SITE SPECIFIC
Document 600
SITE SPECIFIC HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN
CHAPTER: EWB-MAP
COUNTRY: El Salvador
COMMUNITY: Las Delicias
PROJECT: Water Project
TRIP TYPE: Implementation, Phase 1
TRAVEL DATES: May, 2012
PREPARED BY
Adam Brostow
Brian Hamill
February 15, 2012
ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USA
www.ewb-usa.org
EMERGENCY CONTACT PAGE/PROTOCOLS (Form 606)
Place holder for completed and printed 606 document
DIRECTIONS & MAP TO MEDICAL FACILITY
Nearest location on the map from Las Delicias is Lourdes (5 KM
away). One of the several good hospitals within short (30-45 min)
driving distance is Hospital de Diagnostico y Emergencias (ESCALON)
Address: Paseo general Escaln y 99 Ave Norte Plaza Villavicencio
Phone: 2264-4422 Emergencies: 2264-4422.
There is a small clinic run by the NGO in Las Delicias (see site
map in following sections)
Here is the map and directions:
Driving directions to Paseo General Escalon, San Salvador, El
Salvador
3D2D
- more info
Lourdes
El Salvador
1. Head southwest
220m
2. Continue straight onto CA 8W
1.0km
3. Slight right toward Carretera Panamericana
450m
4. Turn right onto Carretera Panamericana
7.9km
5. Slight right toward Diego de Holguin
140m
6. Continue straight onto Diego de Holguin
300m
7. Sharp left onto Bulevar Diego de Holguin
6.3km
8. Exit on the left onto Avenida Jerusalen
2.1km
9. At the traffic circle, take the 1st exit onto Paseo General
Escalon
850m
Paseo General Escalon
San Salv
Other hospitals include:
Hospital de Diagnostico y Emergencias Address: 21 Calle poniente
y 2a diagonal #429 Urb. La Esperanza Phone: 2226-5111 &
2225-3073 Emergencies: 2226-5111.
Hospital de la Mujer Address: Between 81 & 83 Ave. Sur Calle
Juan J Caas Colonia Escaln Phone: 2265-1212, 2265-1210, 2263-5111
X-ray: 2263-5132 Emergencies: 2265-1212.
Hospital Centro Ginecolgico Address: 2a Diagonal Urb. La
Esperanza Phone: 2226-1899/1788/1911/1122 Admin/Fax: 2247-1400 Lab:
2247-1141/ 1143 Emergencies: 2242-1122.
Hospital Bloom (Pediatric Hospital) Address: 25 Avenida Norte
(downtown) Phone: 2225-4114 Emergencies: 2286-3451.
Hospital Militar Central Address: Avenida Bernal y Calle
Constitucin Phone: 2250-0080 Emergencies: 2274-6067.
PERSONAL HEALTH CHECKLIST (Form 603)
Attached
SIGNATURE PAGE
Engineers Without Borders - USA
Site-Specific Health and Safety Plan
Project Information
Name:
Las Delicias Water Project
Location:
El Salvador
Chapter:
EWB-MAP
Travel Dates
Start Date:
5/2012
End Date:
6/2012
Project Team H&S Representative SignaturesThe undersigned
confirm that all the information contained in this document is
current and correct as of __________ and that all travel team
members will be briefed on the contents prior to travel.
Health & Safety Officer #1:
Adam Brostow
Date:
Feb. 15, 2012
Health & Safety Officer #2:
Date:
Project Lead:
Brian Hamill
Date:
Feb. 15, 2012
U.S. Check-In Contact:
Richard Cairncross
Date:
Feb. 15, 2012
Professional Mentor:
N/A
Date:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EMERGENCY CONTACT PAGE/PROTOCALS (FORM 606)
DIRECTIONS & MAP TO MEDICAL FACILITYi
PERSONAL HEALTH CHECKLISTS (Form 603)iii
SIGNATURE PAGEv
TABLE OF CONTENTS1
1.0 INTRODUCTION5
1.1 Site Background & Description5
1.2 History Of Prior Activities At The Site5
1.3 Contractors And Other Parties5
2.0 ORGANIZATION AND COORDINATION7
2.1 Key Project Personnel7
Table 2.1 Key Project Personnel7
2.2 Health and Safety Personnel7
Table 2.2 Health And Safety Personnel7
2.3 Team Member Responsibilities8
Table 2.3 Team Member Responsibilities8
3.0 TASK DESCRIPTIONS9
3.1 Specific Scope of Work9
3.2 Point-to Point Travel Details10
Table 3.2: Point To Point Travel Details10
3.3 Project Schedule12
Table 3.3 Schedule12
4.0 TASK SAFETY AND HEALTH RISK ANALYSES13
4.1Preliminary Evaluation13
Table 4.1 Task Health & Safety Risk Analysis13
4.2 Security14
4.3 Chemical Hazards14
4.4 Biological Hazards15
4.5 Physical Hazards16
5.0 COMMUNICATIONS18
5.1 On Site Communications18
5.1.1 Cell Phones18
5.1.2 Radios18
5.1.3 Hand Signals18
5.1.4 Emergency Signals18
5.1.5 Translator Names19
5.2 Offsite Communications19
5.2.1 Cell Phones19
5.2.2 International SOS19
5.2.3 Email19
5.2.4 Local Medical Clinic / Nearest Medical Professional19
5.2.5 Fire Response20
5.2.6 Police Response20
5.3 US . Check-In Contact20
6.0 PROTOCOLS21
6.1 Task By Task Health & Safety Protocols21
01 Noise And Hearing Conservation21
02 InclementWeather21
03 HeatStress21
04 Cold Stress21
05 Footcare21
06 Confined Space22
07 Hot Work22
08 Manual Lifting22
09 Rough Terrain22
10 Housekeeping22
11 Structural Hazards22
12 Remote Areas22
13 Working Over/Near Water22
14 Traffic23
15 Heavy Equipment Operations23
16 Fall Protection23
17 Ladders23
18 Shoring and Trenching23
19 Hazardous Materials Use and Storage24
20 Demolition24
21 Active and Abandoned Utilities and Landmines24
22 Electrical Safety24
23 Hand and Power Tools24
24 Hand and Emergency Signals24
25 Lock Out Tag Out24
26 Biological Hazards24
27 Hazardous Materials25
28 Clearing, Grubbing, and Logging25
29 Falling Objects, Punctures, Abrasions, Dust, and Noise25
30 Silica25
6.2 Emergency Response Plans25
Designated Meeting Point25
Land Ambulance Service25
Air Ambulance Service25
7.0 TRAINING26
7.1 Pre Mobilization Training26
7.2 On Site Training26
8.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)27
8.1 Rationale For Use27
8.2 Criteria For Selection27
8.3 Listing By Task27
9.0 SITE CONTROL MEASURES28
9.1 Exclusion Zones28
Atmospheric28
Physical Zones28
9.2 Site Hygiene28
10.0 MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS29
10.1 Medications and Vaccinations29
10.2 Location of and person responsible for First Aid
Kit(s)29
10.3 Exposure/Injury/Medical Support (on site and off)29
10.4 Medical Treatment Facilities (Location &
Transportation)29
10.5 Incident Reporting29
11.0 POST MOBILIZATION REPORTING30
11.1 System To Capture And Report Project Related Injury And
Illness30
11.2 Participant Signatures30
ATTACHMENT A: AREA MAP1
Table A-1: Area Site Coordinates1
Picture A-1: Area Map1
ATTACHMENT B: PROJECT SITE MAP1
Table B-1: Site Coordinates1
Picture B-1: Project Site Coordinates1
ATTACHMENT C: TASK HAZARD ANALYSES1
Table C-1 Site Specific Task Hazard Analysis1
ATTACHMENT D: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ANALYSES1
Table D-1 Implementation PPE Analysis1
ATTACHMENT E: MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)1
Anticipated Chemicals1
Calcium Hypochlorite General Information1
ATTACHMENT F: POTENTIAL VENOMOUS SNAKES & SPIDERS1
ATTACHMENT G: TRAINING COPY CERTIFICATES1
ATTACHMENT H: REQUIRED MEDICAL CONTENTS1
ATTACHMENT I: TASK HAZARD MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES1
Task Hazards List1
ATTACHMENT J: INCIDENT REPORT FORM & ROOT CAUSE
ANALYSIS1
ATTACHMENT K: EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (FORM 614)11.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Site Background & DescriptionLas Delicias is a community
of about 600 homes and 3000 people situated on the western slopes
of Volcan San Salvador about 15 miles northwest of San Salvador,
the capital of El Salvador. The community is fairly sparse and
anticipates growth to over 1000 families over the next 20 years.
The communities residents suffer from lack of employment, but over
recent years several NGOs have begun making improvements within the
community that are improving living conditions, health, and
education.The residences of Las Delicias are Latin American and
mostly agricultural. Some are Indigenous. The Village of Las
Delicias was disrupted during the civil war, as were many villages,
there is no real governmental involvement. There is some military
and police presence. Most community event planning is done through
the parish council. Unemployment is very high. Those who are
employed work in garment factories or agricultural labor. The
average income is around $10 a week. Most people are Catholic.Las
Delicias has a water supply system that was installed about 20
years ago. This system includes buried piping to individual
households, three storage tanks at upper elevations in the
community, over 150 valves to control distribution, a well at a
lower elevation in the community and a pumping station with two
pumps: (1) submersible pump in the well and (2) transfer pump for
delivering water to two of the storage tanks. The three storage
tanks all receive water by gravity from a spring located several
kilometers away on the mountain and two of the storage tanks
receive water from the well. The well pump and transfer pump
operate about 4-6 hours per day. Water flows by gravity from the
tanks to individual households. The valves throughout the community
are operated manually by a single operator who walks throughout the
community controlling which zones have running water at various
times during the day. However due to topology and limitations of
the piping system design, the water supply to individual households
varies considerably. Some homes receive water almost every day
whereas other homes reportedly receive water less than once per
week. A culture of scarcity exists in the community so that when
the water is running, residents collect water into many available
containers so that they will continue to have water until the next
time the water is running.1.2 History of Prior Activities At The
Site
EWB/MAP was originally contacted by Dave Haeussler, who gave a
presentation regarding this project. Dave became involved with the
NGO (Project FIAT). He has been working in the community for some
time building clinics, roads and dwellings, through his local
church in Philadelphia.
While working in the community, Dave became aware of an ongoing
health problem stemming from scarcity of clean potable water. There
is an existing system that pumps water from a well to holding tanks
which in turn supply water through a gravity piping distribution
system to approximately 500 homes. The supply is sporadic and the
cost of pumping prohibitive to the community.
Project FIAT recognized the problem and realized that
engineering expertise was required to develop solutions. After Dave
made his presentation to EWB/MAP we decided to help and submitted
the project application which was approved.
In 2010 we went on the first assessment trip, tested the
existing system, analyzed water samples, and performed a heath
survey.
The existing system includes a well pump, a booster pump,
holding cistern, piping to three storage tanks and a gravity piping
distribution system to approximately 500 homes. It has been found
that the system generally operates as designed but has some basic
deficiencies making it expensive to operate and making water
distribution inequitable. The main issue is pumping cost. The
residents simply cannot afford it. The way the system operates, all
water is pumped to high elevation and then gravity-distributed to
the village. If about 50% of water as pumped to an intermediate
elevation so serve half of the village located below this
elevation, one could save about 30% of the pumping cost or,
conversely, supply 30% more water for the current pumping cost.
The analyzed well water samples were clean. The issue is the
method residents use to store water. Since the water is available
for only about four hours per day, the residents store it in all
variety of containers for later use. This may contribute to the
presence of Dengue fever and to the fact that over 80% of children
in the village are infected with parasites (although other causes,
such as walking barefoot, are possible).
After the first assessment trip we concluded that there are two
ways to reduce pumping cost: (a) drill a new well at a higher
elevation, (b) add an additional tank at an intermediate
elevation.
In November of 2012 we went on the second assessment trip. We
concluded that the most viable solution is to add another tank at
an intermediate elevation and a new dedicated pump to pump about
50% of water to the new tank. We identified the location of the new
tank and the necessary tie-in points to the existing water supply
and distribution system. We established new contacts, including
with office of the Mayor of San Juan Opico, the local public health
representative, and engineers working with the local Rotary
Club.
1.3 Contractors And Other Parties
We will do the new tank construction with the help of the local
villagers supervised by a local engineer working with Rotary Club
Daniel Rivera Campos. We will have two EWB-MAP people on the ground
at all times to coordinate the efforts. We will be driven to the
site by drivers from Project FIAT. We will work with the local
Water Committee (ADESCO).
Daniel Rivera Campos, Rotary Club, INGESTSA, San Salvador, Civil
Engineer
Alameda Dr. Manuel Enrique Araujo
Edificio Plaza Suiza
3a Planta Local LC-6, San Salvador
El Salvador
[email protected]
7887-2238
2279-2023
Dora Alicia Martinez, ADESCO Treasurer, Las Delicias (water
money supervisor)[email protected]
Jose Castro, ADESCO Secretary, Las
[email protected]
Carmen Morena Barerra (probably BARRERA), R.N.,Community Health
Coordinator (Promotora de Salud), Las Delicias, El
[email protected] 7439-3315
2.0 ORGANIZATION AND COORDINATION 2.1 Key Project Personnel
The key project personnel are identified in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Key Project Personnel
POSITION
TEAM MEMBER
EMAIL
PHONE
CHAPTER
Project Lead
Brian Hamill
[email protected]
610-306-0782
EWB-MAP
Chapter President
Walt
Walker
[email protected]
NA
EWB-MAP
Faculty Advisor
N/A
EWB-XYZ
Professional Mentor/Technical Lead
Adam Brostow
[email protected]
610-762-0911
EWB-MAP
Translator
N/A
NGO/Community
Sister Gloria
Petrone
[email protected]
215-468-6368
Project FIAT
2.2 Health and Safety Personnel
The health and safety personnel are identified in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Health And Safety Personnel
POSITION
TEAM MEMBER
EMAIL
PHONE
CHAPTER
Health & Safety Officer #1
Adam Brostow
[email protected]
610-762-0911
EWB-MAP
Health & Safety Officer #2
Brian Hamill
[email protected]
610-306-0782
EWB-MAP
Health & Safety Officer #3
Health & Safety Officer #4
Health & Safety Officer #5
Health & Safety Officer #6
U.S. Check-In Contact
Rich Cairncross
[email protected]
610-717-6720
EWB-MAP
2.3 Team Member Responsibilities
The team member responsibilities are identified in Table 2.3
Team Member Responsibilities.
Table 2.3 Team Member Responsibilities
TEAM MEMBER
ROLE
Lisa Schneider
Implementation
Dan OConnor
Implementation
Paolo Belfiore
Implementation
3.0 TASK DESCRIPTIONS 3.1 Specific Scope of WorkDuring the
implementation trip, phase 1, we plan to 1) Construct a new water
tank at a location identified previously2) Add about 400 m. of
water supply line to the new tank connecting to the existing
line.3) Add or at least identify tie-in points to the existing
distribution system4) The new pump will be added later, during
another implementation trip.
3.2 Point-to Point Travel Details
The implementation trip will involve the following travel:
Table 3.2: Point To Point Travel Details
TRAVEL DATES
TRAVEL DESCRIPTION
May, 2012
Arrive in San Salvador airport
132627.41N
890320.62W
May, 2012
Stay every night at Casa Voluntariado Santa Rafaela Maria
121 y 125 Hector Silva Romero
Colonia Medica
San Salvador
(Project FIAT)
Tel: 011-(503) 2226-7601 or (7615)
Travel most every day to Las Delicias
134455N
892038W
Tel: 001-610-762-0911 (Adam Brostows cell phone with
international roaming)
May-June, 2012
Depart from San Salvador airport
132627.41N
890320.62W
3.3 Project Schedule
The activities scheduled for this trip are indicated in Table
3.3 titled Schedule.
Table 3.3 Schedule
Were planning to have two members of EWB-MAP on the ground for
about a week for each of the 3-4-weeks required to build the tank.
The members will rotate.
Each one-week trip will be planned out as follows:
1. Travel
2. Orientation and initial meeting with Daniel from the Rotary
and ADESCO (the water committee) at the village
3. Evaluation of construction work progress
4. Meeting with community members to discuss priorities
5. Travel
4.0 TASK SAFETY AND HEALTH RISK ANALYSES
4.1Preliminary Evaluation
A brief summary of tasks and associated general hazards are
further defined in the following table. This is our third trip. The
routine is the same. We are being driven every day from the Project
FIAT guest house (wall, security guards, clean food) to the site by
a dedicated driver. We avoid eating outside of the guesthouse.
Table 4.1 Task Health & Safety Risk Analysis
Example 1 Implementation Trip
TASK ID
TASK
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
01
Travel to/from Site
X
02
Eating / Drinking
X
03
Trail Hiking
X
X
06
Surveying
X
X
05
Supervising Tank Construction
X
X
06
Supervising Pipeline Construction
X
X
4.2 Security
As of July 28, 2010, the ISOS Rating for El Salvador is MEDIUM.
The ISOS summary of risk is as follows:Opportunistic and violent
crime present the main security risks to foreign personnel.
Individuals are targeted based on perceived wealth and it is
advisable to exercise caution while in tourist areas and crowded
marketplaces. Street crime, such as bag-snatching, is a problem.
Travelers to the Honduran border region should consider travelling
with a local guide because there are concerns over landmines and
unexploded ordnance close to the border. The country is vulnerable
to tropical storms and hurricanes during the Caribbean region's
hurricane season (June-November), which can cause severe travel
disruption. Internal travel and communications are complicated by
infrastructure deficiencies
As of July 28, 2010, the U.S. State Department has no Travel
Warnings for El Salvador. This trip is registered with the U.S.
Embassy. Up-to-date security information can be found by calling
1-888-407-3737 in the U.S./Canada or 202-501-4444. This line is
open from 8am-8pm Eastern Time M-F. The U.S. State Department
security entry on El Salvador reads (in part) as follows.
Most travelers to El Salvador experience no safety or security
problems, but the criminal threat in El Salvador is critical.
Random and organized violent crime is endemic throughout El
Salvador. U.S. citizens have not been singled out by reason of
their nationality, but are subject to the same threat as all other
persons in El Salvador. See the section below on Crime for
additional related information.
Political or economic issues in the country may give rise to
demonstrations, sit-ins or protests at any time or place, but these
activities occur most frequently in the capital or on its main
access roads. U.S. citizens are cautioned to avoid areas where
demonstrations are being held and to follow local news media
reports or call the U.S. Embassy for up-to-date information.
In 2011 El Salvador was named one of the main drug smuggling
routes with Mexican cartels (Zetas) and local gangs (Maras)
involved. EWB-USA issued warning for teams traveling to Honduras,
Guatemala, and El Salvador.
4.3 Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are not anticipated for the implementation
trip. If a chemical hazard is encountered during the trip, proper
skin and respiratory protection will be utilized.
4.4 Biological Hazards
The following web site gives information about health hazards in
El Salvador:
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/el-salvador.htm
There is no malaria in San Juan Opico (where Las Delicias is
located). Dengue fever is a serious issue and may be a problem from
May (the beginning of the trip) to October. Team members will use
insect repellent and appropriate clothes spayed with
permethrin.
Waterborne and food-borne diseases are a concern; as a result
the EWB team will utilize food and water transported to the site
from established safe sources. No vaccines are required to travel
to El Salvador. Recommended vaccinations include yellow fever,
typhoid, and hepatitis A.
In addition, working in a moist tropical environment will
increase the risk of exposure to parasitic organisms. Such exposure
is also possible through improperly prepared food and drinking
unclean water. Teams members will limit avoid prolonged exposure to
wet environments and eat only safely prepared food and drink
bottled water. No direct contact with water will be allowed or is
anticipated.
A post trip health assessment is recommended for all travelers
2-4 months after return from the trip. All general information
regarding possible adverse health effects from the trip will be
submitted to EWB-USA by the Health and Safety leads to aid in
future trip preparations.
El Salvador has several common species of venomous snakes and
insects. The most commonly known are the Guatemalan jumping pit
viper, Cantil frijolillo, Middle American rattlesnake, Western
Hog-nosed pit viper, and the Coral snake. Summaries and photos of
these snakes have been included in the Appendix. El Salvador also
has several varieties of scorpions and spiders, including the South
American Wandering Spider. The Hospital De Metapan has several of
the common anti-venoms in stock.
Relevant management strategies include:
TH 10 Housekeeping
TH 13 Working Over/Near Water
TH 26 Biological Hazards
4.5 Physical Hazards
Physical hazards exist in every significant phase of the
project, from traveling on foot and in vehicles to and from the
project site, to all tasks listed in Section 3.1. The following
physical hazards have been identified at the project site:
Heat stress is possible at all times, particularly at times of
heavy manual labor. May is the hottest month.
Foot care is also important at all phases of the site
investigation process due to the site only being negotiable by foot
and the potential for slippery conditions on the roofs.
Rough terrain is present at the project site in the form of
brush and grasses but no rocky ground or cliffs are present
nearby
Housekeeping is important at all times both at the project site
and at the hotel of residence to limit clutter.
Remote area work will be performed and proper precautions must
be followed such as not traveling alone
Traffic may be an issue traveling to and from the project site
and a minor issue while adding 400 m of new pipe (there is little
traffic within the village).
Fall protection and ladder safety is important at all times
during the investigation of the existing tanks and construction of
the new tank.
Potholing will be required to research potential tank locations
and special care must be given to proper sloping and excavation
techniques.
Noise protection will be required for operators of power tools
and those in close proximity.
Hand tool (wrenches) is relevant at all times during the
installation (an optional) additional pressure gauge.
Relevant management strategies include:
TH 02 Inclement Weather
TH 03 Heat stress
TH 05 Foot care
TH 08 Manual Lifting and Handling Of Heavy Objects
TH 09 Rough Terrain
TH 10 House keeping
TH 11 Structural Hazards
TH 12 Remote Areas
TH 13 Working Over/Near Water
TH 14 Traffic
TH 16 Working At Elevations and Fall Protection
TH 17 Ladders
TH 18 Shoring and Trenching
TH 21 Active and Abandoned Utilities and Landmines
TH 23 Hand and Power Hand Tools
TH 26 Biological Hazards
TH 29 Falling Objects, Punctures, Abrasions, Dust, and Noise
5.0 COMMUNICATIONS
5.1 On Site Communications
The project team will have the following on site means and
methods of communication while on site and traveling thru the
country:
5.1.1 Cell Phones
The team has a minimum of one (1) cellular phone with extended
roaming coverage. It has been determined through a previous trip
that cell phone coverage does exist at the project site. The
project manager and primary health and safety officer will have
possession of the cell phones.
The following numbers will be programmed into all cell phones
when they are purchased:
Team Cell Phone Numbers
Groups Driver
Local NGO Community Contact
Local Ambulance Service
The following directions are special dialing and operating
instructions for the cell phones:
None
5.1.2 Radios
The project team also will use a set of 2-way radios for
distance communication among the group in past trips 2-way radio
communication has been possible at all remote work sites and while
traveling in multiple vehicles. The radio frequency will be
selected while the radios are in use. The method was successfully
tested during the 2nd assessment trip.
5.1.3 Hand Signals
Hand signals will be used as a last resort and Task Hazard
management strategy TH 26 Hand and Emergency Signals will be
followed when hand signals are used. The team will follow the task
hazard management strategy outlined in TH 24 Hand and Emergency
Signals when hand signal use is required.
5.1.4 Emergency Signals
The likelihood of needing emergency signals is likely to be slim
but may be necessary in the event of a storm, natural disaster, or
security situation. The team will follow the task hazard management
strategy outlined in TH 24 Hand and Emergency Signals when
emergency signal use is required.
The team will use the following radio signal to indicate an
emergency one (1) long sound, then on (1) short sound, followed by
one long sound. After such is sent, the team will use a short sound
to indicate to come to the location the team is in trouble or one
(1) long sound to indicate the team needs to meet at the home base
outlined in section 6.0.
5.1.5 Translator Names
Some of the 2-person team members (Adam Brostow, Paolo Belfiore)
are fluent in Spanish. Otherwise, the local NGO contact (Sister
Gloria) will provide a translator.
5.2 Offsite Communications
The project team will have the following off site means and
methods of communication while on site and traveling thru the
country:
5.2.1 Cell Phones
The team will have a minimum of (1) cellular phone with
international roaming. It has been determined through a previous
trip that cell phone coverage does exist at the project site. The
following numbers will be programmed into all cell phones when they
are purchased:
U.S. Check In Contact
International SOS
U.S. Embassy
EWB Chapter Advisor
The following directions are special dialing and operating
instructions for the cell phones:
None
5.2.2 International SOS
EWB-USA has contracted with International SOS, to provide
24-hour access to the latest health, safety and travel advice
worldwide. Their informational website provides information about
vaccinations, country safety, appropriate hospitals and the
political stability within the country to which they are traveling.
We strongly recommend that all EWB-USA members visit the ISOS
website and research the country to which you will be traveling to.
You may access the service provided by ISOS through their website
www.internationalsos.com or by calling 215.942.8226. Please note
that you will need EWB-USAs membership number: 11BCPA000270.
Additionally, ISOS provides support to EWB-USA members who face
an emergency while traveling on an approved EWB-USA trip. If you
are currently traveling abroad and need emergency assistance,
contact ISOS immediately at 215.942.8226. You will need to provide
them with the EWB-USA membership number 11BCPA000270.
5.2.3 Email
The project team will have access to email thru the use of a
computer at the Project FIAT guesthouse. The team will have an
additional smart phone (Android or iPhone).
5.2.4 Local Medical Clinic / Nearest Medical Professional
The US Embassy in San Salvador has compiled a list of doctors in
El Salvador that have been trained in US standards and are
competent in English. The following is a list of local hospitals in
San Salvador:
Hospital de Diagnostico y Emergencias (ESCALON) Address: Paseo
general Escaln y 99 Ave Norte Plaza Villavicencio Phone: 2264-4422
Emergencies: 2264-4422.
Hospital de Diagnostico y Emergencias Address: 21 Calle poniente
y 2a diagonal #429 Urb. La Esperanza Phone: 2226-5111 &
2225-3073 Emergencies: 2226-5111.
Hospital de la Mujer Address: Between 81 & 83 Ave. Sur Calle
Juan J Caas Colonia Escaln Phone: 2265-1212, 2265-1210, 2263-5111
X-ray: 2263-5132 Emergencies: 2265-1212.
Hospital Centro Ginecolgico Address: 2a Diagonal Urb. La
Esperanza Phone: 2226-1899/1788/1911/1122 Admin/Fax: 2247-1400 Lab:
2247-1141/ 1143 Emergencies: 2242-1122.
Hospital Bloom (Pediatric Hospital) Address: 25 Avenida Norte
(downtown) Phone: 2225-4114 Emergencies: 2286-3451.
Hospital Militar Central Address: Avenida Bernal y Calle
Constitucin Phone: 2250-0080 Emergencies: 2274-6067.
The complete list for El Salvador can be found at
http://spanish.sansalvador.usembassy.gov/ciudadanos-americanos/lista_medicos.html
5.2.5 Fire Response
Local fire station in Lourdes
5.2.6 Police Response
Local police station in Lourdes
5.3 U.S. Check-In Contact
The US Check-In Contact is Rich Cainrcross. He will be contacted
every other day via email or text message and given a personnel
count. We are also maintaining a project blog on the chapter
website (http://ewbelsalvador.wikispaces.com ) that we intend to
update while on-site.
If the team fails to make contact, and he is unable to reach the
team via team cell phone or text message within 24 hours, he will
contact the EWB-USA Emergency number.
6.0 PROTOCOLS
6.1 Task By Task Health & Safety Protocols
The following health and safety considerations / practices
(i.e., protocols) will be used during the implementation trip. The
team will focus on accident prevention throughout the entire trip
and Attachment I contains the detailed task hazard management
strategies that will be employed to prevent injuries on each of
these project-specific protocols.
01 Noise And Hearing Conservation
The team does not expect to encounter excessive noise and
hearing conservation issues during the trip because we will not be
working around heavy equipment or using power hand tools.
02 InclementWeather
Inclement weather exists in the form of hot humid weather and
the potential for torrential rainfall. Wide brimmed hats, plenty of
hydration, and light colored loose clothing are recommended for
participants. The risk of heavy rainfall is increasing, beginning
in May. Shelter is available in the nearby clinic and church.
03 HeatStress
Bottled water for the day will be obtained every morning at the
guest house the group will be staying at. Lightweight,
light-colored, loose-fitting clothing will be recommended. Sunburn
affects a body's ability to cool itself and causes a loss of body
fluids. It also causes pain and damages the skin. Wide-brimmed
hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher (the most
effective products say "broad spectrum" or "UVA/UVB protection" on
their labels) 30 minutes prior to going out are all recommended to
combat heat stress and exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
When working in the heat, monitor the condition of your
co-workers and have someone do the same for you. Heat-induced
illness can cause a person to become confused or lose
consciousness.
04 Cold Stress
Given the time of travel, the team does not expect to encounter
a cold stress situation.
05 Footcare
Sturdy shoes or hikers will be required at all times. Socks made
specifically for comfort and breathability will also be highly
advised.
06 Confined Space
A minimal confined space issue will exist during some stages of
the tank construction. The team will use necessary precautions.
07 Hot Work
The team will not be using torches, power hand tools, or chain
saws so we do not expect to encounter any hot work situations.
08 Manual Lifting
Lifting is minimal as most of the lifting will be done by local
labor.
09 Rough Terrain
All team members will be fit enough to traverse rough terrain
and have appropriate footwear to do so.
10 Housekeeping
All team members will be expected to keep their personal spaces
at the hotel free of clutter. Everyone will participate in grounds
keeping of the site at the end of the day.
11 Structural Hazards
Structural hazards are minimal.
12 Remote Areas
Due to the remote nature of the site, everyone is required to
travel in groups, if possible with a Spanish-speaking team member
and with one of the teams mobile phones. Everyone must inform the
Project Manager before leaving the vicinity of the site.
13 Working Over/Near Water
Water will not be encountered while working near the existing
water storage tanks. No direct contact with the water will be
allowed. If water is encountered, waterproof boots will be worn at
all times.
14 Traffic
Travel to/from the airport located in San Salvador and the
community of Las Delicias will be by car and driver provided by
Project FIAT (the NGO).
15 Heavy Equipment Operations
Heavy equipment (excavators to dig trenches for the pipeline or
foundations for the tank) will be operated by local
contractors.
16 Fall Protection
Not required
17 Ladders
There are existing metal ladders on existing tanks but the team
members are unlikely to climb them.
18 Shoring and Trenching
There will be excavations for the planned new tank foundation
and the associated pipe. The anticipated depth of the buried pipe
well is approximately 4.
19 Hazardous Materials Use and Storage
None
20 Demolition
None
21 Active and Abandoned Utilities and Landmines
None
22 Electrical Safety
The team will wear gloves and isolated shoes while working on
any electrical item (circuit breakers, measuring current and
voltage of existing pumps). Work is minimal.
23 Hand and Power Tools
The team is unlikely to use hand and power tools as moat of the
labor will be done by the locals. All hand and power tools (if any)
will be inspected daily for the proper safety devices (i.e.,
guards, lose blades, damaged cords, etc.) prior the tools use.
Power tools may be used only by a local experienced worker.
Likely hand tools include, wrenches, hand saw, hammer, file,
screwdrivers, and pliers. Likely power tools include a drill with
the possibility of an arc welder and acetylene torch (to weld the
new pipe, if required; fittings/flanges are a preferred means of
connecting the pipe). All personnel using these will have proper
training in the inspection and use of these tools, including the
use of gloves, safety glasses and any other PPE that would be
appropriate. Freddy is a local certified welder.
24 Hand and Emergency Signals
The team does not expect to use hand and emergency signals
during the trip, but to be proactive we will perform a training
session prior to travel, on the first day we are in the country,
and necessary during the trip.
Hand and emergency signals will be required when the ability to
vocally communicate is lost may be necessary in the event of a
storm, natural disaster, or security situation.
25 Lock Out Tag Out
Not applicable.
26 Biological Hazards
Biological hazards include water borne and food borne illnesses
and parasitic infections. All food and water will be obtained from
previously verified safe sources at the guesthouse and certain
restaurants. Uncooked and washed food items such as salads and
water with ice in it in restaurants should be avoided. Direct
contact will be avoided at all times will any untreated water
source including streams. The tap water at the guesthouse is
treated and is safe for bathing and washing but direct ingestion
should be avoided as the actual quality is unknown. Bottled water
is readily available. Recommended vaccinations include yellow
fever, typhoid, and hepatitis A.
27 Hazardous Materials
None
28 Clearing, Grubbing, and Logging
N/A
29 Falling Objects, Punctures, Abrasions, Dust, and Noise
No open shoes, shorts, or sandals are allowed during the
implementation trip.
30 Silica
N/A
6.2 Emergency Response Plans
Designated Meeting Point
The designated meeting point for all team members in the event
of an emergency will be the medical clinic in Las Delicias (see
map).
Land Ambulance Service
Land ambulance service is available in the town of Lourdes.
Air Ambulance Service
Air ambulance service is available thru ISOS. The phone number
for the ambulance service is 2264-7911.
7.0 TRAINING
Training will be provided prior to the team departing on the
trip and while on site during daily task hazard review
meetings.
7.1 Pre Mobilization Training
All team members (2-person teams) are or will be certified in
CPR and have completed, or signed up for, the first responder
medical training (Title 22). Relevant certifications are listed in
Attachment H. A general training and review on the following
protocols will be provided prior to the teams departure:
TH 02 Inclement Weather
TH 03 Heat stress
TH 05 Foot care
TH 09 Rough Terrain
TH 10 House keeping
TH 12 Remote Areas
TH 13 Working Over/Near Water
TH 14 Traffic
TH 26 Biological Hazards
TH 29 Falling Objects, Punctures, Abrasions, Dust, and Noise
7.2 On Site Training
The Health and Safety Officers will hold daily safety meetings
at the project site prior to the commencement of activities. All
relevant hazards potentially encountered over the course of the day
will be identified and management strategies will be discussed.
CPR summary sheets will be carried by each member of the travel
team:
8.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will include sturdy
hiking boots. Additional PPE, which is task dependant, includes
gloves, and waterproof boots.
8.1 Rationale For Use
This project is for the implementation of the site. For this
reason, the minimum required PPE includes sturdy hiking boots.
8.2 Criteria For Selection
Boots will be appropriate for hiking. Waterproof Boots/Gloves
will be used for (unlikely) handling of electrical equipment.
8.3 Listing By Task
Boots will be worn regardless of activities. This is required to
instill a safety attitude while on the project site. Rubber boots
will be required if water is encountered during potholing prevent
contact. See Attachment D for a detailed overview by task.
9.0 SITE CONTROL MEASURES 9.1 Exclusion ZonesAtmospheric
The team does not anticipate any atmospheric exclusion zones for
this trip as we will not be working with chemicals or
cutting/mixing silica based products.
Physical Zones
The team does not anticipate any physical exclusion zones for
this trip as we will not be performing demolition, excavation, or
overhead work tasks.
9.2 Site Hygiene
All team members will be expected to keep their personal spaces
at the hotel free of clutter. Everyone will participate in grounds
keeping of the site at the end of the day.
10.0 MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10.1 Medications and
Vaccinations
All travel team members are recommended to obtain a physical
prior to departure, and are required to fill out a personal health
and emergency contact form listing medical conditions, treatments,
location of medications, and relevant contact information.
Recommended vaccinations include:
Current Tetanus
Typhoid
Hepatitis A.
Travelers are also advised to maintain US health insurance for
at least one year after returning from the trip. All general
information regarding possible adverse health effects from the trip
will be submitted to EWB-USA by the Health and Safety leads to aid
in future trip preparations. Management Strategies are available in
Attachment I.
10.2 Location of and person responsible for First Aid Kit(s)
At all times there will be a minimum of (1) HSO at the project
site. The HSO will possess at all times the first aid kit.
10.3 Exposure/Injury/Medical Support (on site and off)
Minor injuries, such as abrasions, will result in on-site
treatment by qualified first aid responders. Significant injuries
will result in transportation to the nearest qualified medical
clinic.
10.4 Medical Treatment Facilities (Location &
Transportation)
The location of and map to the nearest medical treatment
facility is identified in the preface and will be clearly posted at
the site.
10.5 Incident Report
The form in Attachment J will be completed within 24 hours of
any incident. The incident will be reported to the appropriate
Health and Safety Committee member at the earliest possible time
via telephone or email. The EWB Health and Safety Committee
representative for this project is identified in Section 2.2.
11.0 POST MOBILIZATION REPORTING 11.1 System To Capture And
Report Project Related Injury And Illness
Weekly or daily reports will be submitted to the EWB-USA H&S
Committee representative as required until the incident is deemed
closed.
11.2 Participant Signatures
HSOs will organize a briefing for EWB-USA participants about
this document before departure, and this document will be available
for them to read in its entirety before travel.
Participants are required to acknowledge that they have read,
understand, and will comply with the protocols contained in this
document. They will indicate their agreement in the travel waiver
document submitted to EWB-USA.
EWB-MAPHealth & Safety Plan
El Salvador, Las Delicias Page 29 of 29
ATTACHMENT A: AREA MAPTable A-1: Area Site Coordinates
Coordinates in Point-to-Point Travel Details
Picture A-1: Area Map
The picture below has coordinates 134457N 892036W and the white
rectangle is an image of a detailed map of the streets and water
system in Las Delicias. The travel team will carry a copy of the
map with them at all times while in Las Delicias.
Chapter NameHealth & Safety Plan
Country, Community ATTACHMENT A
Page A-1 of A-1
ATTACHMENT B: PROJECT SITE MAPTable B-1: Site Coordinates
Coordinates in Point-to-Point Travel Details and at the bottom
of attached picture
Picture B-1: Project Site Coordinates
The clinic (meeting point) has coordinates 134511N 892052W
New supply pipe and the site of the new tank:
Chapter NameHealth & Safety Plan
Country, CommunityATTACHMENT B
Page B-2 of B-2
ATTACHMENT C: TASK HAZARD ANALYSES
Table C-1 titled Site Specific Task Hazard Analysis summaries
the tasks and the anticipated hazards associated with each
activity.
Table C-1 Site Specific Task Hazard Analysis
TASKS
TYPE
INDIVIDUAL HAZARDS
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
PHYSICAL
TH 01 Noise And Hearing
TH 02 Inclement Weather
TH 03 Heat Stress
TH 04 Cold Stress
TH 05 Foot Care
TH 06 Confined Space
TH 07 Hot Work
TH 08 Manual Lifting
TH 09 Rough Terrain
TH 10 Housekeeping
TH 11 Structural Hazards
TH 12 Remote Areas
TH 13 Working Over /Near Water
TH 14 Traffic And Vehicles
TH 15 Heavy Equipment
TH 16 Fall Protection
TH 17 Ladders
TH 18 Shoring And Trenching
TH 19 Hazardous Mat Use Storage
TH 20 Demolition
TH 21 Utilities and Landmines
TH 22 Electrical Safety
TH 23 Hand and Power Tools
TH 24 Hand & Emergency Signals
TH 25 Lock Out Tag Out
TH 26 Biological Hazards
TH 27 Hazardous Materials
TH 28 Clear, Grubb, Logging
TH 29 Falling Objects, Punctures, Abrasions, Dust, And Noise
(PPE)
TH 30 Silica
TH 31 Note Used
01
Travel
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
02
Eating / Drinking
X
X
X
X
X
03
Trail Hiking
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
04
Work Site Inspection
05
Labor Oversight
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
06
Surveying
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
07
Excavate/Backfill Trench
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
08
Assemble piping
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
09
Chlorination of reservoir
10
Set chlorinator dosing
11
Chlorine monitoring and adjustment
12
O&M Training of Locals
13
Investigate/Repair Distribution System (if needed)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
Soil investigation
15
Supplemental health assessment
16
Existing latrine documentation
Chapter NameHealth & Safety Plan
Country, CommunityATTACHMENT C
Page C-2 of C-2
ATTACHMENT D: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ANALYSES
Table D-1 titled Implementation PPE Analysis summaries the tasks
and the PPE associated with each activity.
Table D-1 Implementation PPE Analysis
TASK
GENERAL
FOOTWEAR
EYE / HEARING
HAND PROTECTION
SPECIAL TRAINING
Seat Belts
Hard Hats
Long Pants
Long Sleeve Shirt
Rain Gear
Work Boots
Rubber Boots
Safety Glasses
Safety Goggles
Welding Helmet with Lens Shade
Hearing Protection
Leather Gloves
Alkali- Resistant
Rubber Gloves
Personal Fall Protection
Respiratory Protection
Excavation
Travel to/from site
X
A
Eating/drinking on site
A
Stacking bricks
x
x
x
A
x
x
Cut and bend rebar
x
x
A
x
x
Concrete pouring
x
x
x
A
x
x
Concrete mixing
x
x
x
A
x
x
If dry mixing
Building formwork
x
x
x
A
x
x
Welding and installing trusses
If no ventilation
Scaffolding
x
x
x
A
x
x
Roofing
x
x
x
A
x
x
Digging tank hole
x
x
A
x
x
Installing leach field
Installing plumbing
x
A
General electrical wiring
Stuccoing
Painting
Chemical Handling
Taking pictures of site
A = As Required
X = Required
?? = HSO To Determine
Chapter NameHealth & Safety Plan
Country, CommunityATTACHMENT D
Page D-2 of D-2
ATTACHMENT E: MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)
N/A
EWB-MAOHealth & Safety Plan
El Salvador, Las Delicias
ATTACHMENT E
Page E-1 of E-1
ATTACHMENT F: POTENTIAL VENOMOUS SNAKES & SPIDERS
From the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Living Hazards
Database
Agkistrodon bilineatus
Identification
Family: Viperidae
Scientific Names: Ancistrodon bilineatum, A. bilineatus,
Agkistrodon bilineatum, A. bilineatus bilineatus, A. b.
howardgloydi, A. b. lemosespinali, A. b. russeolus, Trigonocephalus
bilineatus, T. specialis
Common Names: Cantil, Mexican Moccasin, Mokassinslange, common
cantil, vibora castelana, k'an ti, q'an ti, cazadora, cumcoatl,
cantil de agua, cuatro narices, gammarrilla, volpochh, bil palka,
kantiil [plus >10 additional local dialect names]
Description
Large, heavy-bodied pitviper, adults usually 80-120 cm (max. 138
cm) long w/ fairly long slender tail, fangs may be 12 mm long.
Color variable, usually dark gray to almost black w/ 10-19 (usually
12-15) brown to black crossbands, often outlined by thin whitish
lines; body may also have yellow, red, or lavendar scales; w/ 2
distinct pale lines along sides of head. Belly dark grayish to
reddish-brown, lightest along middle, w/ scattered whitish spots
(& often w/ dark chestnut-brown lateral spots).
Habitat
Most commonly found in seasonally dry, tropical deciduous scrub
forest & large grassy plains w/ scattered trees, mainly in
coastal foothills in parts of southern & western Mexico &
Central America. Often shelters in crevices or under rocks. Mainly
found in lower to moderate elevations, usually 20 per "litter,"
young may ride on mother's back until 2nd instar. Whole body
fluoresces (usually yellowish-green) in certain wavelengths of UV
light.
Venom Characteristics
Mainly neurotoxic, w/ cytotoxic factors in some spp. Potency
varies w/ different spp. A sting (envenomation) usually causes
local pain, swelling, redness & discomfort (may be delayed 1-24
hrs.); sometimes spreads & includes numbness. Systemic effects
may include muscle twitching, nausea, rapid heartbeat, slurred
speach, sweating, coma & death (for some spp.). Cardiac failure
reportedly causes most human deaths. Venom effects more severe in
children than adults.
From the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Living Hazards
Database
Cerrophidion godmani
Identification
Family: Viperidae
Scientific Names: Bothrops godmani, Bothriechis godmani, B.
trianguligera, Lachesis godmani, Porthidium godmani, Trimeresurus
godmani
Common Names: Engl.: Godman's montane pitviper, Ger.:
Godman-Berggrubenotter, Costa Riac: borot kabi, dudaban, toboba de
altura, Guatemala: cantil frijolillo, sheta, tamagas, Honduras:
timbo chingo, tamagas cafe, Mexico: nauyaca del frio, Nicaragua:
toboa oscura, toboita
Description
Small, moderately-stout, terrestrial pitviper, adults usually
46-50 cm long (max. 82 cm); colors & patterns quite variable,
body usually brown, reddish-brown, grayish-brown to nearly orange;
dark brown blotches often merge to form a zigzag dorsal stripe, 21
midbody dorsal scale rows, dark postorbital stripe, venter pale
yellow to orange w/ no mottling, darker toward tail.
Habitat
Found in a wide range of low montane wet forest & cloud
forest, lower montane dry forest, largely pin oak; & high
montane forest & meadow. Occurs at 1,400-3,491 m elevation.
Limited to higher elevations of parts of southeastern Mexico &
Central America.
Activity and Behavior
Mainly terrestrial, & mainly diurnal, often seen crawling or
coiled along forest paths. May rarely climb up onto a log or stump,
but usually found beside or under logs, rocks, or other large
pieces of debris. Can move very rapidly, usually avoids humans, but
will strike quickly if disturbed. Ovoviviparous w/ 2-12 young/
litter observed for captured specimens. Prey on a variety of
available arthropods, small mammals, reptiles (mainly lizards),
salamanders, & sometimes birds.
Venom Characteristics
Not well known. Mainly hemotoxic, w/ potent myotoxic &
proteolytic factors. Symptoms of envenomation of humans may
include: intense local pain, extensive local swelling (may involve
whole limb), widespread itching, fever, headache, nausea &
light-headedness (to the point of collapse in one observed case).
Few bites & no fatalities of humans reported for this
species.
From the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Living Hazards
Database
Crotalus simus
Identification
Family: Viperidae
Scientific Names: Crotalus durissus (in part), C. d. culminatus,
C. d. durissus, C. d. neoleonensis, C. d. tzabcan, C. s.
culminatus, C. s. tzabcan, C. s. simus, C. terrificus (in part), C.
t. copeanus
Common Names: Middle American rattlesnake, cascabel, vibora de
cascabel, cascabela, chil-chil, kwechwah, quiakxop, sochaj,
ahau-can, ah tsab ti'kkan, sakk ahaw kan, shunu, teotlacozauhqui,
tepocolcoatl, teuhtlacozauhqui
Description
Medium-to-large, stout rattlesnake, adults usually 130-160 cm
long (max. about 180 cm); body gray-brown, reddish-brown,
yellowish-gray, yellowish-olive, straw, or orange; w/ 18-35 rhombic
or diamond-shaped dorsal blotches, 27-33 midbody dorsal scale rows,
belly whitish, yellowish or buff w/ gray blotches darker
posteriorly, dark postocular stripe, conspicuous spinal ridge of
strongly-keeled scales, tail w/ dark crossbands.
Habitat
Found mainly in semi-arid regions, w/ dry to very dry tropical
forest, arid scrub forest, & thorn woodlands, but also
sometimes in mesic forests in limestone outcrop areas, & along
breaks in cloud forests. Ranges from central Mexico to western
Costa Rica. Usually below 1,000 m but sometimes found at
1,500-2,200 m elevation. Also occurs on the Atlantic coast of
Columbia; but no verified specimens from Panama.
Activity and Behavior
Not well documented. Mainly diurnal, but often active at night,
& mainly terrestrial. Ovoviviparous w/ 21 young/ litter
reported for a captured female. Prey on available small mammals
(sometimes also lizards &/or other snakes).
Venom Characteristics
Mainly hemotoxic, but may have some tissue-necrotic factor(s).
Bites often locally painful, may progress to swelling &
necrosis if severaly envenomated.
From the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Living Hazards
Database
Crotalus spp.
Identification
Family: Viperidae
Scientific Names: Aploaspis, Aechmophrys, Caudisona, Crotalinus,
Crotalophorus, Crotalurus, Haploaspis, Paracrotalus, Urocrotalon,
Uropsophus [Note: This genus includes at least 30 currently named
spp., & is most diverse on the Mexican plateau &
surrounding mountains.]
Common Names: Rattlesnakes, pitvipers ("new world"), vipers
Description
Small to large, mainly terrestrial, fairly stout-bodied
pitvipers, w/ multiple hollow "scales" (at least 1) at the tail
tip, usually retained through molting & "rattle" if tail is
shaken. Body color may be brown, gray, green, red, pink or yellow,
usually w/ dorsal pattern of darker rhombs, blotches or spots
(varies by spp.), & belly lighter w/ darker spots or blotches,
tail usually w/ multiple alternate dark & light rings (blend
well w/ usual surroundings), w/ 2 folding, upper front fangs.
Habitat
Found in a wide range of habitats (varies by spp.), but most are
found in brushy edges of open areas of forests or margins of dry,
or seasonally dry (often desert), & often rocky areas. Found
from below sea level to 4,500+ m elevation (varies w/ spp., see
individual spp. listed).
Activity and Behavior
Most spp. mainly terrestrial & mainly nocturnal, but varies
w/ physical conditions of typical habitat (esp. temperatures),
& sometimes w/ season of the year. Most spp. wait in typical
sites to ambush prey (usually small mammals, lizards etc.; &
varies by spp.). All are ovoviviparous, litter numbers vary w/ spp.
& female's body size.
Venom Characteristics
Most spp. have mainly hemotoxic venom, often w/ additional
tissue-necrotic factors (& sometimes neurotoxic or cardiotoxic
factors). Many species can & do cause serious human
envenomations & deaths each year (varies by individual
spp.).
From the Armed Forces Pest Management Board Living Hazards
Database
Latrodectus mactans
Identification
Family: Theridiidae
Scientific Names: Aranea mactans, Latrodectus albomaculatus, L.
formidabilis, L. insularis insularis, L. i. lunulifer, L.
intersector, L. mactans mexicanus, L. m. texanus, L. perfidus, L.
sagittifer, Tetragnatha zorilla, Theridion lineatum, T.
lineamentum, T. verecundum [Note: This is one of the 2 most
geographically wide-spread & best known of at least 31
currently valid species in this genus.]
Common Names: Black Widow Spider, Southern Black Widow, red-back
spider, jockey spider, Katipo, viuda negra, chiranthahua, arana
brava, casampulga, la coya, arana naranja
Description
Medium-sized cobweb spider, females' body (cephalothorax +
abdomen) usually 10-15 mm long, satiny dark-brown to black w/
reddish "hourglass" mark on posterior ventral abdomen, often w/ a
reddish spot on dorsal abdomen just above its tip. Female abdomen
rounded & globular. Males much smaller, rather slender w/
relatively long legs. Males & young often w/ varying pattern of
many stripes or blotches of red, white & brown on body.
Habitat
Most often found hanging in typical "cobwebs" in upper corners
of basements, crawl spaces, outbuildings, & under seats of
outdoor privies, usually near garbage or debris, wherever insect
prey is abundant. Geographically wide spread. Found in southern
U.S. (New York to northern California & southward), several
Caribbean islands, Mexico, & Central & parts of South
America.
Activity and Behavior
Mainly nocturnal, hangs in web awaiting prey, usually tries to
get away from large animals & people, but will often
aggressively defend its egg clusters (sacs) which it has hung in
its web. Feeds on nearly any kind of insect or arthropod which gets
caught in its web. Males are not always eaten after mating w/ a
female, usually only if female has not fed recently, but he is
often "biologically spent" & dies soon afterward anyway.
Venom Characteristics
Mainly neurotoxic (presynaptic sites). Bite usually like a
pinprick, often not felt 'til 15 min. later, then pain may be
locally intense. Severe envenomation causes symptoms like spreading
intense pain, lots of sweating, fast & shallow breathing,
eyelids swollen, alternating excess & lack of salivation,
cardiac rate & rhythm changes, rigid abdominal muscles, sight
impaired (seeing "light" spots). Human fatalities rare (
