Site Planning 3

8/11/2019 Site Planning 3

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Site Planning


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introduction The process of site selection for sustainable development

identifying and analyzing site w.r.t sustainable design

criteria. The resource efficiency measures are aimed at applying

appropriate site planning techniques to enhance:

Efficient utilization of site resources,

Minimize on-site vehicular pollution, Enhance energy efficiency of site lighting,

Enhance functional efficiency of the utility lines.


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Site assessmentSite assessment is done at three levels: Site Selection

Site Analysis

Site development and layout


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Site selection The process of site selection for sustainable development

involves identifying and weighing the appropriateness of

the site with respect to sustainable building designcriteria.

This often needs to be done long before the projects

design phase commences. The development of the project

should not cause damage to the natural surroundings but

try to improve it by restoring its balance.


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Site selection Proposed and existing land use

Reuse of existing urban sitesBrownfield development

Site characteristics towards sustainable goals Natural ventilation & light

Site in terms of access to public transport, other public

amenities

Environmental costs


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Guidelines for site selectionSelect a site taking into account its proposed and

existing land use

Select a site that is neither a farmland nor a land that servesto preserve the habitat of any endangered species of plants or

animals.

The land should not come under thepreservation or

heritage belt of the city and should also not be apublicparkland, community land, or wetland.


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Guidelines for site selection

Reuse negative urban spaces or industrial sites

This should be done when existing urban amenities and

infrastructure can be utilized, thus reducing the pressure onundeveloped land.

Efforts should be made to reuse negative urban spaces or

industrial sites or brown fields to reduce the pressure on theundeveloped land .


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Identify the site characteristics in light of the

sustainable goals of the project

The design team should gauge whether the site takesmaximum advantage of natural resources, such as solar

energy, natural vegetation, and geographical features.

It should also analyze theproximity or remoteness of

the site from existing transportation corridors, and itsability to match the needs of the building owner, users,

and their occupancy patterns.

Resource and needs assessment of the project should be

done at this pre-design stage.


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Natural light and ventilation

It is important to design the proposed building after

conformity of climatic analysis, which ensures adequatesolar access and natural ventilation .

This enhances the passive design concepts and helps in

reducing energy consumption.


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Identify and balance the site inputs available in the

form of resources against the environmental cost

inherent in its developmentThe design team should measure the scale and amount of

energy, labor, arid material inputs available On-sitein the

form of natural resources or feature against the cost output

in the site development cycle.The team should also see whether the waste output can be

dealt with acceptable environmental costs, and whether

development impacts can be minimized on site.


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Site analysisThe site analysis evaluates all the on and off-site

determinantswhether environmental, cultural, historical,

urban, or infrastructuralthat affectthe development of the site and its building programme.

The main objective is to allocate and define the use of

various parts of the site in a manner that is most appropriateto the specific activities to be carried on the site.


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Site analysis Site analysis can be done on the basis of

following considerations:

Environmental

Utility/infrastructureexisting & reqd

Cultural/Historical- vernacular trends, cultural

customs, building techniques Urbancity form, potential views, regulations


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Site CharacteristicsPrepare a Site inventory

Existing vegetation, flora and fauna

Topographical features

Contours, slopes, natural drainage

pattern Cultural or historically significance


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Site Characteristics Density, size and type of structure existing &

proposed

Air movements

Heat island effect

Air quality of the site

Solar access Soil and ground water quality of the site

Data regarding natural hazards for the site


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Site inventory

characteristics

Building design

elements

Site design elements

Geographical latitude and

microclimatic factors

Building a layout for

solar radiation

Location of windows

entrances. Architectural

elevations

Surface to volume

ratios

Location of green and

paved areas

Selection of vegetation

And integration withnative landscape.

Biodiversity and buffer

zones

Topography and adjacent

landforms

Building proportions

Wind loads Architectural

elevations

Drainage strategies

Gravity fed sewer lines

Land fillings Natural site features for

water drainage

Location of

groundwater retention

ponds

Solar access

Building position forPhotovoltaics and

solar passive

techniques

Construction of walls

Selection of building

materials and finishes

Location of energyefficient features such as

solar ponds

Placement of selective

species of trees such as

deciduous on the south

side


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Geologic and seismic data

Foundation type

Structural

specifications

Structural considerations

for site landscaping

,such as retaining walls,

fixed seatings,etc

Soil type texture and load

bearing capacity

Foundation design and

location

Site grading procedures

that minimize erosion

Plant selection as per

soil type

Air movement pattern Placement of windtowers

Location of

fenestration on the

basis of pressure

differentials, passivedesi n

Site layout of building totrap wind for ventilation

Site inventory

characteristics

Building design

elements



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Parcel shape and

access with adjacentland uses and

buildings

Planning for the

capacity to

accommodate theproposed

development

Marking the

potential access

points, which donot burden the

lower density or

adjacent land use

Neighboring or

proposed future

developments

Design flexibility

for future

extension

Location of utility

and infrastructure

for future

extension

Site inventory

characteristics

Building design

elements



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Site analysisRender a site analysis on the basis of site inventory

characteristics and establish a list of factors

affecting the sustainable design

These considerations depend on the morphology of

the on-site building clusters, and hence can again bereviewed at a combined scale.


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Density and size

The density and size of the built area affect the

degree to which the microclimate can be modified in

terms of wind conditions, air temperature, radiationbalance, and natural lighting.

This density depends on the proportion of the landcovered by the buildings and the average height of

the buildings (the effect of which can be modified by

the relative height of individual buildings onsite).


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Air movement.

Large built volumes perpendicular to the wind

divert the latter and tend to create a wind shadow

of a length equal to 15 times the buildings height

(with wind velocity halved down). Buildings suffer from poor ventilation and high

wind intake at the openings, ifplaced parallel to

the winds direction.


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Heat island effect

Dense urban areas tend to have higher air

temperatures as compared to the surrounding low-

rise rural areas.

It is because of the absorption and storage of a highpercentage of radiation received by the built mass

and minimized radiative heat losses from it.

The denser parts of the cities (or dense

developments) may reach temperatures more than

12 degree Celsuis that of the surrounding areas.


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Solar accessThis would indicate the utilization of direct (and notreflected or diffused) solar radiation, mainly for day lightingand heat gain.

This would control minimum distances to be kept between

the built-up volume and open space. The design of the layoutshould allow for wind protection and solar access in winter,and at the same time provide adequate sun protection andventilation in summer.

The design should be such that it controls the heat island

effect, size and density of the layout, and provides the desiredcomfort conditions.

This would also help to decide the alternatives for the typeof the layout and the proportion of the built volume and openspace in the layout.


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Building types

The choice of building type depends mainly on the

cost of the land, infrastructure, land availability, and

suitability as per the requirements.

Each building type and combinations of different

building types form a matrix of environmentalconditions that affect both macro and microclimate

around and inside the building.


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Building types A design layout should incorporate different

building types so as to ensure adequate solar

access and ventilation. Row buildings can be used as windbreakers,

high-rise buildings can increase ventilation in

dense developments, while low-rise buildings

should be sited so that they avoid excessive heat

exchange with the environment and utilize their

links with open spaces.


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Open spacesThe proportion of open space and its built-up edges should

be designed so as to ensure winter solar access as well as

summer ventilation. Vegetation may provide shade and

promote evaporative cooling. In hotdry climates,

evaporative cooling through appropriately sized wet surfaces

or fountains have a desirable effect.

Streets

Street proportion and orientation should be optimized so asto take advantage of the sun, wind, and vegetation. pedestrian

areas should be exposed in winters. The streets should be

protected from parallel wind directions.


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Mobility


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Perform soil and groundwater tests to identify the

presence of contamination or chemical pollutants

due to past agricultural or industrial activities on

site or due to other activities adjacent to the site

The soil should also be tested for its loadbearing capacity,

compactibility, and infiltration rates so that the structural

analysis, foundation design, and methods for mechanicalcompaction can be formulated.


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Study the existingpattern of the natural vegetation on the

site as well as its susceptibility to rehabilitation and

damage once the construction stage is initiated so that the

protective measures can be taken.

Examine the historical data for past trend of natural

hazards, such as earthquakes. floods, or landslides, so that

theproposed development can be designed with the

ability to withstand such eventualities


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Analysis of utility/ infrastructural

considerationsReview the potential of the existing utility andtransportation infrastructure and capacity

Integratethe existing utility and infrastructural network into

theproposed development project. Assess the plannedcapacity of the existing utility lines and infrastructure, andidentify whether additional infrastructure needs to be plannedfor the proposed project.

Take into consideration the impact of proposed futuredevelopmenton the infrastructure. Sharing existingtransportation or parking facilities may minimize the budgetfor infrastructure.


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Analysis of cultural / historical

considerationsReview the traditional or vernacular architecture of the region

The regional architectural style may be revealed through the use of

vernacular architecture to form a design that is responsive to the local

cultural characteristics, thus enhancing community values.Restore historical or cultural resources on-site

Historical features on-site can be integrated by either modifying or

incorporating parts of the existing structure into the proposed design, thus

adding to the cultural fabric of the area provided that these structures are

nor legally protected.

Use of historical, energy-efficient building techniques

Historical, energy efficient building techniques that have been evolved

and sustained in responsive to local climatic or cultural characteristics can

be used or modified to suite the proposed sustainable design.


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Analysis of urban contextual considerations

Analyze the city form

The delineation of the city form due to the layout of roads,open spaces, or architectural forms should be analyzed. Forexample, a building may be a visually unifying element,

providing connection and continuity with adjacent buildings.Sites at the end of important vistas or adjacent to major citysquares should be reserved for important public buildings.

Review the potential of views

Important city views of plazas, squares, monuments andnatural features (such as parks and waterfronts) should beconsidered. Its important to design the proposed building in amanner that will enhance and preserve such views for the

public.


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Analysis Prioritization

- Set of constants

- Set of variables

- Set of constraints

Impacts of development Minimizing the impacts

Improving conditions.


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Analyze the efficiency model for the site on the basis

of a set of constants, variables, and constraints Forman efficiency array with the following.

Set of constants: Factors that cannot be changed, such asaccess road to the site, soil characteristics, natural vegetation,or the climate zone.

Set of variables: Factors that might give efficient resultswhen mingled in different patterns, such as circulation patternsite materials, etc.

Set of constraints: Some factors that form psychologicalconstraints for design, such asbuilding by-laws or local arearegulations. The most optimal and compatible combinationcan then be considered for a specific site development fit.


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Site development and layout

After thepotential factors affecting the sustainable design have been

analyzed and assessed, and the site has been selected, the optimal patterns

for sustainable development should be layeredon each other to organize

all he proposed building elements to achieve an effective and operational

site development fit.

The main intent remains to optimize the use of resources and energy

savings by reducing the site disturbance during the constructional and

occupancy phases of the project.

The underlying goal can then be finalized through a generic design

Processconceptually arriving at the best designthrough the project

requirements vis--vis sustainable development by sequential

incorporation of various design factors.


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Site development and layoutSite development can be carried or out on the basis of best

practices followed in each of the following potential areas.

Land use and existing featuresSiting and orientation

Landscaping

Utility or site infrastructure

PavementsExternal lighting

Construction management.


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Natural Site Features

Preserve natural drainage systems. Locate buildings,

roadways, and parking areas so that water flowing off the

developed site during extreme storm events will not cause

environmental damage and result in excessive

contamination of the watershed from silt, oils, automobile

fluids, and other pollutants. minimize cooling loads

through optimal orientation.

Also, consider how site development and construction

will affect on-site and off-site drainage systems. Avoidsites where impacts will be excessive.


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Protect the topsoil from erosion. Use collection

storage and reapplication of the topsoil, sediment basin,

contour trenching, mulching, and soil stabilizationmethods to protect the topsoil from erosion during

construction.


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Hydrology

Minimize erosion. Locate and design facilities to minimize erosion

and impacts on natural hydro-logical systems.

Avoid hydrological system contamination. Safe-guard the

hydrological system from contamination by construction activities

and building operation.

Minimize runoff. Avoid large, impervious surfaces and building

footprints that concentrate storm water runoff into channels, which

can carry soil away from the site .Manage the storm water so that it

irrigates site vegetation.

Allow precipitation to naturally recharge groundwater. Use swales

and dry retention ponds to maximize infiltration and minimize runoff.


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Geology/Soils

Minimize excavation. Site the long axis of a building or a

parking lot with the natural topography to minimize sitedisturbance and excavation.

Minimize disturbance to groundcover. Protect and plant

groundcover that prevents soil loss to wind and storm

water erosion. Avoid soil compression. Locate construction vehicle

parking and materials storage in proposed development

areas such as future parking lots. Avoid locations

designated as future landscaped or natural areas.


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Transportation

and Parking

Parking is often a significant user of land. Reducing the

area devoted to parking results in:

Reduction of polluted surface runoff

Greater groundwater recharge

Reduced heat island effect and glare Opportunities for creating more natural landscaping and

pedestrian friendly environments

Improved air quality


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Good siting practices should:

Integrate the building architecturally into the natural context of the site,

which minimizes the appearance

Minimize site-clearing to reduce costs

Take advantage of natural site features, such as topography, sunlight,

shade, and prevailing breezes, to promote energy conservation

Preserve existing vegetation, which can reduce landscape maintenance

costs

Mitigate erosion to reduce topsoil loss and protect surface water quality

Avoid the need for supplemental irrigation and fertilizer, to minimize

groundwater and surface water pollutionManage for snow and snow melt run-off to reduce maintenance costs


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Sedimentation


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Preserving mature stands of nati ve vegetation can:

Add character to the site

Provide energy-conserving shade and wind protection

Eliminate the waiting period for expensive new plantings to mature to

provide the potential benefits of preserved vegetation

Careful ly planned bui lding placement should:

Maximize benefits for site occupantsMinimize storm water runoff

Minimize natural habitat disturbance

Protect open space

Reduce the risk of fire and erosion

Save energy by providing for solar energy utilization, day lighting,

shading, and natural ventilation


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Maximize factors that contr ibute to the health and

productivity of employees, such as:

Thermal comfort

Access to fresh air

Acoustic privacy

Aesthetic viewsFunctional outdoor space


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thank you

Documents

Site Planning 3