this reason, known as the ‘slaughter-house.’[4]
With the advent of the mass production of paper, the type of size used for paper production also changed. As Swartzburg writes, “By 1850 rosin size had come into use. Unfortunately, it produces a chemical action that hastens the decomposition of even the finest papers.” [5] In the field of library preservation it is known “that acid hydrolysis of cellulose and related carbo-hydrates [sic] is one of the key factors responsible for the degradation of paper during ageing.” [6]
Some recent professional work has focused on the specific in the degradation involved in the deterioration of paper that has had a rosin sizing process, and what amount of rosin affects the deterioration process,[7] in addition to work on developing permanent paper and sizing agents that will not eventually destroy the paper.[8] An issue on the periphery to the preservation of paper and sizing, is washing, which is described by V. Daniels and J. Kosek as, “The removal of discolouration ... in water is principally effected by the dissolution of water-soluble material; this is usually done by immersing paper in water.”[9] In such a process, surface level items applied to the paper, such as size in early paper making processes as seen above, have the possibility of being removed from the paper, which might have some item specific interest in a special collections library. With later processes in paper making being more akin to “engine sizing,” as H. Hardman and E. J. Cole describe it, “Engine sizing, with is part of the manufacturing process, has the ingredients added to the furnish or stock prior to sheet formation,”[10] the concern for the removal of size is less, and as such, most literature focuses on the more pressing issue of preserving acidic papers and similar issues.
[edit] Gilding
Sizing is applied to surfaces before gilding in order to remove small surface imperfections that would otherwise be highlighted by the very thin metal used.
[edit] Textile warp sizing
Sizing of the warp yarn is essential to reduce breakage of the yarn and thus production stops on the weaving machine. On the weaving machine, the warp yarns are subjected to several types of actions i.e. cyclic strain, flexing, abrasion at various loom parts and inter yarn friction.
With sizing the strength - abrasion resistance - of the yarn will improve and the hairiness of yarn will decrease. The degree of improvement of strength depends on adhesion force between fiber and size, size penetration as well as encapsulation of yarn. Different types of water soluble polymers called textile sizing agents/chemicals such as modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), acrylates are used to protect the yarn. Also wax is added to reduce the abrasiveness of the warp yarns. The type of yarn material e.g. cotton, polyester,linen,... the thickness of the yarn, type of weaving machinery will determine the sizing recipe.
The sizing liquor is applied on warp yarn with a warp sizing machine. After the weaving process the fabric is desized (washed).
[edit] See also
Preservation (library and archival science) Acid-free paper Textile manufacturing
Reference:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SizingAVEBE is a global provider of potato starch based chemicals for the textile industry. We create modified starches for warp yarn sizing.
AVEBE markets a wide range of starch based products and chemicals that are widely used in the textile industry. With our worldwide network of sales representatives we are able to meet our customers' specific needs.
Dedication to the textile industry
Our starch derivatives are used in warp yarn sizing. AVEBE's target is to optimise customer’s production by combining high-quality ingredients with a thorough know-how of the manufacturing process. Our application specialists can give you the optimum advice.
Advocating an integral approach
Whether seeking ways to improve quality, cut costs, or reduce environmental impact, we always focus on manufacturing processes as a whole.
Potato starch derivatives from AVEBE
The characteristics of AVEBE’s sizing agents are: purity, constant quality and short cooking time (20 minutes). Because of this characteristics our product are used worldwide for many years.
referencehttp://www.avebe.com/textile/
SIZING
Our comprehensive range of sizing chemicals contains various types of chemical compounds such as
polycerylate, specific wax emulsion, specific anionic surfactant etc. Largely used in sizing industries, these
sizing additives are manufactured in both anionic and nonionic nature. They can be availed from us at
affordable rates.
Products for Sizing Industry
PRODUCT CHEMICAL NATURE
IONIC NATURE
APPEARANCE APPLICATION
RHINACRYL SSY 2500
Polycerylate AnionicTranslucent
emulsion
Acrylic sizing agent for filament yarn to be used
with PVA
RHINACRYL SSY 5000
Polyacrylate AnionicSlight yellow transparent
viscous
Acrylic Sizing Agent to be used for spun yarn,
polyester cotton & polyester rayon
RHINASON TS 782
Specific Wax Emulsion
NonionicLiquid To Paste
Depending Upon Temperature
Lubricant For Polyester Filament & Yarn During
Sizing
RHINASON TS 783
Specific Anionic
Surfactant Anionic
Yellowise Clear Liquid
Antistatic Agent For Filament And Spun Yarn
RHINALUB AO 60
Mix of Ester Oil
NonionicYellowise
Viscous LiquidAfter Oiling Agent For
Filament Yarn During Sizing
RHINACRYL N 250
Polyacrylate AnionicSlight yellow transparent
Liquid
Acrylic Sizing Agent Especially For Non
Intermingled Polyester Filament Yarn And Nylon Yarn. Also For Blend Spun Yarn Which Are Size And Woven On High Speed
Looms Especially Air Jet Looms
Send Enquiry
TEXTILE
We are one amongst the reliable names engaged in manufacturing and supplying an all-encompassing range
of textile chemicals, which are used in textile industries for multipurposes. Precisely developed from
polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol phosphate ester and other chemicals,
these textile softening agents are used for synthetic fabric, cotton blended fabrics etc.
Products for Textile Industry
PRODUCT CHEMICAL NATURE
IONIC NATURE
APPEARANCE APPLICATION
RHINOL X 100
Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
NonionicColourless to Pale Yellow
Liquid
Detergent Cum Wetting agent at Pre - treatment
Stage
RHINOL RE 610 A
Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol
Phosphate Ester Anionic
Pale Yellow Liquid
Detergent Cum Wetting agent at Pre - treatment
Stage & Low foaming scouring agent, stable
to high concentration of alkali and high temperature.
RHINOL MW
Special blend of alcohol sulphates
Anionic Pale Yellow
liquid
Mercerising Agent. Highly effective Wetting & Penetrating Agent to improve & accelerate
caustic soda steeping in soda cellulose manufacturing.
RHINOL MW 50
Alkyl Sulphate Speciality
AnionicPale Yellow
liquid
Mercerising Agent. Highly effective Wetting & Penetrating Agent to improve & accelerate
caustic soda steeping in soda cellulose manufacturing.
RHINOL OPS 15
Special blend of phosphates
AnionicClear colourless
transparent liquid
Hydrogen Peroxide stabilizers
RHINOL OPS 50
Special blend of phosphates
Anionic Clear colourless transparent
Hydrogen Peroxide
liquid stabilizers
RHINOL CDA
Polyacrylate sodium
Weakly Anionic
Transparent liquid
Washing off agent for reactive colours,
Sequestering cum dispersing agent
RHINOL DTHP
Specific Nonionic Agent
Nonionic Yellow Colored
LiquidLevelling Agent For
Disperse Dyes
RHINOL EL 40
Polyoxyethylene Veg. Oil Ether
NonionicYellow Colored
Liquid
Penetrating Agent, Improving Coloured
Yield Of Disperse Dye In Thermo Fixation
Process.
RHINOL VS Quaternary Ammonium Compound
CationicYellowish Thick
Paste Stripping assistant for Vat and Azo pigments
RHINOL 320 A
Mixed Amides Cationic Whitish Paste.Softening Agent For
Synthetic Fabric & its Blends
RHINOL 320 A Cone
Mixed Amides Cationic Whitish Paste.Softening Agent For
Synthetic Fabric & its Blends
RHINOL NIS Blend of fatty acid
estersNonionic
pale yellow emulsion
Specialty softener stable to hard water & cottons, cellulosics and
their blends with polyester
RHINOL RC 52
- -Clear Pale
Yellow LiquidAntistatic Coning Oil For
Synthetic Yarns
RHINOL RC 54
Low Viscosity Antistatic Lubricant
NonionicLight Yellow, Clear Liquid
Antistatic Lubricant For Wide Range of Fibres,
Filaments & Yarns
RAMIGEN
Nitrogen Containing
Condensation Product
CationicColourless to Faintly Yellow Clear Liquid
Fixing Agent For the Improvement of wet fastness of dyeing
RHINOL CHA
Polyethanoxy Ether
NonionicPale Yellow
Liquid
Stabilising Diazo Solution And For
Soaping Operation
RHINOL HC 30
Polyethanoxy Ether
Nonionic Pale Yellow Liquid
Emulsifier for preparation of
thickening agent used in the preparation of
printing pastes.
RHINOL CHV
Polyethanoxy Ether
NonionicPale Yellow
LiquidDye Levelling
REOWET 3x 5x
Anoionic Agent Based on Sod Salt
of Sulfosuccinic Ester
AnionicPale Yellow
liquidRapid Wetting, Re
Wetting Agent
RHINOL RC 120
Polyoxyethylene Glycol Alkyl Phenol
Ether 100%Nonionic
Colorless To Pale yellow
liquid
Wetting cum scouring agent
RHINOL 25 Sodium Dodecyl
Benzene SulfonateAnionic
Pale Yellow Liquid
Scouring Agent Penetrating Agent Resin
Dispersant
RHINOL Emulsifier
100%
Polyoxyethylene Glycol Alkyl Phenol
Ether Nonionic
Pale Yellow Liquid to
Creamish Soft Paste
Emulsifying agent for formulation of pigment
pastes
RHINOL ES 42
Polyoxyethylene Veg Oil Ether
NonionicPasety Liquid Depending on
temp
Nonionic Softening agent
RHINALUB WE 30
Specific Wax Emulsion
Nonionic White EmulsionSoftening Agent for
cotton Blended Fabrics
Send Enquiry
Referencehttp://www.radiantchemicals.com/sizing.html
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Textiles
Austrade Inc. offers a broad range of starches that are widely used in the textile industry.
Our starch derivatives and dextrins are used in several textile applications such as weaving, sizing, printing thickeners and finishing. They include native, hot and cold water soluble starches and starch ethers. Contact us for more information or specific requests.
Referencehttp://www.austradeinc.com/textiles.html
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