D170 W15 CNS Williams

What do the directional terms “rostral” and “caudal” mean when referring to brain anatomy?

What are the three functions of the brain?

What are the four main parts of the adult brain? What structures do they contain? (don’t worry about what embryonic structures they develop from)

What are the ventricles of the brain? What are they filled with? What type of cells line the ventricles? Describe each of the following ventricles.

Lateral ventricles – Third ventricle –Cerebral aqueduct – Fourth ventricle –

The brain stem:

Label the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain:

Medulla oblongata:Location: Nearby ventricle:

D170 W15 CNS Williams

Pyramidal tracts – Decussation of the pyramids – Relay nuclei –Summarize attached nerves:Reticular formation:

Pons:Location:Two regions that connect:Summarize attached nerves:

Midbrain:Location:Tectum – Cerebral peduncles – Substantia nigra – Corpora quadrigemina –Summarize attached nerves:

The Cerebellum:Location:Major function:Cerebellar hemispheres – Vermis – Folia –Fissures – Arbor vitae –

D170 W15 CNS Williams

What are the three regions of the cerebellum, from rostral to caudal?

How does the cerebellum process information? List the three steps.

What are the cerebellar peduncles? What do they connect the cerebellum to? What information do they transmit?

The DiencephalonThree structures:

Thalamus:Location:Function:The gateway to the cerebral cortex:

Hypothalamus:Location:Functions (list, but don’t describe):

Epithalamus:Location:Function:Pineal gland:

Label the areas of the diencephalon:

D170 W15 CNS Williams

The Cerebrum

What are the longitudinal and transverse fissures? What structures do they separate?

What are the three regions of the cerebrum, from superficial to deep?

Describe the general appearance of the cerebral cortex, using the terms sulcus and gyrus.

Describe the locations and functions:

Frontal lobe – Parietal lobe – Occipital lobe – Temporal lobe – Insula (insular lobe) –

Precentral gyrus – Postcentral gyrus –

Central sulcus – Parieto-occipital sulcus – Lateral sulcus –

D170 W15 CNS Williams

Define the following (you don’t need to know specifics or locations, but understand they exist):Sensory areas:Association areas:Motor areas:Contralateral projection:

White matter:Define:Commissural fibers – Corpus callosum –Association fibers – Projection fibers –

Grey matter:Define:Define basal nuclei (ganglia):(You don’t need to learn names, just general location):

Functional Brain Systems

Limbic System:Location:

D170 W15 CNS Williams

Function:Cingulate gyrus – Hippocampal formation – Amygdaloid body –

Reticular Formation:Location:Function:

Protection of the Brain:What three structures serve to protect the brain?

What are the three meninges of the brain? What are their functions? What is the subarachnoid space?

Dura mater – Arachnoid mater –Pia mater –

D170 W15 CNS Williams

What is the blood brain barrier? What is its function?

What is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)? What are its functions?

How is CSF produced by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles? What is a choroid plexus?

The Spinal Cord

How many pairs of spinal nerves:

How are they named?

How are spinal cord segments named?

How far does the spinal cord run superiorly? Inferiorly?

D170 W15 CNS Williams

Describe and label:Vertebral canal –

Conus medullaris –

Filum terminale –

Cervical enlargement –

Lumbar enlargement –

Cauda equina –

Describe the fiber types:Ascending:Descending:Commissural:

What makes up the gray matter of the spinal cord? Describe the anatomical location of the following features of the gray matter, and describe what neurons are found in each part.

Dorsal horns – Ventral horns – Lateral horns –Dorsal/posterior funiculus -Ventral /anterior funiculus -Lateral funiculus -

Describe how spinal nerves attach to the gray matter of the spinal cord by way of the following structures.

Dorsal root ganglion – Dorsal roots – Ventral roots –

Label white and gray matter below:

D170 W15 CNS Williams

Describe how the spinal cord is protected, noting the following structures:

Spinal dural sheath –Epidural space – Denticulate ligaments –