Rayat and bahra institute of engg and technology.......................................................................................

TRAINING REPORT

OF

SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, UNDERTAKEN

AT

“INTERNATIONAL TRACTOR LIMITED”

IN

“POWER TRAIN DEPARTMENT”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By:Sourav Sharma Under the Guidance of:Er munish bansal College Roll No.:4054 Designation: Service EngineerUniversity Roll No.:81307114054 Department: Power train department

CHANDIGARH-PATIALA NATIONAL HIGHWAY,VILL.JHANSLA, TEHSIL, RAJPURA,

DISTT. PATIALA 140401

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Any sustained effort by untrained minds in a new work environment requires for

culmination, a guiding hand that shows the way. It gives me immense pleasure to be

able to present this project report in the present form for which I am deeply

indebted to Mr. Harpreet Singh who not only assigned me a responsible role in the

project but also guided and encouraged me at important junctures in the project

lifecycle.

I am also thankful to Er. Munish Bansal for his invaluable advice, suggestions and

encouragement that he gave me throughout my project work. Under their able

leadership and guidance, I was able to meet the goals of the project in time.

I am grateful to International Tractors Limited, for providing me with an

opportunity to work with them and undertake a project of such importance. This

training and experience has not only enriched me with technical knowledge but has

also imparted the maturity of thought and vision, the attributes required to be a

successful mechanical professional. Sincere thanks to all my colleagues at ITL for

their support and assistance throughout the project.

PREFACE

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I have extremely thankful to my experienced colleagues during training and

friends who help me to present my traning report. The silent features about my

report are detailed study and explanation of all parts used in assembly and sub

assembly of tractor . All engine parts are well explaned with the help of the

diagrame.

I am confident that my report shall be well received by my teachers and our training

manager. I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my illustrious supervisor Er. Munish bansal for the

help and co-operation they have rendered in presenting this presentation.

Sourav Sharma

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CONTENTS

1. Company Profile 2. History3. Sonalika group4. What is a tractor?5. Four stroke diesel engine 6. Engine, its assembly & sub assemblies7. Clutch8. Transmission Box or Gear Box9. Differential

10. Flow chart of power transmission in tractors

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1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Established in 1969, Sonalika group since the inception has tried to understand customer need to be facilitating them with its value for money products. The Company has a state of art manufacturing facilities, spread in acres, located in the free shrubs of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include of, Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an approximate turnover of 5000 Crore INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest growing corporate in India. It is also one of the few debt free companies. Group has strength of about 2000 employee technocrats

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1.1.2 History

Established in 1969, Sonalika group from the very beginning has tried to understand customer need so that they get better value for their money, hard earned. Sonalika has state of manufacturing, spread in acres, located at Hoshiarpur and tax free zone at AMB in Himachal Pradesh. Sonalika is the one of the top 3 tractor manufacturing companies in India, other products include of, Multi utility vehicles, engines and various farm equipments. Today the group stands tall with an approximate turnover of 3200 Core INR. An average growth of 30% makes it one of the fastest growing corporate in India. Its is also one of the few debt free companies. Group has strength of about 2000 employee & technocrats. History reveals that innovation is the key to continued progress and when applied to technology that touches human life, it can unfold a whole new economic phenomenon that has the power to change the world. With unique initiatives like the Thought leadership Forum, Leadership Forum, we have been able to create a unique platform for learning through success stories of industry leaders.

No, doubt that the sonalika products has created a niche for themselves not only in India but also in foreign market. To maintain quality have any defect even at micro level is been taken care of and rectified. The technology for Painting, which we use, is of the high quality a nd we have paint shop with world-class quality standards.

The industry has gradually transformed itself into a world-class player involved in building state-of-the-art products, solutions and technologies. As an industry, we are very conscious of our responsibility to society. Sonalika Foundation intends to become a catalyst, encouraging our members to do more, capturing best practices for quality and harnessing a greater range of resources, from the industry and beyond, to make a major impact on the development. It has been our vision to cater to the needful agriculture and auto industry with quality products through untiring dedication and activities. As we step in to our fifth decade of existence, we continue to lead the development. Tractor and car plants work in 2 to 3 shifts depending upon volume of work for maximum production. We Continue to march ahead on road to success and glory driven by the force of initiative and determination to have a leading position in the tractor industry in the days to come .

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1.1.3 Sonalika Group

Sonalika International Sonalika Motor limited Sonalika International

Tractor limilted Hosiarpur Himachal Pradesh. Corporation

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2.1 WHAT IS A TRACTOR ?

Tractor =Traction + Motor

Traction refers to the friction between a drive memder and the surfaceit moves upon , where friction is used to provide motion.

Motor in the tractor is engine which provide the mechanical power to wheel to move and hauling a trailer or machinery or construction.

All such machines used for traction purpose are known as traction motors. The tractor is such a machine that is used to pull or push agriculture implement in the field.

Design formula

F =AC+W tanΦ

Where, F is traction force A is Area of contact of power wheels C is cohesively of soil W is dynamic reaction of power wheel weight Φ is angle of bond between the soil partials

As the parameter C and Φ are constant which depends upon the soil condition, the traction is proportional to the size of the rear tyres and the weight of same that is why the rear tyres are designed of large size and major weight is distributed on the rear side of the tractor so tractor so that maximum traction can take place.

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2.1.1 Engine:-Definition: engine is device that transforms the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.

Burning of fuel

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THERMAL ENERGY

MECHANICAL WORK

3.1.2 Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine :-

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3.1 DISEAL ENGINE STROKE

Intake stroke:- The intake stroke begins at top dead center, and as the piston moves down, the intake valve opens. The downward movement of the piston creates a vacuum in the cylinder, causing a fuel and air mixture to be drawn through the intake port into the combustion chamber. As the piston reaches bottom dead center, the intake valve closes.

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Compression stroke:.— The compression stroke begins with the piston at bottom dead center and rising up to compress the fuel and air mixture. Since both the intake and exhaust valves are closed, there is no escape for the fuel and air mixture, and it is compressed to a fraction of its original volume. At this point, the fuel and air mixture is ignited.

Power stroke:—  The power stroke begins when the fuel and air mixture is ignited, burns and expands  and  forces  the  piston  down.  The  valves  remain power stroke  ends  as  the  piston  reaches  bottom  dead center.

Exhaust stroke:—   The  exhaust  stroke begins when the piston nears the end of the power stroke and the exhaust valve is opened. As the piston moves upward towards  top dead  center,  it  pushes  the  burnt gases, resulting from the ignition of the fuel and air mixture, out of the combustion chamber and through the exhaust port. As the piston reaches top dead center, ending the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve opens to begin the intake stroke for the next cycle.

3.1.3 Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine:- The four-stroke diesel engine is similar to the four- stroke  gasoline  engine.  They both  follow  an  operating cycle that consist of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. They also share similar systems for intake and exhaust valves. The components of a diesel closed so that all the force is exerted on the piston.Four-stroke cycle diesel engine. 1 - 4

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4.1 PARTS OF ENGINE

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4.1.1 Cylinder Block Construction

The cylinder block is cast from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals such as nickel, chromium, or molybdenum.  Some lightweight engine blocks are made from aluminum. Cylinders are machined by grinding or boring to give them the desired true inner surface. During normal engine operation, cylinder walls will wear out-of-round, or they may become cracked and scored if not properly lubricated or cooled. Liners (sleeves) made of metal alloys resistant to wear are used in many gasoline engines and practically all diesel engines to lessen wear. After they have been worn beyond the maximum oversize, the liners can be replaced individually, which permits the use of standard pistons and rings.

4.1.2 Cylinder Head

The cylinder head provides the combustion chambers for the engine cylinders. It is built to conform to the arrangement of the valves:  L-head, I-head, or other. In the water-cooled engine, the cylinder head is bolted to the top of the cylinder block to close the upper end of the cylinders. It contains passages,

4.1.3 Intake and exhaust manifolds

matching  those  of  the  cylinder  block,  that  allow the  cooling  water  to  circulate in  the  head.  The head also helps keep compression in the cylinders. The gasoline engine contains tapped holes in  the cylinder   head   that   lead   into   the combustion chamber. The spark plugs are inserted into these tapped holes. In the diesel engine the cylinder head may be cast in a single unit, or it may be cast for a single cylinder or two or more cylinders. Separated head sections   (usually covering   one,   two,   or   three cylinders in large engines) are easy to handle and can be removed

4.1.4 Crankcase

The crankcase is that part of the engine  block below  the  cylinders.  It  supports and  encloses  the crankshaft   and   provides   a   reservoir   for   the lubricating oil. Often times the crankcase contains a   place   for   mounting   the   oil   pump,   oil filter, starting motor,  and  generator.  The lower part of the crankcase is the OIL PAN, which is bolted at the bottom. The oil pan is made of pressed or cast steel and holds from 4 to 9 quarts of oil, depending on the engine design. The crankcase also

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has mounting brackets that support  the  entire  engine  on  the  vehicle  frame. These  brackets  are  either  an  integral  part  of  the crankcase

4.1.5 Exhaust  Manifold

The exhaust manifold is a tube that carries waste products  of  combustion  from the  cylinders.  On  L-head engines the exhaust manifold is bolted to the side of the engine block on; overhead-valve engines it is bolted to the side of the engine cylinder head. Exhaust manifolds may be single iron castings or may be cast in sections. They have a smooth interior surface with no abrupt change in size

4.1.6 Intake  Manifold

The intake manifold on a gasoline engine carries the fuel-air mixture from the carburetor and distributes it as evenly as possible to the cylinders. On a diesel engine, the manifold carries only air to the cylinders. The intake manifold is attached to the block on L-head engines and to  the  side  of  the  cylinder  head  on overhead-valve engines. In gasoline engines, smooth and efficient engine performance depends largely on whether the fuel-air mixtures  that  enter  each cylinder  are  uniform  in strength, quality, and degree of vaporization. The inside walls of the manifold must be smooth to offer little obstruction to the flow of the fuel-air mixture. The manifold is designed to prevent the collecting of fuel at the bends in the manifold. The intake manifold should be as short and straight as possible  to  reduce  the  chances  of  condensation between the carburetor and cylinders. Some intake manifolds are designed so that hot exhaust gases heat their surfaces to help vaporize the fuel.

4.1.7 Gaskets

The principal stationary parts of an engine have just been explained. The gasket that serve as seals between these parts require as much attention during  engine assembly  as  any  other  part.  It  is impractical to machine all surfaces so that they fit together to form a perfect seal. The gaskets make a joint that is air, water, or oil tight. Therefore, when properly overhaul  gasket  kit. installed, they prevent loss of compression, coolant, or lubricant4.1.8 Piston Assembly

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Engine   pistons   serve   several   purposes.   They transmit  the  force  of combustion  to  the  crankshaft through the connecting rod. They act as a guide for the upper end of the connecting rod.

4.1.9 Piston and connecting rod

 A carrier   for   the   piston   rings   used   to   seal   the compression in the cylinder. The  piston  must  come  to  a  complete  stop  at  the end of each stroke before reversing its course  in  the cylinder.  To  withstand  this  rugged  treatment  and wear, it must be made of tough material, yet be light in  weight.  To  overcome inertia  and  momentum  at high speed,   it   must   be   carefully   balanced   and weighed. All the pistons used in any one engine must be of similar weight to avoid excessive vibration. Ribs are  used  on  the underside  of  the  piston  to  reinforce the hand. The ribs also help to conduct heat from the head of the piston to the piston rings and out through the cylinder walls. The structural  components  of  the  piston are  the head,   skirt,   ring   grooves,   and   land However, all pistons do not look like  the  typical  one illustrated here. Some havedifferently shaped heads. Diesel engine pistons usually have more ring grooves andrings than gasoline engine pistons. Some of these rings  may  be  installed  below  as well  as  above  the wrist or piston pin Fitting   pistons   properly   is   important. Because metal   expands   when heated   and   space   must   be provided  for  lubricants  between the  pistons  and the cylinder  walls,  the  pistons  are  fitted  to  the  engine with a specified clearance.  This  clearance  depends upon  the  size  or  diameter  of  the piston  and the material  form  which  it  is  made.  Cast  iron  does  not expand as fast  or  as much  as  aluminum.  Aluminum pistons require more clearance to prevent binding

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or seizing when the engine gets hot. The skirt of bottom part  of  the  piston  runs much  cooler  than  the  top; therefore,  it  does  not  require  as  much  clearance  as the head.

4.1.10 Piston pin types

Expanded by the heat generated during operation, it becomes round because the expansion is proportional to the temperature of the metal. The walls of the skirt are cut away as much as possible to reduce weight and to prevent  excessive  expansion during  engine  operation. Many aluminum pistons are made with split skirts so that when the pistons expand, the skirt diameter will not increase. The two types of piston skirts found in most engines are the full trunk and the slipper. The full-trunk-type skirt, more widely used, has a full cylindrical shape with bearing surfaces parallel to those of the cylinder, giving more strength and better control of the oil film. The slipper-type  (cutaway) skirt  has  considerable  relief  on the sides of the skirt, leaving less area for possible contact  with  the  cylinder  walls  and  thereby  reducing friction.

4.1.11 Piston pin

 The piston is attached to the connecting rod by the piston pin (wrist pin). The pin passes through the piston pin bosses and through the upper end of the connecting rod, which rides within the piston on the middle of the pin. Piston pins are made of alloy steel with a precision finish and are case hardened and  sometimes  chromium plated  to  increase  their wearing qualities. Their tubular construction gives them maximum strength with minimum weight. They are lubricated by splash from the crankcase or by pressure through  passages  bored  in  the  connecting  rods. Three methods are commonly used for fastening a piston  pin  to  the  piston  and  the connecting  rod:  fixed pin, semifloating pin, and full-floating pin .The anchored, or fixed, pin attaches to the piston by a screw running through one of the bosses; the connecting rod  oscillates  on  the  pin.  The  semifloating  pin  is anchored to the connecting rod and turns in the piston pin bosses. The full-floating pin is free to rotate in the connecting  rod  and  in  the  bosses,  while  plugs  or snap-ring locks prevent it from working out against the sides  of  the  cylinder.

4.1.12 Connecting  Rods

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Connecting  rods  must  be  light  and  yet  strong enough to transmit the thrust of the pistons to the crankshaft. Connecting rods are drop forged from a steel alloy capable  of  withstanding  heavy  loads  without bending or twisting. Holes at the upper and lower ends are machined to permit accurate fitting of bearings.

4.1.13 Piston rings

Piston  rings  are  used  on pistons to maintain gastight seals between the pistons and cylinders, to aid in cooling the piston, and to control cylinder-wall  lubrication. About  one-third  of  the  heat absorbed by the piston passes through the rings to the cylinder wall. Piston rings are often complicated in design, are heat treated in various ways, and are plated with  other  metals.  Piston  rings  are  of  two  distinct classifications: compression rings and oil control rings. The  principal  function  of a  compression  ring  is  to prevent gases from leaking by the piston during the compression and power strokes. All piston rings are split to  permit  assembly  to the  piston  and  to  allow  for expansion. When the ring is in place, the ends of the split joint do not form a perfect seal; therefore, more than one ring must be used, and the joints must be staggered around the piston. If cylinders are worn, expanders are sometimes used to ensure a perfect seal. The bottom ring, usually located just above the piston pin, is an oil-regulating ring. This ring scrapes the excess oil from the cylinder walls and returns some of it, through slots, to the piston ring grooves. The ring groove under an oil ring has openings through which the oil flows back into the crankcase. In some engines, additional oil rings are used in the piston skirt below the piston pin.

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4.1.14 Crankshaft of a four-cylinder engine

The lower hole in the connecting rod is split to permit it to be clamped around the crankshaft. The bottom part, or cap, is made of the same material as the rod and is attached by two or more bolts. The surface that bears on the crankshaft is generally a bearing material in the form of a separate split shell; in a few cases, it may be spun or die-cast in the inside of the rod and  cap  during  manufacture.  The  two  parts of  the separate bearing are positioned in the rod and cap by dowel pins, projections, or short brass screws. Split bearings may be of the precision or semiprecision type.

The precision type  bearing  is  accurately  finished  to fit the crankpin and does not require further fitting during installation. It is positioned by projections on the shell that match  reliefs in  the  rod  and  cap.  The projections  prevent  the  bearings from moving  sideways and prevent rotary motion in the rod and cap. The semiprecision-type bearing is usually fastened to or die-cast with the rod and cap. Before installation, it is machined and fitted to the proper inside diameter with the cap and rod bolted together.

4.1.15 Crankshaft

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As the pistons collectively might be regarded as the heart  of  the  engine,  so  the crankshaft  might  be considered the backbone (fig. 12-19). It ties together the reactions of  the  pistons  and  the  connecting  rods, transforming their reciprocating motion into rotary motion. It transmits engine power through the flywheel, clutch,  transmission,  and differential  to  drive  your vehicle. The crankshaft is forged or cast from an alloy of steel and  nickel.  

5.1 Timing   Gears   (Gear   Trains)

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Timing gears keep the crankshaft and camshaft turning in proper relation to one another so that the valves open and close at the proper time. Some engines use sprockets  and  chains. The gears or sprockets, as the case may be, of the camshaft and crankshaft are keyed into position so that they  cannot  slip.  Since  they  are keyed  to  their respective  shafts,  they  can  be  replaced  if  they  become worn or noisy. With directly driven timing gears , one gear usually has a mark on two adjacent teeth and the properly requires that the gears mesh so that the two marked teeth of one gear straddle the single marked tooth of the other.

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6.1 Fuel injection Pump

The disel oil is pumped and metered by an injection pump. The quantity under high pressure is sent to the injector with the help of injector pipes from where it gets injected into combustion chamber.

7.1 Flywheel:-

Flywheel is device which stors the energy and use when requrie. Flywheel is cast iron wheel bolted to the end cranshaft,on its periphery. The net torque imparted to the cranksahft during one complete cycle of the engine fluctuates causing a change in the angular velocity of shaft . in order to achieve a uniform torque and inertial mass in the form of flywheel is attached to the output shaft and this wheel is called flywheel.

8.1 LUBRICATION:-

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 Electric   motors   are   fitted with bearings which reduce friction. The types of bearings  most  often  used  are  sleeve  bearings,  roller bearings,  or  ball  bearings. For  these  bearings  to remove the heat generated by friction, they must be properly lubricated. The lubricant used is usually either grease or oil. Some motors are equipped with ball bearings permanently lubricated or packed with grease when the motor is assembled at the factory. These bearings are usually covered with a nameplate that reads-Do Not Lubricate. Most electric motor bearings, however, must be lubricated at frequent intervals. In such cases, the lubricant is fed to the bearings through a pressure fitting or  grease  nipple from a  hand-operated  grease gun. Or, the lubricant may be metered to the bearings from a grease or oil cup, which must be periodically turned or screwed down by hand to keep the bearings supplied with lubricant Some rotating shafts are fitted with sleeve bearings that usually are soft brass cylinders that fit around the machine-shaft  journal  like  a  sleeve.  In  some installations, the lubricating oil is circulated through the  sleeve  bearings  under pressure.  Some  sleeve bearings, however, may be lubricated by means of an oil ring, or rings,

The weight of the ring hanging on the journal is enough to cause it to revolve, as the shaft revolves.   As the oil ring rotates, it dips into an oil reservoir directly beneath the shaft journal. The oil picked up by the ring is then diffused along the shaft, between the shaft journal and sleeve bearing.  Proper  lubrication  of  ring-oiled sleeve bearings depends on maintaining a sufficient oil level in the reservoir.

For this reason, most sleeve bearings have oil filler gauges or overflow fittings installed to aid the operator in maintaining the oil at a proper level. When  the electric  motor  is  in  operation,  the operator is required to make frequent checks and inspections for proper lubrication of bearings and for overheated bearings. Check for heat radiated to your hand or check with a thermometer.    

Note that one of the  most  frequent  conditions  that  cause  bearings  to overheat  is excessive  lubrication.  This  is  a  verycommon problem in the case of grease-lubricated bearings.  Too  much  grease  around  the  bearings insulates and seriously hinders the conduction of heat away  from  the  bearing.

 The  specific  lubrication requirements   and   inspection   procedures   vary according  to  the  type  of  bearings  and  the  motor installation. You should always consult your local operator  maintenance  schedules  and  instructions  for guidance.  Other  than  the inspections  cited,  the operator  should  check  for  the  leakage  of  lubricants from the bearings, especially lubricant oozing toward the windings or other electrical conductors. At less frequent intervals, maintenance schedules require  additional  and  more detailed  inspections  for proper  lubrication.

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This  requirement  often  includes dismantling parts of the bearing housing because bearing housings and pressure fittings must be cleaned periodically. To  lubricate grease-lubricated  bearings  properly, you must flush old grease from the bearing with solvent and add fresh grease. Sleeve bearings must be examined at various intervals and the oil reservoir flushed, cleaned, and refilled.

9.1 COOLING SYSTEMS

Radar equipment, particularly the high-power transmitters, generate large amounts of heat. This heat must be dissipated to prevent damage to the equipment and to prevent erratic circuit operation. Most radar equipment rooms have high-capacity air-conditioning systems to control the ambient room temperature however, equipment cabinets must have additional cooling to control the internal temperature. In the case of transmitters (and other high-voltage circuits), individual components may require cooling. Cabinets that generate relatively small amounts of heat may only require a system of fans or blowers to maintain constant air circulation. In some cases the air is circulated through a liquid-cooled heat exchanger located inside the cabinet.

Most low-power amplifier tubes are air cooled; most high-power tubes, such as klystrons, crossed- field amplifiers, and magnetrons, are liquid cooled.

The main source of power and heat in a power amplifier package is the high-voltage power supply. Part of the power produced by the power amplifier is transmitted in the form of rf energy; the remainder of the power eventually converts to heat, and cooling is required to dissipate the heat.

Radars that use blowers for cooling will usually have an airflow sensing switch. If the blower fails, the switch will open and remove power from appropriate power supplies. Radars employing liquid cooling normally distribute the liquid into a large number of separate paths, because the flow requirements are quite dissimilar. Each of the various paths will have a low flow interlock. If one of the liquid cooling paths becomes restricted, the low flow interlock switch will open and remove power from the radar.

Liquid cooling systems also include pressure gauges and switches, temperature gauges, and overtemperature switches. Many systems have pressure or flow regulators. Some systems include audio and/or visual alarms that energize before damage actually occurs. In some cases this allows the problem to be corrected without turning off the equipment.

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9.1.1 TYPE OF COOLING SYSTEM

1.WATER COOLING

2.AIR COOLING

Note; sonalika tractor uses forced circulation water-cooling system;

9.1.2 COMPONENTS OF COOLING SYSTEM

1. Radiator2. Pump3. Thermostat valve

10.1 Radiator;

The purpose of radiator is to provide large amount of cooling area so that water passing downwards through it in thin streams is cooled effciently . To accomplish this there are many possible arrangements .The radiator consists essentially of upper tank and a lower tank .The upper tank in some design may contain a removable filter mash to avoid dust particles going into the radiator or radiating element . The upper tank is connected to the water outlet from the engine jacket by rubber hose and another rubber hose to the water jacket inlet connects the lower tank through the pump.

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11.1 PumpThe pump maintaines a circulation of water throught the system,, the bottom of the radiator is connected to the suction side of the pump. The power is transmitted to the pump spindle from a fully mounted on the end of the crankshaft of or cam shaft. In the case of multicylinder engines an header is usually employed to provide equally distribution of water to all cylinder, tube supplyments the haader and ducts which give high rate of flow around around critical section of engines such as exhaust valve. the rate of circulation is usually 3 to4 litres/min/kw.

12.1 Clutch

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The clutch is fitted between the engine and gearbox. It is coupling used for the connecting or disconnecting engine power to the gearbox.

Main functions of clutch are as follows:

1) To disconnect the engines power from the gearbox as required under the following circumstances:

a) To start the engine, arm it up and it at a high speed to develop enough power to move the tractor from the rest.

b) Disconnect the power from the gearbox for the easy shifting of gears.

c) Disconnecting the drives from the engine to stop the tractor after application of brakes.

2) Allow the engine to take up load regularly without shock.

Working:Take two flywheels with center shaft fixed in it. If we move one wheel the

second will not move as they are kept apart. Now bring the second wheel close to the first wheel and press them together. If we turn the first wheel then the second will start moving. In actual practice two metal wheels are pressed together but a friction disc is called clutch plate is fixed in between them.

Note: there are two types of clutch i.e single clutch and double clutch.

Parts:Single plate (dry type) system:

a. Flywheel: it transmits engine power and works as pressure plate.b. Pressure plate: presses the clutch on the flywheel by spring force.c. Clutch plate lining: transmits power from the flywheel to the gearbox input

shaft.d. Clutch release bearing: presses the clutch finger for declutching.e. Inner bush: it gives sheet to clutch release bearing and to and fro motion.f. Clutch actuator guide: it guides the motion of the inner bush.g. Clutch actuator shaft: actuates the inner bush.

In addition to these parts dual clutch has one more important part i.e THREE FINGER SHAFT for transmitting power to PTO shaft.

In single clutches as clutch peddle is pressed both the gears and PTO stop spontaneously while in dual clutch peddle is pressed half one gear stops PTO remains in motion. Due to this advantage dual clutch is preferred in PTO drawn implements.

13.1 Differential

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It transmits the power from the transmission shaft at the right angle to the axle shaft in order to drive the wheels and distribute the power between powered wheels according to the requirements.

Differential assembly is fitted in the center of the rear axle casing and does the following jobs:

1. it transmits power from the transmission shafts at the right angle to the axle shaft to move the wheel.

2. to differentiate the speed of the two rear wheels when tractor is taking turn. The outer wheel has to travel more distance than the inner wheels or the outer wheel has to run faster than the inner wheel.

As far as transmitting of power at right angle to the propeller shaft is concerned driver pinion is coupled to the transmission shaft with the help of flange. This pinion drives the crown wheel as such the power is now available at right angles to the driver shaft and the tractor can move forward and back as required.

Assembly

1. tail pinion: it transmits power from the output shaft of the gearbox to the crown wheel.

2. crown wheel: it gives housing to the cage assembly where differential action takes place.

3. differential cage: it gives the housing to the spider kit i.e cross, star, sun pinion.

4. cross: it remains fixed in the cage assembly and supports the motion of the star pinion.

5. star pinion: distributes the power between sun pinion according to the load applied by them. Consist four-star gears.

6. sun pinion: transmits power from star pinion to bull pinion shaft. Consist of two sun gears.

7. bull pinion shafts: gives power to the bull gear and bear the action of break.

8. bull gear: transmits the power from the bull pinion shaft to the rear axle.9. rear axle: transmits the power from the bull gear to the rear wheel.10. differential: differential lock is made on the bull pinion shaft as a hollow

shaft and we provide an extra coupler assembly in the differential. When differential is free from lock the coupler are in disengage position and when we apply the differential lock coupler are in engage position.

14.1 Flow chart of power transmission in differential

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15.1 Industry Application

Tail pinion

Crown wheel

Crown cage

Sun star gear

Bull pinion shaft

Bull gear

Rear axle

Rear dick and rim

tyres

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1. Manufacture the tractors of differnt model. Two main model produce by the compony is:-1) RX.2) DI.

2. Manufacture the combine of the tractors.3. Manufacture the car and tractor engine.4. Manufacture the different gears.5. Compony have its on resarch and development centre where they are

serching for in 6. Also compony supply its products to other companies in india and in

international companies.7. Manufacture the sheets of the different metal which used in the tractors

cover body.

16.1 Conclusion I conclude that the sonalika is very big company because they manufacture almost all the parts of the tractor it’s on but also very few components which are taken by the compony from others companies. Sonalika doing a very greate job to prompot our nation to the inter national level. They are producing a such a very greatest tractors which have the level to compete with the international market. There is also a hugge demand of there tractor to the international market. In sonalika, worker’s are also doing a greate job to prompot the compony and they are doing a very hard work. So i am very happy to join the international tractor limited for four weeks and i am hopping that i will be the part of this company in future and giving our best to this company and make it as number one company in intare world.

17.1 References:-

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My report ia based on the parts of the tractor likae engine,Gear box and engine parts. So to make this report i take the references from 1. The intenet. From internet I take some pictures of the engine parts

like piston rings, crankshaft, piston assembly and also taking some data on the working of engine.

2. The following books:- Applied thermodynamic-1 Applied thermudynamic-2

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