CRP1.1CRP1.1CRP1.1 CRP1.1 Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas

WAS&DSWAS&DSWAS&DSWAS&DSSites and ActivitiesSites and ActivitiesSites and ActivitiesSites and Activities

Antoine Kalinganire & iIRT team

Montpellier, France, Sept 2012Dryland Systems CRP working session with French agricultural institutions in Montpellier

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

• Sites for CRP1.1 WAS&DS 

• Sites characteristicsSites characteristics

• Successful stories 

• Lessons learnt

• PartnersPartners

• Constraints

• Research hypotheses and activities

• Potential collaboration• Potential collaboration

WAS & DS countriesWAS & DS countriesWest Africa Sahel and Dry Savannas region covers:

1. Burkina Faso

2. Benin2. Benin

3. Ghana

4 M li4. Mali

5. Niger

6. Nigeria

7. Senegal7. Senegal

8. Togo

CRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclatureCRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclatureCRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclatureCRP1.1 WAS&DS geographical nomenclature

• 2 action transects and 42 action transects and 4 satellites to sample regional gradients that effectively drive changeeffectively drive change (SRT potential)

• Within each actionWithin each action transect, 3 research locations to sample local systems variability (SRTsystems variability (SRT expression)

• Action transects reflect portability over space and time of the SRT2 ⇔SRT3 continuumSRT3 continuum

Intervention areasIntervention areas1 Wa‐Bobo‐Sikasso (WBS) transect ≈ SRT3 Action site1 Wa Bobo Sikasso (WBS) transect  SRT3 Action site2 Kano‐Katsina‐Maradi (KKM) transect ≈ SRT2 Action site

KKM action site characteristicsKKM action site characteristicsKKM action site characteristicsKKM action site characteristics

• Transect:• Transect:

– Contrasted biophysical / climatic conditions (Sahel ⇔ Sudan savanna)

– Somewhat more homogeneous– Somewhat more homogeneous socio‐economic / human conditions (high population density, Hawsadominant, 2 countries)

– Research‐action locations: Kofa, Zango Daura, Aguié

• Satellites:

– Expand socio‐economic coverage (lower population densities, Zarma, M i)Mossi)

– Sites: Tondi Kiboro (Fakara), Tougou(Ouahigouya)

WBS action site characteristicsWBS action site characteristicsWBS action site characteristicsWBS action site characteristics

• Action transect:• Action transect:– Contrasted socio‐economic / human 

conditions (variable population densities Dagari / Bwa / Senufo /densities, Dagari / Bwa / Senufo / Mianka…, 3 countries, extension services, etc.)

– Somewhat more homogeneous biophysical / climatic

– Research‐action locations: Duori, Sokouraba (Orodara), Sukumba

• Satellites:– Expand biophysical coverage 

(towards lower & higher rainfall, LGP)

– Sites: Buya‐Were (Cinzana), Tolon‐Kumbungu

SitSitSitesSitesBiophysicalBiophysical && SocioSocio‐‐economiceconomicBiophysicalBiophysical & & SocioSocio‐‐economiceconomic

characteristicscharacteristics

( S bl f ll i )(see Summary table for all sites)

FarmingFarming systemssystemsFarmingFarming systemssystems

AnnualAnnual cropscrops RainRain‐‐fedfed farmingfarming systemssystemsSpatial Main Crops Main CropsSpatial location

Main Crops(WBS)

Main Crops(KKM)

Cereals (Maize Sorghum) Cereals (MilletCereals (Maize, Sorghum)Legumes (cowpea,

groundnuts, Bambaranuts

Cereals (Millet Sorghum)

Legumes (cowpeaLowland

groundnuts, BambaranutsVegetables (Pepper, Okra,

Eggplant, Hibiscus)

Legumes (cowpea, groundnuts)

Vegetables (Pepperggp , )Tuber (Yam, sweet potato)

Vegetables (Pepper, Eggplant, Hibiscus)

Cereals (Sorghum, Millet, Cereals (MilletCereals (Sorghum, Millet, Maize, Rice )

Legumes (cowpea,

Cereals (Millet, Sorghum, rice and maize at wetlands)

Uplandg ( p ,groundnuts, Bambaranuts)

maize at wetlands)Legumes (cowpea,

groundnuts)Cotton

groundnuts)Cotton

IrrigatedIrrigated cropscrops systemssystemsSpatiallocation

Main Crops (WBS) Main Crops (KKM)

Cereals (Rice, Maize)Vegetables (Onion,

Cereals (Rice, Maize)Vegetables (Onion,

River flood plain

tomato, cabbage, pepper, etc.)

tomato, cabbage, pepper, etc.)p

Potatoes Potatoes

Village/Vegetables (Onion,

tomato cabbageVegetables (Onion,

tomato cabbageVillage/ Urbangardens

tomato, cabbage, pepper, etc.)

Potatoes

tomato, cabbage, pepper, etc.)

Potatoesgardens Potatoes PotatoesTrees (Moringa )

Irrigated plain with great investment, BF Irrigated valley with moderate investment

Onion trade, NigerWomen’ garden, Niger

LivestockLivestock keepingkeeping systemssystemsLivestockLivestock keepingkeeping systemssystemsSystems Feeding areas Main  Animals Main Animals

(WBS) (KKM)

Agropastoral Village Cattle, goat,  Cattle, goat, landscape sheep sheep

Semi & intensive Home & village l d

Traction cattle, h

Goat, sheep, d k lsystem landscape goat, sheep, 

donkey, pig, poultry

donkey, camel, horse, poultry, guineafowlpoultry, 

guineafowl,horse

guineafowl

Pastoraltranshumance

Village landscape/

Cattle Cattle, goat, sheep

bush

TreeTree cropscropsSystem Location Main tree species Main tree speciesSystem Location Main tree species

(WBS)Main tree species(KKM)

AgroforestryParklands

Village landscape

Local species (Shea tree, Faidherbia, Dawadawa tree palm

Local species (Faidherbia, BalanitesDawadawa tree, palm 

trees), Exotic species

Balanites, Sclerocarya ), Exotic species p

(Mangoes, cashew, Eucalyptus)

p(Eucalyptus, Azadirachta)

Orchards/Gardens

Home/ Village

Exotic planted species Mangoes, cashew, it

Exotic planted species (Mangoes, M i )citrus, papaya Moringa)

Vitellaria parkland, BF Faidherbia parkland, Niger

Mangifera orchard , BF Moringa garden, Niger

PartnersPartnersPartnersPartners

N ti l d R i l f ’ i ti• National and Regional farmers’ organizations• NARES• ARI (CIRAD, CSIRO etc)ARI (CIRAD, CSIRO etc)• Regional organisations  (CILSS, CORAF, etc.)• International organisations (IFDC etc)• Universities• NGOs• CBOs• CBOs• CGIAR (ICARDA, IMWI, ICRAF, CIAT, CIP, ICRISAT, ILRI…)• Private sectorPrivate sector• Donors• …..

RegionalRegional OrganizationOrganization policiespolicies and initiativesand initiatives

Policies & Iniatives Executiveorganizations

Programsorganizations

Comprehensive African Agricultural

FARA SSA Challenge Program African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) 

CORAF/WECARD

WAAPPg ( )

1. Develop and disseminate high‐quality, locally adapted 

Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa  AGRA

varieties2. Enhance soil health 3 A l t llh ld ’

(AGRA)3. Accelerate smallholders’ access 

to good seeds and appropriate fertilizersfertilizers 

4. Improve access to finance

LL L tL tLessonsLessons LearntLearnt

SuccessSuccess storiesstories

1 Integrated Pest1. Integrated Pest Management for the millet head minerhead miner

2. Water harvesting and fertility management (Zaiy gtechnology)

3. Farmers managed NR Sorghum in Half‐moon

4. Kano close‐settled zone  (85 % of land surface is occupied by farmland with intensive farming of small holdings under annualholdings under annual cultivation for a long time)

Natural regenerated trees & shrubs

MajorMajor cconstraintsonstraints forforMajor Major cconstraintsonstraints for for agricultural agricultural productivityproductivitygg p yp y

Constraints WBS KKMPhysical and technical1 Inadequate and erratic rain fall x xx2 Land cover degradation x xx

3 Low native soil fertility and general nutrientdepletion in cultivated land

x xx

4 Seasonal and prolonged flooding of more fertile floodplains and fadamas

x x

5 Toxicity/acidification and poor structure in some soils of the floodplains and fadamas

x xx

6 Wind and water erosion x xx

7 Diseases, insect pests, Striga infestation (crops xx xxand livestock)

8 Lack of labor-saving technologies for field x xxg goperations and processing

Constraints WBS KKMPhysical and technical

x xx9 Overstocking of grazing area x xx

10 Low availability of nutritious species ini

x xx

grazing areas11Inadequate improved cultivars/races for

i h f li h dx xx

systems in the context of climate change andmarket demand

12 W k d ti f f dd i th f i12 Weak adoption of fodder crops in the farming system

x x

13 Li it d t li t k d ti i t x xx13 Limited access to livestock production inputs x xx

Constraints WBS KKMPolitical and socio economicPolitical and socio-economic1 Low financial capability of farmers to

h i t d i txx xx

purchase necessary inputs and equipment2 Lack of labor force xx xx3 L d t ti3 Land saturation x xx4 Lack of or inadequate supply of essential

farm inputs such as farm mechanizationx x

farm inputs such as farm mechanization, fertilizers, agro-chemical products and advisory servicesadvisory services

5 Conflicts for the use of natural resourcebetween farmers and pastoralists

xx xxbetween farmers and pastoralists

6 Limited adoption of improved technologies xx xx

Constraints WBS KKMPolitical and socio economicPolitical and socio-economic7 Seasonal migration of young people xx xx

8 Inefficient market integration of agriculturalproducts

xx xxp

9 Lack of affordable technologies forsmallholder farmers

x xx

10 Ineffective extension services x x

11 Limited access to credit xx xx

i ii i i fi f liliRemainingRemaining issues for issues for scalingscaling upup• Scientific and farmer input into technologies and practices 

that combine crops–animals with appropriate agro‐p pp p gecological and agronomic management

• Creation of novel social infrastructure that results in both flows of information and builds trust among individualsflows of information and builds trust among individuals and agencies

• Improvement of farmer knowledge and capacity throughthe use of FFSs, farmer trainers, videos and modern ICTs• Engagement with the private sector to supply goods andservices (e.g. veterinary services, manufacturers ofservices (e.g. veterinary services, manufacturers ofimplements, seed multipliers, milk and tea collectors) anddevelopment of farmers’ capacity to add value throughtheir own business developmenttheir own business development

RemainingRemaining issues for issues for scalingscaling upup• A focus particularly on women’s educational, 

microfinance and agricultural technology needs and building of their unique forms of social capita

• Ensuring that microfinance and rural banking are• Ensuring that microfinance and rural banking are available to farmers’ groups (for both consumption and production purposes) 

• Ensure public sector support to lever up the necessary public goods for sustainable intensification of agriculture in the form of innovative and capableof agriculture in the form of innovative and capable research systems, dense social infrastructure, appropriate economic incentives (subsidies, price signals), legal status for land ownership and improved access to markets, through transport infrastructure

Potential research hypotheses, questions Potential research hypotheses, questions and activities around SRT2 &and activities around SRT2 & SRT3SRT3and activities around SRT2 & and activities around SRT2 & SRT3SRT3

Key areas Key areas ey a easey a eas

•• LivestockLivestock: : More efficient livestock‐mediated nutrient transfer th h d l i ti d f dd t dthrough dual purpose crop varieties and fodder trees reduces feed gaps and increases overall system productivity

•• BiomassBiomass: Increased biomass production from betterBiomassBiomass: Increased biomass production from better tree/crop/livestock integration improves WHC, nutrient availability and system resilience

•• MarketMarket accessaccess: : Improved access and equitable participation in markets by smallholders adds value, enhances  profitability, 

d ti it d d l bilitproductivity and reduces vulnerability•• Land tenureLand tenure: Land tenure security enhances system intensification and reduces vulnerability of rural householdsintensification and reduces vulnerability of rural households

•• Financial services: Financial services: Improved access to financial services (credits, savings, subsidies, insurance) enhances technology adoption, productivity and community resilience

Key Key areas & areas & researchresearch hypothesishypothesis

•• AgrobiodiversityAgrobiodiversity: : Enriching agro‐biodiversity improves system resilience and profitability for smallholders

•• GenderGender & & equityequity: : Empowering disadvantaged groups (women, youth, migrants) in decision making, resources and technology improves productivity and reduces vulnerability of rural householdsimproves productivity and reduces vulnerability of rural households

•• Agricultural water: Agricultural water: Effective water harvesting and management increase both plant and livestock productivity and reduce exposureincrease both plant and livestock productivity and reduce exposure to climatic and other risks

•• Policy & institutions:Policy & institutions: Strengthening local and national institutions (laws, by‐laws and conventions) reduces natural resource degradation and conflicts

•• LocalLocal knowledgeknowledge:: Strong incorporation of indigenous knowledge in•• Local Local knowledgeknowledge: : Strong incorporation of indigenous knowledge in the innovation systems approach accelerates adoption and scaling up of promising practices and servicesp p g p

PotentialPotential areas for collaborationareas for collaborationPotentialPotential areas for collaborationareas for collaboration

1. Policy Policy for land tenure and other forms of for land tenure and other forms of yynatural resource tenure (water, trees, animals, natural resource tenure (water, trees, animals, etc )etc )etc.)etc.)2. Animal 2. Animal healthhealth3 I ti3 I ti l tfl tf3. Innovation 3. Innovation platformsplatforms4. Systems 4. Systems modeling in a few specific areas modeling in a few specific areas (IPM for example)(IPM for example)5. Institutions policy: Youth & Gender5. Institutions policy: Youth & Genderp yp y

ThankThank youyou!!