Situational Language TeachingThe Oral Approach

BackgroundIt was an approach for ELT

developed by the British linguists from the 1930s to the 1960s.

Two of the leaders in this movement were Harold Palmer and A. S. Hornby.

Aim: To develop a more scientific foundation for an oral approach to ELT than the Direct Method.

Harold Edward Palmer

1877 - 1949

Hornby, Albert Sydney

1988 - 1978

Vocabulary controlVocabulary was one of the most

important aspects.Reading skills were emphasised as

the goal of foreign language study in some countries.

Palmer, Michael West and others produced the Interim Report on Vocabulary Selection (1936).

Later revised by West (1953) as A General Service List of English Words.

Grammar controlPalmer’s view on grammar was

very different from the abstract model of Grammar Translation-Method.

Palmer, Hornby and other British applied linguists analysed English and classified its major grammatical structures into sentence patterns (later called ‘substitution tables’).

The Oral Approach and Situational Language

The new method involved systematic principles of selection, gradation and presentation.

It was referred as the Oral Approach so as not to be confused with the Direct Method.

One of its most active proponents in the 60s was the Australian George Pittman.

Main characteristics1. Language teaching begins with spoken

language. Material is presented orally before it is presented in written form.

2. The target language is the language of the classroom.

3. New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.

4. Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered.

Main characteristics

5. Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones.

6. Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established.

How can SLT be characterised at the levels of approach, design, and procedure?

APPROACHTheories of language and learning

Theory of languageTeaching can be characterised as a type of

British ‘structuralism’. Speech was the basis of language.Structure was the heart of speaking ability.“Word Order, Structural Words, the few inflections of English, Content Words, will form the material of our teaching” – Frisby, 1957.“Our principal classroom activity in the teaching of English structure will be oral practice structures. This oral practice of controlled sentence patterns should be given in situations designed to give the greatest amount of practice in English speech to the pupil” – Pittman, 1963.

Theory of learningA type of behaviourist habit-learning theory.

“There are three processes in learning a language – receiving the knowledge or materials, fixing it in the memory by repetition, and using it in actual practice until it becomes a personal skill” – Frisby, 1957.”

“The fundamental is correct speech habits… The pupils should be able to put the words, without hesitation and almost without thought, into sentence patterns which are correct. Such speech habits can be cultivated by blind imitative drill” – French, 1950.

Theory of learningLike the Direct Method, SLT adopts

an inductive approach to the teaching of grammar.

“If we give the meaning of a new word, either by translation into the home language or by an equivalent in the same language, as soon as we introduce it, we weaken the impression which the word makes on the mind” – Billows, 1961.

DESIGNObjectives, the syllabus, activities, roles

ObjectivesTo teach a practical command of the

four basic skills of language.Skills are approached through

structure.Accuracy in both pronunciation and

grammar is crucial. Errors to be avoided at all costs.

Automatisation of basic structures and sentence patterns is fundamental to reading and writing skills; achieved through speech work.

The syllabusBasic to teaching SLT is a

structural syllabus and a word list.

Structural syllabus: a list of basic structures and sentence patterns of English, arranged according to their order of presentation.

‘Situation’ refers to the manner of presenting and practising sentence patterns.

Types of learning

A situational approach to present new sentence patterns.

A drill-based manner of practising them.

The use of concrete objects, pictures, and realia, which together with actions and gestures can be used to demosntrate the meanings of new language items.

Practice TechniquesGuided repetition.Substitution activities.Chorus repetition.Dictation.Drills.Controlled oral-based reading

and writing tasks.Pair-practice & group work.

Learner rolesInitial stage: Ss listen & repeat;

respond to questions and commands.

Later learners may initiate responses and ask each other questions, although teacher-controlled introduction and practice of new language is stressed throughout.

Teacher rolesThe teacher’s function is threefold:

1. A model.2. Conductor of an orchestra.3. A watchman.

Responsibilities:1. Timing2. Oral practice, to suport the textbook

structures.3. Revision (i.e. review)4. Adjustments to special needs of individuals.5. Testing.6. Developing language abilities other than

those arising from the textbook.(Pittman 1963)

The role of instrumental materialSituational Language Teaching is

dependent upon both a textbook and visual aids.

Visual aids: charts, flashcards, pictures, sticks figures, and so on.

A carefully graded grammatical syllabus is a crucial aspect of SLT.

The textbook should be used “only as a a guide to the learning process. The teacher is expected to be the master of his textbook” – Pittman 1963

Thank you.