Site summary status report Bloodtree Road, Mangrove ......5.3.2 Ammonia 15 5.3.3 TKN 16 5.3.4 Phosphorus 16 5.4 Metals 17 Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC ii NSW Department

NSW Department of Primary Industries

Site summary status reportBloodtree Road, Mangrove Mountain, NSW16 November 2015

Document information

Client: NSW Department of Primary IndustriesTitle: Site summary status reportBloodtree Road, Mangrove Mountain, NSWDocument No: 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevCDate: 16 November 2015

Rev Date Details

A 30/06/2015 Draft

B 29/07/2015 Final

C 16/11/2015 Final

Author, Reviewer and Approver details

Prepared by: Imogen Powell Date: 16/11/2015 Signature:

Reviewed by: Adrian Heggie Date: 16/11/2015 Signature:

Approved by: Adrian Heggie Date: 16/11/2015 Signature:

Distribution

NSW Department of Primary Industries, Parsons Brinckerhoff file, Parsons Brinckerhoff Library

©Parsons Brinckerhoff Australia Pty Limited 2013

Copyright in the drawings, information and data recorded in this document (the information) is the property of ParsonsBrinckerhoff. This document and the information are solely for the use of the authorised recipient and this documentmay not be used, copied or reproduced in whole or part for any purpose other than that for which it was supplied byParsons Brinckerhoff. Parsons Brinckerhoff makes no representation, undertakes no duty and accepts noresponsibility to any third party who may use or rely upon this document or the information.

Document owner

Parsons Brinckerhoff Australia Pty LimitedABN 80 078 004 798Level 27 Ernst & Young Centre680 George Street, Sydney NSW 2000GPO Box 5394Sydney NSW 2001AustraliaTel: +61 2 9272 5100Fax: +61 2 9272 5101Email: [email protected] to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, AS/NZS 4801A GRI Rating: Sustainability Report 2011

Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC i

NSW Department of Primary Industries Site summary status reportBloodtree Road, Mangrove Mountain, NSW

ContentsPage number

Abbreviations iii

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Purpose of this report 1

1.3 Objectives 2

1.4 Limitations and intellectual property 2

2. Site background information 4

2.1 Site identification and description 4

2.2 Topography 4

2.3 Geology 4

2.4 Hydrogeology 5

2.5 Registered groundwater bores 5

3. Contaminants of concern and applicable criteria 6

3.1 Contaminants of concern 6

3.2 Groundwater investigation levels 6

4. Review of standing water levels and groundwater flow direction 9

4.1 Groundwater levels 9

4.2 Groundwater flow direction 10

5. Groundwater quality 11

5.1 Total dissolved solids 11

5.1.1 Trends 115.1.2 Exceedances 11

5.2 pH 12


5.3 Nutrients 13

5.3.1 Nitrate 145.3.2 Ammonia 155.3.3 TKN 165.3.4 Phosphorus 16

5.4 Metals 17

Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC ii



6. Site maintenance work summary 24

7. Conclusions 26

8. References 27

List of tablesPage number

Table 2.1 Site identification details 4Table 2.2 Summary of registered bores with 500 m radius of the sites 5Table 3.1 Other contaminants of potential concern 6Table 4.1 Gauging results for March 2015 – Bloodtree Road site 9

List of appendicesAppendix A Figures

Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC iii


AbbreviationsANZECC Australian & New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene

DP Deposited Plan

DPI Department of Primary Industries

DQO Data Quality Objectives

EPA Environment Protection Authority

GCL Geo-composite clay liner

GME Groundwater monitoring event

LEP Local Environmental Plan

mAHD Metres Australian Height Datum

mBTOC Metres below top of casing

NATA National Association of Testing Authorities

NEPC National Environment Protection Council

NHMRC National Health & Medical Research Council

PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PPM Parts per million

PQL Practical quantitation limit (of chemical concentration)

QA/QC Quality assurance & quality control

RPD Relative percentage difference

SAQP Sampling analysis and quality plan

SWL Standing water level

TOC Total organic carbon

TDS Total dissolved solids

TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC 1


1. Introduction1.1 BackgroundAn outbreak of a poultry disease, known as Newcastle Disease, occurred at Mangrove Mountain on theCentral Coast Plateau in 1999. Approximately two million carcasses of slaughtered poultry and associatedshed litter and wastes were buried to contain the potential spread of the disease. The poultry carcasses wereplaced inside tar-lined shipping containers, which were placed into engineered burial pits at George DownesDrive (on the former Hymix Kulnura Quarry site) and Bloodtree Road (on Gosford City Council’s MangroveMountain Works Depot site). Shed litter, manure and other potentially virus-contaminated materials wereburied at a third site located at Waratah Road, Mangrove Mountain.

Subsequently, NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI, Agriculture), working in collaboration with DPIWater, NSW Environment Protection Authority, the Central Coast Public Health Unit of the Central CoastArea Health Service, and contracted environmental consultants (Robert Carr & Associates Pty Ltd.)developed a groundwater monitoring program to monitor any potential environmental impacts resulting fromthe presence of the burial pits. The groundwater monitoring program commenced in January 2001, following“baseline” groundwater monitoring events undertaken in 1999. Groundwater monitoring events (GMEs) wereconducted by various consultants between 2001 and 2012. Presently, there are 17 groundwater monitoringwells located across the three sites.

DPI Agriculture commissioned Parsons Brinckerhoff Australia Pty Ltd (Parsons Brinckerhoff) to undertakethe bi-annual groundwater monitoring program at the three sites for three years (2012 to 2015).

Douglas Partners was engaged to conduct one groundwater monitoring event in June 2012. This reportpresents a summary of results for key groundwater indicators from all GMEs undertaken at the BloodtreeRoad site by Parsons Brinckerhoff since 2013, which comprise:

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2013) Groundwater monitoring event 12, Mangrove Mountain, dated 13September 2013 – March 2013 GME

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2014) Groundwater monitoring event 13, Mangrove Mountain, dated 11 February2014 – June 2013 GME

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015a) Groundwater monitoring event 14, Mangrove Mountain, dated 3 June2015 – September 2013 GME

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015b) Groundwater monitoring event 15, Mangrove Mountain, dated 4 June2015 – March 2014 GME

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015c) Groundwater monitoring event 16, Mangrove Mountain, dated 3 June2015 – September 2014 GME

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015d) Groundwater monitoring event 17, Mangrove Mountain (draft), dated 13September 2015 – March 2015 GME.

This report presents information and data specifically for the Bloodtree Road site. Separate reports havebeen produced for the George Downes Drive and Waratah Road landfills.

1.2 Purpose of this reportThe purpose of this summary report is to document the condition of the groundwater in the vicinity of thecontainment cell and the physical condition of the cell, particularly with respect to any impacts that may havearisen from possible breaches of the containment of poultry wastes.



1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of the regular groundwater monitoring events (GMEs) and visual inspections were to:

n determine the present occurrence, nature and extent of contamination

n determine the existence of or potential for off-site transport of contaminants and the associatedenvironmental risks; and, should contamination and/or associated off-site risks exist

n identify and recommend appropriate mitigation/remedial measures, or otherwise provide a monitoringstrategy.

1.4 Limitations and intellectual propertyScope of services

This site summary report (the report) has been prepared in accordance with the scope of services set out inthe contract, or as otherwise agreed, between the client and Parsons Brinckerhoff (scope of services). Insome circumstances the scope of services may have been limited by a range of factors such as time,budget, access and/or site disturbance constraints.

Reliance on data

In preparing the report, Parsons Brinckerhoff has relied upon data, surveys, analyses, designs, plans andother information provided by the client and other individuals and organisations, most of which are referred toin the report (the data). Except as otherwise stated in the report, Parsons Brinckerhoff has not verified theaccuracy or completeness of the data. To the extent that the statements, opinions, facts, information,conclusions and/or recommendations in the report (conclusions) are based in whole or part on the data,those conclusions are contingent upon the accuracy and completeness of the data. Parsons Brinckerhoff willnot be liable in relation to incorrect conclusions should any data, information or condition be incorrect or havebeen concealed, withheld, misrepresented or otherwise not fully disclosed to Parsons Brinckerhoff.

Environmental conclusions

In accordance with the scope of services, Parsons Brinckerhoff has relied upon the data and has conductedenvironmental field monitoring and/or testing in the preparation of the report. The nature and extent ofmonitoring and/or testing conducted is described in the report.

On all sites, varying degrees of non-uniformity of the vertical and horizontal soil or groundwater conditionsare encountered. Hence no monitoring, common testing or sampling technique can eliminate the possibilitythat monitoring or testing results/samples are not totally representative of soil and/or groundwater conditionsencountered. The conclusions are based upon the data and the environmental field monitoring and/or testingand are therefore merely indicative of the environmental condition of the site at the time of preparing thereport, including the presence or otherwise of contaminants or emissions.

Also, it should be recognised that site conditions, including the extent and concentration of contaminants,can change with time.

Within the limitations imposed by the scope of services, the monitoring, testing, sampling and preparation ofthis report have been undertaken and performed in a professional manner, in accordance with generallyaccepted practices and using a degree of skill and care ordinarily exercised by reputable environmentalconsultants under similar circumstances. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.



Report for benefit of client

The report has been prepared for the benefit of the client and no other party. Parsons Brinckerhoff assumesno responsibility and will not be liable to any other person or organisation for or in relation to any matter dealtwith or conclusions expressed in the report, or for any loss or damage suffered by any other person ororganisation arising from matters dealt with or conclusions expressed in the report (including withoutlimitation matters arising from any negligent act or omission of Parsons Brinckerhoff or for any loss ordamage suffered by any other party relying upon the matters dealt with or conclusions expressed in thereport). Other parties should not rely upon the report or the accuracy or completeness of any conclusionsand should make their own enquiries and obtain independent advice in relation to such matters.

Other limitations

Parsons Brinckerhoff will not be liable to update or revise the report to take into account any events oremergent circumstances or facts occurring or becoming apparent after the date of the report.

The scope of services did not include any assessment of the title to or ownership of the properties, buildingsand structures referred to in the report nor the application or interpretation of laws in the jurisdiction in whichthose properties, buildings and structures are located.



2. Site background information2.1 Site identification and descriptionThe Mangrove Mountain region is located in the municipality of Gosford City Council (Council),approximately 85 km north of Sydney. This report presented information and data specifically for the burialsite at Bloodtree Road site which was a former council depot. The identification details for the site areprovided in Table 2.1 and the location is indicated in Figure 1 (Appendix A).

Table 2.1 Site identification details

Identification Bloodtree Road

Council Gosford

County Northumberland

Parish Popran

Title identification Lot 81 DP 664567

MGA co-ordinates (zone 56) 333398 E, 6315439 N

The area surrounding the site comprises well-developed agricultural and horticultural industries, includingintensive poultry farms, the quarry, orchards, vegetable market gardens and more recently groundwaterextraction for bottling. The established agricultural areas are surrounded by native bushland areas includingthe Dharug, Popran and Brisbane Water National Parks, McPherson, Olney and Ourimbah State Forests andother Crown Land.

The Bloodtree Road site is located in the southwest corner of the Gosford City Council’s Mangrove MountainDepot, adjacent to the NSW Rural Fire Service shed. The burial pit was excavated into the sandstonebedrock (maximum depth of 8 m) and has horizontal dimensions of 13 m x 50 m. The pit was lined with geo-composite clay liner followed by a layer of high density polypropylene and geotextile fabric (BidimTM), andthen filled with 48 tar-lined steel shipping containers housing poultry carcasses. The layout of the site isshown in Figure 2 in Appendix A.

2.2 TopographyThe site is located near Mangrove Mountain on a sandstone plateau which drains into the Warre WarrenCreek, Wyong River, Ourimbah Creek and Brisbane Water catchments. Several small creeks and tributariesof the Hawkesbury River, including Mangrove, Mooney Mooney and Popran Creeks drain the area.Mangrove Creek has an urban water supply dam in its upper catchment and provides drinking water to theGosford-Wyong local government areas. The site topography features undulating sandstone ridge-tops,vegetated by temperate sclerophyll woodland.

2.3 GeologyA review of the Gosford-Lake Macquarie 1:100,000 (1994) geological map indicates that the site is generallyunderlain by Hawkesbury Sandstone. The Hawkesbury Sandstone consists of inter-bedded layers ofsandstone (massive and sheet facies), siltstone and shale. The parent material overlying the sandstonebedrock in the vicinity of the Bloodtree Road burial pit is described as a gravelly lateric colluvium fromsandstone according to a more comprehensive map of soils of the central coast plateau (Hawkins and



Haddad, 2011). The soils are dominated by material of the Keighley association and characterised by a non-calcareous gradational texture profile, an earthy fabric in the B horizon, much gravel in the upper part of theprofile and occasional pisolithic boulders.

Investigations at the Bloodtree Road site, for example, indicate that the sandstone has low strength withdeeply weathered profile at depth, where water inflow was observed at around 18 m and 26 m depth. Theavailable borehole logs indicated subsurface profiles at the sites generally correspond with the regionalgeology identified above.

2.4 HydrogeologyThe aquifer in the Hawkesbury Sandstone has both porous and fractured flow. It is recharged by rainfall anddischarges as springs and to surface water systems that flow from the Mangrove Mountain plateau.

Perched aquifers are common across the area in the weathered material, with the more productive aquifers,commonly used for commercial and domestic purposes, located at depths below 20 metres. There ispotentially a hydraulic connection between the perched and upper sandstone aquifer, however the degree ofconnection at the three sites is not well known.

2.5 Registered groundwater boresA search of the NSW Office of Water groundwater database (www.nratlas.nsw.gov.au) indicated that severalgroundwater bores are registered within 500 m of the site. The recent review of the database(http://allwaterdata.water.nsw.gov.au/water.stm) (on 22 April 2015) did not identify any new bores in thevicinity of the site. A summary of the registered bores and their distance from the Bloodtree Road site isprovided in Table 2.2 and shown in Figure 2 in Appendix A.

Table 2.2 Summary of registered bores with 500 m radius of the sites

Site Bore ID Purpose Approximatedistance anddirection fromsite(1)

Screendepthinterval(m)

Standingwaterlevel(mBTOC)

Totaldepth(m)

BloodtreeRoad

BLR(2) Domestic/stock 204 m north N/A N/A N/A

GW069013 Domestic/stock 253 m north 6 – 46 17.0 46.0

GW026458 Domestic 279 m north 3 – 30.4 15.2 30.4

GW103210 Monitoring 200 m north 0 – 36 Unknown 36.0

GW064667 Domestic/stock 265 m west 7.7 – 46 14.0 46.0

GW049010 Domestic/stock 430 m east-south-east 12 – 45.8 15.0 45.8

GW049010 Domestic/stock 430m east-south-east 12 – 45.8 15.0 45.8

GW102429(3) Domestic/stock 502 m south-east Unknown Unknown Unknown

(1) Distances are approximate only –calculated based on best judgement.(2) Information provided by NSW DPI. This bore is not shown on the public database. “BLR” refers to the bore license number, rather

than the bore ID.(3) The location of this bore has not been confirmed.



3. Contaminants of concernand applicable criteria

3.1 Contaminants of concernThe contaminants of concern for the GMEs at Bloodtree Road, as identified in the SAQP (ParsonsBrinckerhoff, 2013), are presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Contaminants of potential concern

Contaminant Justification

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Major anion and cation concentrations (chloride, sulphate,bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Electrical conductivity (EC)

Dissolved oxygen

Alkalinity (bicarbonate, carbonate, hydroxide and total)

Assessment of general water quality.

Nutrients (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen(TKN), total nitrogen and total phosphorus

Assessment of breakdown of organic matterplaced within the burial pits and maturing of thewaste material over time.

Metal concentrations (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc)

Assessment of potential corrosion of the metalcontainers containing the carcasses and waste.

3.2 Groundwater investigation levelsWith reference to the National Environmental Protection Measure Amendment No. 1 2013 (NEPM, 2013),the groundwater investigation levels adopted for assessing the quality of groundwater for the Bloodtree Roadsite are summarised in Table 3.2. These investigation levels were selected to assess the potential risks tohuman and freshwater ecosystems. The environmental and human receptors identified on-site and off-siteinclude:

n workers conducting monitoring or maintenance works at the sites

n users of the groundwater in the vicinity of the site. Groundwater quality at the site indicated possible thebeneficial uses of groundwater at the site include irrigation, stock, domestic and potable use.Groundwater in the surrounding area is also used for bottling and sale as mineral spring water.

n aquatic ecosystems in the surface waters down gradient of the site (Ourimbah Creek, Warre WarrenCreek, Bull Gully and Broula Gully). In addition, spring-fed streams were previously identified in the area

n surface water users, including Gosford-Wyong Councils Water Supply Authority, on the catchmentstreams of Warre Warren Creek and Mangrove Creek downstream of Warre Warren Creek.

The rationale for selecting the investigation levels presented in Table 3.2 was detailed in the SAQP (ParsonsBrinckerhoff, 2013). When the guidance values are not provided in the NEPM 2013, the parent guidelineswere referenced.



Table 3.2 Groundwater investigation levels

Analyte Unit Drinkingwaterguidelines(1),(2)

Protection offreshwaterecosystem(1),(3)

Livestockdrinkingwater(4)

Irrigationuse(5)

IndicatorspH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.0 - 6.5 – 8.5

Total dissolved solids mg/L 600 - 2,000 – 10,000 -

Biochemical oxygen demand mg/L - - - -

Chemical oxygen demand mg/L - - - -

Sulfide (S) - - - -

Soluble methane - - - -

AnionTotal alkalinity mg/L - - - -

Hydroxide mg/L - - - -

Carbonate mg/L - - - -

Bicarbonate mg/L - - - -

Chloride mg/L 250 - - -

Sulfate mg/L 500 - 2,000 -

CationsCalcium mg/L - - 1,000 -

Magnesium mg/L - - - -

Potassium mg/L - - - -

Sodium mg/L 180 - - -

NutrientsAmmonia (as NH3-N) (6) mg/L 0.41(7) 2.57(8) - -

Nitrate (as N) (6) mg/L 11.3(7) 0.16 (9) 338 -

Nitrite (as N) (6) mg/L 0.91(7) - 9.12 -

Nitrate + nitrite (as N) mg/L - 0.04 - -

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg/L - - - -

Total nitrogen mg/L - 0.5 - 0.5

Phosphorus mg/L - 0.05 - 0.05

MetalsArsenic µg/L 10 - 500 – 5,000 100

Arsenic (as AsIII) µg/L - 24 - -

Arsenic (as AsV) µg/L - 13 - -

Barium µg/L 2,000 - - -

Cadmium µg/L 2 0.2 10 10

Chromium (CrVI) µg/L 50 1.0 1,000 100

Cobalt µg/L - - 1,000 50



Analyte Unit Drinkingwaterguidelines(1),(2)

Protection offreshwaterecosystem(1),(3)

Livestockdrinkingwater(4)

Irrigationuse(5)

Copper µg/L 2,000 1.4 400 – 5,000 200

Iron µg/L 300 - - 200

Lead µg/L 10 3.4 100 2,000

Manganese µg/L 500 1,900 - 200

Mercury µg/L 1 60 2 2

Nickel µg/L 20 11 1,000 200

Zinc µg/L 3,000 8 20,000 2,000

Microbial indicators

Faecal coliform CFU/100 mL

- - - -

Escherichia Coli CFU/100 mL

non-detect - - -

Sulfite-reducing Clostridia(including C. perfringens)

orgs/100 mL

- - - -

Clostridium perfringens orgs/100 mL

- - - -

Campylobacter spp. CFU/100 mL

non-detect - - -

Pseudomonas spp. CFU/100 mL

- - - -

(1) NEPM (2013) Schedule B1 – Investigation levels for soil and groundwater(2) NHMRC/NRMMC (2011) Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. (Note: Human health values are provided as priority, aesthetic

values are only provided in the absence of a human health value)(3) ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) – trigger values for the protection of 95% of freshwater ecosystem(4) ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) – recommended water quality trigger values for livestock drinking water(5) ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) – Agricultural irrigation water long term trigger values(6) 1 mg/L of NH3-N = 1.21 mg/L of NH3; 1 mg/L of NO3-N = 4.43 mg/L of NO3; and 1 mg/L of NO2-N = 3.29 mg/L of NO2.(7) The guideline values for drinking water are: 0.5 mg/L ammonia (as NH3), 50 mg/L nitrate (as NO3) and 3 mg/L (as NO2).(8) Ammonia/ammonium equilibrium concentration is highly dependent on pH and temperature. In the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)

guidelines, the trigger values for ammonia were derived for pH 6 to 9; extrapolation outside this range is not advisable. On accountthat the groundwater at the three burial sites is generally of acidic conditions, ammonia concentration for pH 6 is adopted here.

(9) The guideline value for the protection of 95% of freshwater ecosystem is: 0.7 mg/L nitrate (as NO3).



4. Review of standing waterlevels and groundwater flowdirection

4.1 Groundwater levelsThe standing water level (SWL) in the groundwater monitoring bores is used to calculate the direction ofgroundwater flow.

The landfill is located in the catchment area of Warre Warren Creek, which flows into Mangrove Creek, in theMcPherson State Forest.

Table 4.1 presents the location, elevation and last recorded SWL (March 2015) of the groundwatermonitoring bores on the site.

Table 4.1 Gauging results for March 2015 – Bloodtree Road site

BoreholeID

Easting Northing T.O.C.elevation(mAHD)

SWL(mBTOC)

Groundwaterelevation(mAHD)

BH1 319471 1315425 307.115 17.786 289.329

BH2 319495 1315360 305.100 15.382 289.718

BH3 319594 1315389 311.310 18.088 293.222

BH1B 333215 6315245 306.165 16.900 289.265(1) Abbreviations: T.O.C. – top of casing; mBTOC – metres below top of casing, mAHD – metres Australian Height Datum, mBGL –

metres below ground level

Monitoring well BH3 is considered to be the up gradient well and BH1B is considered to be the downgradient well.

Chart 1 shows groundwater elevations from June 2012 to March 2015 in the four groundwater monitoringwells located at Bloodtree Road. Groundwater elevations in the up gradient monitoring well (BH3) areconsistently higher in elevation than groundwater levels in the three down gradient monitoring wells (BH1,BH1B and BH2). Groundwater elevations in the down gradient monitoring wells are similar to each other.

Groundwater elevation in each monitoring well followed a similar trend of fluctuation over time and wasinfluenced by rain fall as recharge occurred, particularly after heavy rainfall in February 2013. Long-termtrends in groundwater elevation and rainfall are presented in Appendix A (Figure 4).



(1) The monthly rainfall data was obtained from the Mangrove Mountain AWS (Bureau of Meteorology Automated Weather Station061375).

4.2 Groundwater flow directionGroundwater flow direction is to the west south-west at a gradient of 1 in 33. The hydraulic gradient at thissite has been consistent throughout the monitoring period (event 12 to event 17) and prior to these eventstoo.

The groundwater flow direction is presented on Figure 3 (in Appendix A) and has consistently been to thewest-south-west.

0

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)

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AHD)

Date

Chart 1 - Groundwater elevation (mAHD) and monthly rainfall(1) at BloodtreeRoad - June 2012 to March 2015

Rainfall

BH1

BH2

BH3

BH1B



5. Groundwater qualityTrends in groundwater quality changes and exceedances of adopted assessment criteria (where applicable)are presented below. This report focuses upon the trends in down gradient well BH1B, because monitoringthe quality of groundwater moving away from the pit is a major focus of the program. Data for keycontaminants is presented for all groundwater monitoring wells and groundwater assessment levels (seeTable 3.2) are also presented, where relevant.

5.1 Total dissolved solids5.1.1 Trends

The total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater is a measure of all dissolved substances ingroundwater, including inorganic and organic substances dissolved in either a molecular, ionised or finecolloidal form. TDS is not a contaminant of concern but it is an indicator of aesthetic characteristics ofdrinking water, and an indicator of the potential presence of contaminants of concern. TDS data provides abroad indication of fluctuations in the chemical composition of groundwater.

As shown on Chart 2, concentrations of TDS were generally consistent throughout the monitoring period,fluctuating between 30 mg/L and 58 mg/L.

5.1.2 Exceedances

TDS concentrations were consistently reported below the adopted assessment criteria of 600 mg/L fordrinking water use from March 2013 to March 2015. ADWG (2001) states that TDS concentrations from 600to 900 mg/L are regarded as having fair palatability.

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/201

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conc

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g/L)

Date

Chart 2 - Trends in TDS concentrations at Bloodtree Road

BH1

BH2

BH3

BH1B



5.2 pH5.2.1 Trends

Groundwater at Bloodtree Road and in the vicinity of Mangrove Mountain is generally considered to beslightly acidic, which is common in groundwater associated with the Hawkesbury Sandstone formation. Chart3 presents pH values measured in the field in each well on the site from March 2013 to March 2015.

It is noted that lower pH values were measured in September 2013 following dry weather then increasedagain in March 2014 following a period of heavier rainfall when it is considered that rainwater mixed with thegroundwater and raised pH through a dilution effect. It is also worthwhile to note that field-measured pHvalues are not always accurate and pH variations could be artificial.

5.2.2 Exceedances

The pH values detected in groundwater from all monitoring wells at Bloodtree Road were consistentlyreported outside of the adopted assessment criteria for drinking water and irrigation use (6.5 to 8.5 pH value)and for protection of freshwater ecosystems (6.5 to 8.0 pH value) between June 2013 to March 2015. Thebands of acceptance (between the lower threshold and upper threshold for acceptable pH) and thegroundwater pH values are presented on Chart 4.

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/201

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/201

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Chart 3 - pH in groundwater at Bloodtree Road, March 2013 to March 2015

BH1

BH2

BH3

BH1B



5.3 NutrientsNitrogen and phosphorus are released during the decomposition of carcasses so their presence ingroundwater could indicate migration of leachate. Chart 5 presents the trends in key nutrients in downgradient well, BH1B.

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Chart 4 - pH values in groundwater and guidelines values at Bloodtree Road, March 2013 toMarch 2015

BH1

BH2

BH3

BH1B

Lower drinking waterand irrigation guidelines

Upper drinking waterand irrigation guidelines

Lower freshwaterguidelines

Upper freshwaterguidelines

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Chart 5 - Nutrient concentrations in BH1B at Bloodtree Road

Ammonia (as N)

Nitrate (as N)

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen(as N)

Total phosphorus (as P)



5.3.1 Nitrate

5.3.1.1 Trends

Common sources of nitrate in the environment include fertilisers, animal wastes, septic tanks, municipalsewage treatment systems and decaying plant debris. Excess nitrogen within the environment can contributeto eutrophication and algal blooms, leading to oxygen depletion in water.

Concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen-N) in groundwater in BH1B have fluctuated very little (between 0.68and 0.73 mg/L) as presented on Chart 5. Concentrations of nitrate (as N) have fluctuated very little over timein all monitoring wells at Bloodtree Road. Concentrations vary between monitoring wells, with minimumconcentrations consistently reported in down gradient well BH1B, and maximum concentrations consistentlyreported in up gradient well, BH3.

The elevated concentrations up gradient are considered to be indicative of regional sources, likely due to theintensive agricultural land use around Mangrove Mountain. If nitrogen was being released by leakage fromthe pit, nitrate (as N) concentrations are expected to be higher in those monitoring wells down gradient of thepit (BH1 and BH1B), given the high nitrogen content of material in the pit.

5.3.1.2 Exceedances

Concentrations of nitrate (as N) in groundwater remained above the adopted assessment criteria for theprotection of freshwater ecosystems in all monitoring wells on the site as presented on Chart 6. Althoughconcentrations of nitrate (as N) are consistently reported above the adopted assessment criteria forprotection of freshwater ecosystems, the concentrations are considered to be indicative of background levelsand are not considered to be an issue at the site. Despite not being indicated as a source of nitrogen at thesite, nitrate (as N) concentrations continue to be assessed because a significant change in concentrationsmay suggest leakage from the poultry burial pit.

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Chart 6 - Nitrate (as N) concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria at BloodtreeRoad

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Nitrate (as N)assessment criteria



5.3.2 Ammonia

Ammonia is produced during through the decay processes of animal and vegetable matter and byanthropogenic sources such as livestock farming practices and sewage (including septic systems). Ammoniacan be toxic to aquatic organisms at varying concentrations, depending on pH conditions. Ammonia is anutrient and oxidises to nitrate in surface water which can contribute to cause algal blooms.

5.3.2.1 Trends

Ammonia (as N) concentrations in all monitoring wells on the site fluctuated very little and ranged from belowthe laboratory LOR to 0.01 mg/L from 2013 to 2015. Consequently, ammonia is not considered to be acontaminant of concern. Concentration trends in down gradient well BH1B are presented on Chart 5.

5.3.2.2 Exceedances

Concentration of ammonia (as N) was not reported above the adopted assessment criteria for drinking wateruse (0.41 mg/L) in any of the wells on the site, as presented on Chart 7.

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Chart 7 - Ammonia (as N) concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria at BloodtreeRoad

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Ammonia (as N)assessment criteria



5.3.3 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

TKN is the sum of all organic nitrogen and ammonia in a given groundwater sample.

5.3.3.1 Trends

TKN concentrations were similar in down gradient wells BH1B and BH1, and cross gradient well BH2 in theperiod from 2013 to 2015, ranging between LOR and 0.7 mg/L. Concentrations were more elevated in upgradient well BH3, ranging from 2.7and 3.4 mg/L, as presented on Chart 8. This is considered to be areflection of the elevated nitrogen in BH3.

5.3.3.2 Exceedances

There are no applicable adopted assessment criteria for TKN.

5.3.4 Phosphorus

Phosphorus is used in the production of fertilisers. An excess of phosphorus in surface water can contributeto favourable conditions for an algal bloom. Phosphorus binds strongly to iron compounds in soil, and is notgenerally as mobile as nitrogen in groundwater.

Phosphorus is commonly analysed as soluble reactive phosphorus (which is predominantly orthophosphate)or total phosphorus, which includes organic phosphorus and particulate phosphorus, as well as solublereactive phosphorus. Total phosphorus has been analysed during this monitoring program.

5.3.4.1 Trends

The concentration of total phosphorus fluctuated slightly in down gradient monitoring well BH1B throughoutthe monitoring period, from below the laboratory LOR to 0.02 mg/L, as presented in Chart 5. The lowest totalphosphorus concentrations are generally reported in down gradient well BH1B during each GME.

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Chart 8 - TKN concentrations at Bloodtree Road

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Concentrations have fluctuated in all other monitoring wells on the site with no apparent pattern, aspresented on Chart 9.

5.3.4.2 Exceedances

Total phosphorus has been reported above the adopted assessment criteria for the protection of freshwateraquatic ecosystems in BH1 and BH3 in June 2013 and in BH1 only in September 2014 with no apparentpattern to the fluctuations. There are no guidelines established for phosphorus for the protection of humanhealth or aesthetic criteria.

5.4 MetalsAnalysis of heavy metals and metalloids (iron, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese,nickel and zinc) was undertaken to assess the potential leakage of soluble metals from the poultry carcassescontained in the pit at the Bloodtree Road site, and from potential mobilisation of metals due to interactionbetween any fluid leakage from the pit and the surrounding geology.

The trends for the metals and metalloids reported above the laboratory limit of reporting (LOR) are presentedbelow.

5.4.1 Trends

Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and manganese have fluctuated slightly between June2013 and March 2015, remaining below 12 µg/L in down gradient well BH1B with the exception of of zincand nickel, as presented in Chart 10. Zinc concentration in BH1B has fluctuated between 10 µg/L and 73µg/L. Concentrations of nickel have slightly increased in the period from 2013 to 2015 in monitoring wellBH1B. However, it is noted that concentrations of nickel have historically been reported as high as 450 µg/L.All the metal concentrations were considered to be indicative of background levels.

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Chart 9 - Total phosphorus concentrations and the adopted assessment criteriaat Bloodtree Road

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Phosphorusassessmentcriteria



Concentrations of iron in BH1B and all other monitoring wells on the site were reported below the laboratoryLORs. Historically, from 1999 to 2010, concentrations of iron and zinc have fluctuated and it was consideredthat these peaks followed periods of heavy rainfall.

Concentrations of metals have been reported in both up gradient and down gradient wells.

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Chart 10 - Metal concentrations in BH1B at Bloodtree Road

Iron

Arsenic

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Nickel

Zinc



5.4.2 Exceedances

Concentrations of cadmium were reported above the adopted assessment criteria in September 2013 andMarch 2014 but not during the most recent GME as presented on Chart 11. Exceedances were reported inboth up and down gradient wells and have occurred on occasion since 1999. While levels have exceededthe ANZECC (2000) trigger value for the protection of freshwater aquatic ecosystems on occasion, reportedlevels have remained well below Australian Drinking Water Guideline (2011) level for cadmium (2 µg/L),Fluctuations are not considered to be related to rainfall.

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Chart 11 - Cadmium concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria atBloodtree Road

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Cadmiumassessmentcriteria



Concentrations of zinc, presented on Chart 12, have generally remained above the adopted assessmentcriteria for freshwater aquatic ecosystems in both up and down gradient monitoring wells on the site.Concentrations in down gradient well BH1B, and cross gradient well BH2, are consistently slightly moreelevated than down gradient well BH1, and up gradient well BH3. Concentrations of zinc tend to fluctuate bythe same amount in each well during each GME. Concentrations of zinc appear to be higher in the Marchmonitoring event, following periods of higher rainfall. There is no established health guideline level for zinc inthe Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2000).

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Chart 12 - Zinc concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria at BloodtreeRoad

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Zincassessmentcriteria



Concentrations of copper, presented on Chart 13, have generally remained above the adopted assessmentcriteria for freshwater aquatic ecosystems in both up and down gradient monitoring wells on the site. Copperconcentration fluctuates in each well across the GMEs. The fluctuation is not as consistent as the fluctuationobserved in the results for zinc. No up or down gradient monitoring well consistently reported the highest orlowest concentrations of copper during each GME. Concentrations of copper also appear to be slightly moreelevated in the March monitoring events following periods of higher rainfall, although the association is weakin comparison to the results for zinc. The reported levels remain well-below the Australian Drinking WaterGuideline (2011) level for copper (2,000 µg/L).

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Chart 13 - Copper concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria atBloodtree Road

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Copperassessmentcriteria



Concentrations of nickel were generally below the adopted assessment criterion from March 2013 toSeptember 2013. Since March 2014 they have generally been reported above the assessment criterion, withan unusual result reported in down gradient well, BH1 (231 µg/L). Historically, concentrations of nickel havebeen reported as high as 450 µg/L. This was also considered to be an unusual result at the time, andconcentrations decreased in the subsequent monitoring events.

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Chart 14 - Nickel concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria atBloodtree Road

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Nickelassessmentcriteria



To allow closer scrutiny of nickel concentrations, Chart 15 presents a reduced y-axis scale that excludes thehigh nickel concentration reported in down gradient well BH1 in GME 17. The greatest fluctuation inconcentration of all the wells on the site is displayed in the up gradient well, BH3. It should be noted thatlevels reported once in BH1 and once in BH3 exceeded the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (2011) levelfor nickel (20 µg/L).Concentrations of nickel peaked in March 2014 and 2015 following periods of higherrainfall, similar to the trend observed for zinc.

Heavy metals in groundwater are not considered to be of concern at the Bloodtree Road site.

5.4.3 Summary of trends in metal concentrations

The monitoring of metals showed considerable variability in concentrations and several exceedances ofwater quality criteria. It should be noted that natural background concentrations of several heavy metals are,not uncommonly, in excess of the ANZECC water quality criteria for fresh water in sandstone aquifers in theSydney and Central Coast regions. Furthermore, the groundwater in the Mangrove Mountain district has acidpH. With acidity around pH 4 to 4.5, some metals in the profile tend to be dissolved and mobilised, thusincreasing the likelihood of high natural concentrations.

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Chart 15 - Nickel concentrations and the adopted assessment criteria at BloodtreeRoad (with the unusual result from BH1 excluded)

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Nickel assessmentcriteria



6. Site maintenance worksummary

According to information supplied by NSW DPI, additional kikuyu, rye grass and white clover seeds weresown shortly before the June 2013 (event 13) site walkover to improve the ground cover over the cap. Duringthe event 13 site walkover the ground cover was thin in the south-east corner of the cap and along the edgesof the cap. Thin ground cover was observed in the south-east corner of the cap and around the edges of thecap during all subsequent site walkovers from event 14 to event 17.

Aside from periodic mowing of the vegetation on the pit surface, Parsons Brinckerhoff is not aware of anyother maintenance undertaken at the Bloodtree road site between March 2013 and March 2015.



7. Risk mitigation actions,further monitoring andinvestigations

The following information regarding the risk management of the project was provided by DPI Agriculture:

Works were undertaken in 2011 to resurface the poultry burial pit mound with clay, topsoil and kikuyu turf toencourage run-off away from the pit and prevent rainfall pooling and infiltrating into the pit.

A bore-hole magnetic gradiometer probe was lowered down the central methane vent of the pit to determinethe depth below the ground surface of the shipping containers. It is proposed to install a small-diameter in-pitleachate monitoring/contingency extraction well using this information. The central methane vent will be usedas the outer casing and entry point for the well. Once the leachate well is installed, periodic extraction andoff-site disposal of the leachate to a licensed water treatment/recycling facility will occur.

The objective of the proposed liquid extraction is to reduce the hydraulic load in the pit and, therefore, thepotential for leakage from the pit. In additional it allows sampling and laboratory analysis of liquid contentsand progressively reduces the volume of contaminants in the pit.



8. ConclusionsGroundwater monitoring from events 13 to 17, overall, were generally consistent with some fluctuation withinexpected bounds. Monitoring of key contaminants of concern and indicator parameters in groundwatershowed no evidence of any significant leakage from the burial pit. The concentrations of metals andnutrients detected are considered likely to be representative of background levels.



9. Referencesn ANZECC (2000) Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality.

n AS4482.1 (2005) Guide to the investigation and sampling of sites with potentially contaminated soil –Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

n AS4482.1 (1999) Guide to the sampling and investigation of potentially contaminated soil – Part 2:Volatile substances.

n AS/NZS 5667.11 (1998) Water Quality – Sampling – Guidance on Sampling of Groundwater.

n Australian Government – National Health and Medical Research Council (2011; revised March 2015)Australian Drinking Water Guidelines.

n Hawkins, C. A. and Haddad, N. I. (2011) Soils of the Plateau of the Central Coast, NSW

n National Environment Protection Council (NEPC) (2013) National Environmental Protection Measure(NEPM) Amendment Measure 2013 Schedule B1: Guideline on investigation levels for soil andgroundwater.

n National Environment Protection Council (NEPC) (2013) National Environmental Protection Measure(NEPM) (Assessment of Site Contamination).

n NSW DECC (2009) Guidelines on the duty to report contamination under the Contaminated LandManagement Act 1997.

n NSW DEC (2007) Guidelines for the assessment and management of groundwater contamination.

n NSW DEC (2006) Guidelines for the NSW Site Auditors Scheme (2nd edition).

n NSW EPA (2000) Guidelines for Consultants Reporting on Contaminated Sites.

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2013) Sampling and Analysis Quality Plan, Mangrove Mountain GroundwaterMonitoring Project 2012 – 2015

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2013) Groundwater monitoring event 12, Mangrove Mountain, 13 September2013

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2014) Groundwater monitoring event 13, Mangrove Mountain, 11 February 2014

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015a) Groundwater monitoring event 14, Mangrove Mountain, 3 June 2015

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015b) Groundwater monitoring event 15, Mangrove Mountain, 4 June 2015

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015c) Groundwater monitoring event 16, Mangrove Mountain, 3 June 2015

n Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015d) Groundwater monitoring event 17, Mangrove Mountain (draft), 13September 2015

Appendix AFigures

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Figure 1Site Locations and Setting

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MANGROVE MOUNTAIN GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROJECTNSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES

Landfill SiteGroundwater Bores500m buffer

[0 100 200 300 m

Figure 2-2Site Locations and Setting

Bloodtree Road Landfill


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Figure 3Groundwater flow directionBloodtree Road, Mangrove Mountain, NSWGroundwater boreGroundwater contourInferred groundwater flow direction (March 2015)Approximate location of landfill area

Figure 4Rainfall residual mass vs Standing Water Level

Bloodtree Road, Mangrove Mountain, NSW


NOTE: The rainfall residual mass is the cumulative sum of the residual (the difference) between the actual monthly rainfall, and the long-term mean monthly rainfall.Where the rainfall residual mass curve has a positive slope (trending upwards left-to-right), the period is characterised by rainfall being greater than the long-term mean.Reference:David, K., Liu, T. and David, V. (2014) Use of several different methods for characterising a fractured rock aquifer, case study Kemfield, New South Wales, Australia, pages 307-328,in Fractured Rock Hydrogeology, International Association of Hydrogeologists Selected Papers 20, J.M. Shard (ed.)(2014) CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton,Florida.

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Water Level in groundwater monitoring bores at the Bloodtree Road site (January 2001 - March2015)

CMMRR (mm)

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Documents

Site summary status report Bloodtree Road, Mangrove ......5.3.2 Ammonia 15 5.3.3 TKN 16 5.3.4 Phosphorus 16 5.4 Metals 17 Parsons Brinckerhoff | 2189227B-CLM-RPT- RevC ii NSW Department