Site Management Strategies for UNESCO World Heritage Sites: … · 2020-07-03 · 32 Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, published by Feilden and 33 Jokilehto in 1998, published

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Site Management Strategies for UNESCO World 1

Heritage Sites: The Case of the Letoon Sanctuary in 2

Turkey 3 4 5

Letoon is an archaeological site in Turkey inscribed at the World Heritage List in 6 1988 for its influence on the Lycian and subsequent Western architecture. In 7 recent years, in order to protect the international significance of the sites, the 8 World Heritage Committee has required preparing five-year management plans 9 for heritage sites. This study focuses on the methodology of the conservation and 10 presentation of the site by gathering and analyzing the necessary data for the 11 management plan of Letoon. The site management plan defines a framework for 12 the protection and enhancement of the architectural, archaeological, historical 13 and cultural assets of the site. In this paper, a site boundary is proposed for the 14 Letoon Management Plan and studied in three stages. Firstly, protection, 15 presentation, and visitor policies will be developed by providing access to 16 national and international platforms. Secondly, a strategy will be defined 17 according to the vision to solve problems of the archaeological sites, and existing 18 settlements. Finally, an action plan for site activities will be prepared following 19 decisions about usage and transformation for tourism purposes. 20 21 Keywords: Site Management Plan; UNESCO World Heritage List; Lycia; Letoon 22 Sanctuary; Turkey 23

24

25

Introduction 26 27

The main focus of this study is to evaluate and to protect the natural 28 integrity of Letoon Sanctuary which has an outstanding universal value entered 29

with its neighbouring settlement together with Xanthos to the World Heritage 30

List in 1988 while transferring its values to future generations. The purpose of 31 the study is to identify management issues affecting the site; and to make a 32 preliminary evaluation to develop policies, actions, and strategies for the site. 33

This study is carried out under the name of “Protection and Site Management 34 Strategies in World Heritage Sites: The Management Plan Proposal of the Letoon 35 Monuments and Its Environment” within the scope of the master thesis in 36

Başkent University, Institute of Science, Department of Architecture. This 37 article is the result of the early data from the thesis. 38

Letoon and Xanthos Ancient City were registered together in 1988. Letoon 39 was considered the criteria “cultural” (ii

1) and (iii

2) (UNESCO National 40

Commission of Turkey, 2009). 41

1Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon directly influenced the architecture of the principal ancient

cities of Lycia such as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as well as the neighboring provinces. The

Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient

World, is directly influenced by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument (UNESCO, 2020). 2Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears exceptional testimony to the Lycian civilization, both

through the many inscriptions found at the two sites and through the remarkable funerary

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Located in Antalya province, near the village of Kınık, Xanthos is the 1

biggest administrative center of Lycia. The city, which was independent until it 2

was ruled by the Persians in 545 B.C, was completely burnt down nearly a 3 century later. After this fire, the city was rebuilt. In the second century B.C, it 4 assumed the duty of being the capital of the Lycian League. The city, which 5 later came under the control of the Romans, came under Byzantine rule and 6 remained under Byzantine rule until the Arab raids in the seventh century. This 7

site shows the effects of Lycian traditions, Hellenistic and Roman periods in 8 the structures built by every civilization that settled down (KVMGM, 2020). 9

Located in Muğla province, Letoon was the water source in the Ancient 10 period and the sanctuary associated with the water nymphs. The Letoon 11 Sanctuary, which is settled 4 kilometers away from Xanthos, was the sacred 12

center of the Lycia region that has religious and political significance. Except 13 for the private residences of the priests and religious officials, all monuments 14

have religious functions. As the official sacred center of the Lycian Union in 15 the Hellenistic period, where the management decisions were taken by the 16 union were announced to the public (Özdilek and Atik Korkmaz, 2018) (Figure 1). 17 18

Figure 1. The Letoon Sanctuary 19

20 Source: Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 21

22 The Letoon Sanctuary is an example of uninterrupted religious 23

development with religious structures up to the seventh century. 24 Archaeological ruins in Letoon, where traces of an uninterrupted sacredness 25

from polytheistic religions to divine religions are traces. It goes back to the 26 eighth century. The most important feature of this sanctuary, which is shaped 27 around an underground water source and rocks, is that it contains traces of the 28 monumental wooden architecture of Lycia. Its impact can be seen in 29 Hellenistic architecture. The concept of holiness in the site has its reflection in 30

monuments preserved within the property. The longest and most important texts in the Lycian

language were found in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which were carved in rock

or on huge monoliths, are considered exceptional evidence of this unique and long-forgotten

Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi

represent a novel type of funerary architecture. The rich series of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and

Letoon enable us to fully understand the successive acculturation phenomena that took place in

Lycia from the 6th century onwards (UNESCO, 2020).

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the Christian period buildings. There are stone inscriptions in which the longest 1

and most important texts can be seen in the Lycian language. 2

In the study, firstly UNESCO's site management strategies for World 3 Heritage Sites will be studied and the current situation of site management 4 policies in Turkey after 2004 Regulations will be evaluated. Secondly, Letoon 5 will be analyzed on two scales: “The Lycia Road Surroundings” and “Letoon 6 Sanctuary and Its Surroundings”. Finally, a preliminary assessment of the 7

boundaries, scope, and stages will be proposed for the Letoon Site Management 8 Plan. 9 10 11

Literature Review 12 13 The Site Management 14

15 The site management defines an approach that covers the entire process of 16

identifying the management site, preparing, implementing, monitoring and 17 updating the management plans following international acceptances (Ulusan, 18

2016). In Conservation Management: A Practical Guide published by the English 19 Heritage, the definition of site management is as follows: “having a clear idea and 20

specific policies for the improvement of the area and for tackling problems in a 21 number of co-ordinated ways.” (English Heritage Towns Forum, 1998). 22

The management plan of ICOMOS is defined in The Valletta Principles 23

for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic Cities, Towns, and Urban 24 Areas, as follows: “A Management Plan is a document specifying in detail all 25

the strategies and tools to be used for heritage protection and which at the 26 same time responds to the needs of contemporary life. It contains legislative, 27 financial, administrative and conservation documents, as well as Conservation 28

and Monitoring Plans.” (ICOMOS, 2011). 29 The planning process is a multidisciplinary activity and should include 30

input from experts depending on the importance of the site. Management 31

Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, published by Feilden and 32 Jokilehto in 1998, published the standards set by ICCROM in cultural heritage 33 management. Accordingly, the management plan has to consider national and 34 local plans. These plans should implement estimates of population growth or 35 decline, economic factors, traffic, and industrial zones. The management plan 36

should be based on reviews and reports prepared by the appropriate 37 multidisciplinary teams (Feilden and Jokilehto, 1998). 38

The different masses and disciplines that take an active role in urban 39 conservation within the contemporary conservation understanding need to carry 40 out conservation actions in an “efficient” manner and “planned” within the 41

framework of “sustainable” by “well-attended” based on social reconciliation and 42

dialogue. As a result of this requirement, trying to protect within the whole of 43

geographical, social and cultural spaces is the basis of the concept of the site 44 management. The site management is a kind of coordination system (Ekinci, 45 2009). 46

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The site management; administrative institutions with responsibility in the site 1

to be protected, excavation-field presidency, residents and temporary beneficiaries 2

of the site, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), educational institutions 3 (universities, etc.) and non-local elements (visitors, tourists, students, etc.) is a 4 platform to provide communication between. In order to successfully implement 5 site management, interdisciplinary study, good organization, sensitive public 6 support, and financial resources are required (Table 1). 7

8 Table 1. Framework of the Site Management 9

10

The Site Management for UNESCO 11 12

According to UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of 13

the World Heritage Convention, the aim of a management plan is to ensure the 14 effective protection of the candidate sites for present and future generations 15

(Makuvaza, 2017; UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2019). 16

The site management programme for UNESCO translates into a concrete 17

management plan that combines general strategies and policies with specific 18 goals that relate to the significance and setting of the site. A management plan 19

is obviously targeted at managing over the long-term a site that remains 20 entirely in situ, but also partially excavated sites and what thereof remains, as 21 well as the removed artefacts (UNESCO, 2017) (Table 2). 22

23

24

SITE MANAGEMENT'S

BASIS;

Well-attended

Efficient

Planned

Sustainable

SUCCESS;

Interdisciplinary Study

Organization

Public Support

Financial Resources

COORDİNATİON;

Administrative Institutions

Excavation- Field

Presidency

Local People

Educational Institutions Visitors NGOs

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Table 2. Framework of the Site Management for UNESCO 1

2 The general goals of cultural heritage management policy are: 3 4

- mitigating impacts on endangered sites; 5 - preventing destruction of sites and dispersal of artefacts by denying 6

permits to exploiters seeking private financial gain; 7 - creating local, national, and international inventories of the sites; 8 - protecting and interpreting sites in situ whenever possible; 9

- excavating sites only when there are scientific objectives or interests for 10 public enjoyment, adequate funding, professional staff, and provisions 11 for documentation, conservation, curation, reporting and publication; 12

- involving the public so that people can become the guardians of their 13 cultural heritage; and 14

- bringing the excitement of cultural sites to the public in reputable 15

museum exhibitions, media presentations, and publications (UNESCO, 16 2017). 17

18

The following topics should be considered in archaeological sites that have 19 been nominated for the World Heritage List or are currently on the Tentative 20

List: 21 22

- Protection, Promotion, Adaptation, and Management. 23 - Control of central government services in accordance with local authorities 24

and their people. 25

- Users' attitudes, as well as those involved with the protection process. 26 - Balanced development of the wider area in association with the local 27

tradition. 28 29

As a result, cultural - material (tangible) and intangible- heritage must be 30

contributed to the preservation and appointment of the identity (ICOMOS, 2002). 31 As site management strategies in UNESCO World Heritage Sites; 32 33 - It should be targeted with an interdisciplinary approach to various issues 34

related to the protection, presentation, and management of cultural 35 heritage (Bahçeci, 1994). 36

TARGETS OF SITE MANAGEMENT

Protection Documentation Presentation Interpretation Curation Participation

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- An introduction should be planned, taking into account the maintenance; 1

repair and/or excavation work in the area, taking into account the 2

restoration work that is part of the presentation. 3 - In order to ensure the proper presentation, correct perception of the sites, 4

the cultural infrastructure and educational level of the visitors coming to 5 the area should be determined first and the integrity of the site should be 6 considered as the most appropriate way to make the site inviting. 7

8 Site Management in Turkey 9 10

Turkey adopted The Convention on the protection of World Cultural and 11 Natural Heritage

3 which was prepared by UNESCO in 1983. In the candidacy 12

file of the asset to be nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage List, it is 13 mandatory to have an approved management plan, which will be presented as a 14

guarantee of the survival of this heritage and the details of the studies to be 15 carried out in the short-medium-long term. 16

Accordingly, preparation of site management plans for protected sites in 17 Turkey; Annex-2 of Law No. 5226 on 14.07.2004 to The Law on the 18

Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets4 numbered 2863 dated 21.07.1983 19

has been added and made mandatory. The Law & Amendment of the Law on 20

the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets Laws5 numbered 5226 and their 21

related regulations determined the principles of the site management in Turkey. 22 According to Law No. 2863, a Management Plan is a plan created through 23

considering the business project, excavation plan, landscape plan or urban 24 conservation plan, and prepared to ensure the conservation, sustaining and 25

evaluation of the management site. These plans also include the annual and 5-26 year period implementation stages and budget and are revised every five years 27 (Annex-2: 14.07.2004-Article 3, Paragraph-11). 28

The Regulation on the Establishment and Duties of the Site Management 29 and Monument Board and the Procedures and Principles for Determining the 30

Management Areas6 was published in the Official Paper dated 27.11.2005. 31

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism attaches importance to 32 the successful implementation of these laws and related regulations in World 33 Heritage Sites. Accordingly, the objectives of the site management are as 34 follows: 35

36

3The Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1983, 14

February). Official Gazette (Number: 17959). 4The Law on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets (1983, 7 July). Official Gazette

(Number: 18113). 5The Law & Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets Laws

(2004, 14 July). Official Gazette (Number: 25535). 6The Regulation on the Establishment and Duties of the Site Management and Monument

Board and the Procedures and Principles for Determining the Management Areas (2005,

November 27). Official Gazette (Number: 26006).

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- Determination of the boundaries of the management site within historical, 1

social, cultural, geographical, natural and artistic integrity in terms of 2

protection, development, and evaluation of the site. 3 - Demonstration by the management plan of ways to strike an appropriate 4

balance between conservation, access, sustainable economic development 5 needs and the relevance of the local people. 6

- Development of general strategies, methods, and tools, determination and 7

creation of financial resources to increase the value of the field to an 8 international level. 9

- Establishment of an event network that will create international 10 cooperation and sharing in order to improve cultural tourism. 11

- Creation of implementation plans for the development of regional cultural 12

systems in sites with the potential to create a sector by associating them 13 within a certain region. 14

- Cooperation between public institutions and organizations, non-15 governmental organizations, property rights holders, voluntary individuals 16 and organizations and local people in the protection and evaluation of the 17 management sites. 18

- Determination of the principles and limits of use and development within 19 the framework of international protection principles and the provisions of 20

the convention for site management in protected sites (Annex: 27.11.2005-21 Chapter 2, Articles-5) (Table 3). 22

23

Table 3. The Site Management Process in Turkey 24

25 26 27 Source: (Annex: 27.11.2005-Chapter 2, Articles-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13). 28

1. Determination of the management area

2. Preparation of the draft management

plan

3. Formation of the management plan preparation team

4. Preparation of the management plan

5. Evaluation of the management plan

6. Approval of the management plan

7. Implementation and supervision of the management plan

The boundaries of the management area are

communicated by the authorized administration

to the relevant institutions and organizations.

The plan is prepared by the president of field

and a team of experts.

Current due diligence

Field analysis

Determining the vision of the

field

Determination of work

schedule and projects

Identification of monitoring,

evaluation and training

processes

The opinion of the

stakeholders regarding

the draft is taken.

The plan is evaluated

by the advisory board.

The final plan is done by the

authorized administration.

The public institutions

and organizations, municipalities have to

comply with the approved

management plan.

The plan is approved

by the coordination

and supervision board.

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Turkey has 18 heritage sites, 16 of them which are cultural and 2 of them 1

which are mixed, on the World Heritage List. In the Tentative List, there are 78 2

heritage sites, 73 of them are cultural, 2 of them are mixed and 3 of them are 3 natural (UNESCO, 2019). Turkey has accelerated its management planning 4 efforts to protect the World Heritage List and to enable the Tentative List to be 5 included in the List through legal regulations since 2004. There are 12 6 management plans approved of the sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List 7

and Tentative List by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism 8 (Table 4). 9 10 Table 4. Approved Management Plans for the World Heritage Sites in Turkey 11

Date of

Inscription

Starting Date

of Management

Plan7

Management Plans in the World Heritage List

Göbekli Tepe Site Management Plan 2018 2017

Aphrodisias Site Management Plan 2017 2010

Strategic Conservation Master Plan for Ani 2016 2009

Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural

Landscape Management Plan 2015 2011

Ephesus Management Plan 2015 2010

Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Landscape Management

Plan 2014 2010

Bursa and Cumalıkızık Management Plan 2014 2010

Management Plan of Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük 2012 2010

Edirne Selimiye Mosque and Social Complex Management

Plan 2011 2007

Istanbul Historic Peninsula Management Plan 1985 2009

Management Plans in the World Heritage Tentative List

Mudurnu Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2015 2014

Harran Site Management Plan 2000 2014

Source: https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-204384/ulusal-yonetim-planlari.html. 12 13

In Turkey, as above most of the sites which were listed in the UNESCO 14 World Heritage List do not have a management plan. However, the World 15

Heritage Committee has been mandatory for the sites in this List and Tentative 16 List to have management plans. In Turkey, the legislative changes made in 17

7The start date of the management plan is based on the date on which the boundaries of the

management area are approved.

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2004, after that, the management plan has been prepared in many sites. 1

Xanthos-Letoon, which was included in the List in 1988, still does not have a 2

site management plan. 3 4 5

Methodology 6 7

Xanthos-Letoon is located within the borders of two separate provinces. 8 Xanthos is close to Kınık district of Antalya province. Letoon is near Kumluova 9 district of Muğla province. The World Heritage Site is administratively located 10 within the boundaries of two separate provinces and every institution and 11 organization acts within the boundaries of its field of protection. Also, there is 12

no single presidency of field or coordinator for the management of the site. For 13 these reasons, to protect the Xanthos-Letoon, which is registered together in the 14

World Heritage List, and to increase their potential, it was deemed appropriate to 15 consider the management plans of both areas separately (Table 5). 16 17 Table 5. Comparison of Xanthos and Letoon Management System 18

Xanthos Letoon

Presidency of

Excavation

Prof. Dr. Burhan Varkıvanç

(Akdeniz University,

Faculty of Tourism,

Department of Tourism

Guidance, Antalya)

(2011-….)

Prof. Dr. Sema Atik

Korkmaz

(Başkent University, Faculty

of Fine Arts, Design and

Architecture, Department of

Architecture, Ankara)

(2011-2019)

Mayoralty Kınık Municipality Seydikemer Municipality

Directorate of

Protection Regional

Board

Antalya Directorate of

Cultural Heritage Protection

Regional Board

Muğla Directorate of

Cultural Heritage Protection

Regional Board

Directorate of

Museums

Directorate of Antalya

Museum

Directorate of Fethiye

Museum

19 The main subject of the study is the Letoon Sanctuary located within the 20

borders of Sedikemer district, Muğla province. The main material of the study 21

is archaeological studies for the site, literature data about the site, map, plan 22 and visual material of the site, as well as interviews with the relevant persons 23 on the site. Within the scope of the study, literature review, observation-study-24 analysis and oral interviews were conducted. This study is the collection of 25 data needed for the management plan that Letoon, who has been on the World 26

Heritage list since 1988, does not have. The analysis of the data collected 27 focused on the methodology required for the protection and presentation of the 28

site. 29 The first systematic studies at Letoon were initiated by the French 30

archaeology team in 1962. Letoon was unearthed by the excavations that 31 started by Prof. Dr. H. Metzger and later Christian Le Roy (TÜRSAB, 2015). 32

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The second cycle of the systematic archaeological studies at Letoon has been 1

carried out since 2011 under the presidency of Prof. Dr. Sema Atik Korkmaz, 2

Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture, on 3 behalf of Başkent University according to the Decree of the Council of 4 Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the General Directorate of Cultural 5 Heritage and Museums (Atik Korkmaz, 2015; Letoon City Brochure-Letoon 6 Excavation Archive, 2017) (Table 6). 7

8 Table 6. Management of the Letoon Sanctuary 9

10 In accordance with the objectives and boundaries, the studies required to be carried out within 11 the scope of the Letoon Management Plan have been dealt with on two scales. 12 13

On the scale of “The Lycia Road Surroundings”, the study was carried out 14

in three stages in order to determine the current status of the World Heritage 15 Site. The following studies have been carried out to determine and define the 16 boundaries of the management site provided that the Republic of Turkey 17

Ministry of Culture and Tourism approves. 18

19 - Before the field study, related resources were scanned. 20 - “Letoon Archaeological and Natural Site Management Plan Preliminary 21

Evaluation Meeting” was held with the participation of the academic 22

members of the Excavation Committee, Fethiye Museum manager and 23 the Ministry of Culture and Tourism representative conducted by the 24 presidency of Prof. Dr. Sema Atik Korkmaz on 04.08.2017. 25

- A field study on the settlements of the Lycian route was conducted 26 between 24.07-05.08.2017. The data obtained from these studies were 27

synthesized and evaluated. 28 29

On the scale of “The Letoon Sanctuary and Its Surroundings”; the following 30 studies had also been carried out for the definition of the processes related to the 31 documentation, research, interpretation and presentation of the monumental 32

structure and building elements, and for the production plans and projects. 33 34

- Aybike Yenel has documented the old village houses located in the Letoon 35 in the World Heritage Site with the permission of the Directorate of 36

MANAGEMENT

1988 1962 2011

111 2019

111

Started to be studied

by the French team 1ST PERIOD 2ND PERIOD

Letoon is included in the World Heritage List.

Started to be studied by Sema Atik Korkmaz

2004

1

Years

A management plan

pre-evaluation meeting was held

for Letoon.

The preparation of a management plan

is mandatory for the

World Heritage List

in Turkey.

2017

111

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Fethiye Museum. Within the scope of her master thesis titled “Protection 1

and Site Management Strategies in World Heritage Sites: The 2

Management Plan Proposal of the Letoon Monuments and Its 3 Environment”, a study was conducted in Kumluova town, Kınık town, and 4 Antalya city center between 05-07.11.2019. 5

6 7

Findings 8 9 Historical Structure of the Letoon and its Surroundings 10 11

Lycia is the region today’s Teke Peninsula, where the people live called 12

“Lukka” or “Lukku” in the Hittite texts, who threats the whole Eastern 13 Mediterranean in the second millennium (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon 14

Excavation Archive, 2017). Lycia, famous with monumental rock tombs is in 15 the Southwestern corner of Anatolia. The first inhabitants of this region are the 16 Termilai according to Heredotus. Antique sources inform us that the region 17 was populated by some 200.000 and 23 cities united from a federal league 18

(Fethiye Museum Archive, 2019). 19 Lycian people were fighting on the Hittite side in The Battle of Kadesh 20

and on the Troian side in The Battle of Troia. The sanctuary forms on a rocky 21 terrain around the sacred spring dedicated to the “mother of gods”, referred to 22 as “Annis Massanassis” in the Luwian language. Letoon was a center for joint 23

worship of “Eni Mahanahi”, the Lycian version of Annis Massanassis and her 24 children Ertemi and Natri, or the deities known as Leto, Artemis, and Apollo in 25

the Hellenic religion. The earliest archaeological evidence in Letoon belongs to 26 the end of the eighth century B.C. The arrangements made around the water, 27 the source of life springing out of the headwaters under the ground, as well as 28

the carving of the cliff around it and the offerings presented, testifies the 29 ultimate attention that the Lycians paid to this spring and rocks/mountains 30

while constituting concrete archeological evidence of a multilayered, complex 31

and multifaceted past with an unknown baseline date. This glorious history of 32 Letoon survived throughout the Persian rule in Western Lycia, the invasion of 33 Alexander the Great, and the subsequent Hellenistic period, Roman and 34 Byzantine eras. It ended probably after the Arab hegemony over Rhodes and 35 then all around the Mediterranean world (Atik Korkmaz, 2015; Letoon City 36

Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017). 37 38 Geographical Structure of the Letoon and its Surroundings 39 40

Letoon (Kumluova) is located in the Xanthos Valley, the largest of the 41

valleys formed by the Eşen River, within a fragmentary geographical structure 42

with delta plains between the mountains. It is an important political and 43

religious center of Lycia along with surrounding settlements such as Xanthos 44 (Kınık), Patara (Ovagelemiş), Pdynai (Gavurağılı), Pınara (Minare), Sidyma 45 (Dodurga) and Tlos (Yakaköy). 46

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Letoon is located on the foothills of Koca Tepe in the northwest of this 1

plain, on the foot of Tümtüm Hill, a small summit extending as a ridge to the 2

northwest. Like the other coastal settlements in the region, Letoon was also 3 founded in the first millennium B.C. The natural environment in the time when 4 Letoon was founded was different from that today. The geomorphological 5 evolution of this environment is the changes in the sea levels during this time 6 span. The depression where the plain is located was a bay in the early 7

Holocene period and transformed into a lagoon with the alluvium brought by 8 Eşen River. During this period, the sites of Letoon become land. The sea 9 retreated a few meters down during the Bronze Age and this had an impact in 10 the alluvium filling of the plain. Toward today the sea level rose again but the 11 shoreline could not penetrate inward as before. The sondages dug at Letoon 12

brought to light a layer of ash, which might have been caused by an eruption of 13 the volcano at Santorini (Thera) about four thousand years ago. Today Letoon 14

lies about six kilometers inland from the sea (Atik Korkmaz, 2015; Letoon 15 Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 2). 16 17 Figure 2. The Lycian Region Topography Map 18

19 Source: http://www.lycianturkey.com/maps.htm. 20 21 Social and Economic Structure of the Letoon and its Surroundings 22 23

Letoon is located within the boundaries of the town of Kumluova. It is a 24 rural settlement with a municipal organization. For this reason, economic 25 activities, infrastructure facilities, and social facilities are developed in the 26

settlement. Kumluova is administratively connected to Muğla District, but in 27

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commercial and social terms it has close relations with Fethiye district center. 1

In Kumluova, especially the economic activity site based on greenhouse 2

agriculture is quite wide. Therefore, immigrants mostly settle in the town in 3 order to make this economic activity. In addition, there are also people who 4 migrate temporarily during the production season and return to their villages at 5 the end of the production activity. These are collaborators or workers in 6 greenhouses. The main sector in the local economy is agriculture. The main 7

crops grown in the town are cotton, wheat, sesame, legumes, vegetables, citrus, 8 peanuts, and olives. However, greenhouse activity has become widespread in 9 recent years due to its high-income relative to other products, and it has an 10 important place in agricultural activities (UNESCO National Commission of 11 Turkey, 2009). 12

13 Management Structure of the Letoon and its Surroundings 14

15 Letoon is located within the borders of Muğla Province. Therefore, on 16

behalf of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism Muğla 17 Governorship and Fethiye Museum Directorate are responsible for the site. It is 18

in the administrative site of the town of Kumluova. On the other hand, the 19 World Heritage Site is in the Patara Special Environmental Protection Area. 20

Therefore, In addition to the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and 21 Tourism, the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, 22 and the Special Environmental Protection Agency are also authorized. Letoon 23

is under the responsibility of the Muğla Directorate of Cultural Heritage 24 Protection Regional Board (UNESCO National Commission of Turkey, 2009). 25

26 Features of the Letoon Sanctuary 27 28

Letoon is the ancient federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian 29 League of Cities. As many inscriptions found at the site demonstrate, the federal 30

sanctuary was the place where all religious and political decisions of the ruling 31

powers were declared to the public. The famous trilingual inscription, dating back 32 to 337 B.C., features a text in Lycian and Greek as well as an Aramaic summary 33 and was discovered near the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, three 34 temples are dedicated to Leto, Artemis, and Apollo. In addition, the site includes 35 the ruins of a nymphaeum dating back to Hadrian, built on a water source that was 36

considered sacred (UNESCO, 2020). 37 The Letoon Sanctuary; its influence on the Lycian and subsequent Western 38

architecture and well-preserved inscriptions that allow partially enabling the 39 decipherment of the Lycian language are its values (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon 40 Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 3). 41

Main phases of the layout of the sanctuary are: 42

43

- In the Classical period, some isolated edifices were built on terraces 44 laid out between the hill and the Sacred Spring. 45

- In the Greek period, temples and porticoes were erected in a regular grid. 46

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- In the Roman period, the Nymphaium was redesigned in baroque style. 1

- In the Byzantine period, a basilica was built on the altar's terrace, which 2

dominated a site progressively covered by water. 3 4

The sanctuary was once bordered by large porticoes, where pilgrims could 5 rest and which closed off the site. The three temples were erected on podiums, 6 which is typical of Lycian architecture. They offered a spectacular view to 7

pilgrims walking up the The Sacred Road from the Propylon (a monument 8 gateway leading to the sanctuary) which was located down the platform where 9 the temples and altars were built (Lycian Turkey, 2020). 10 11 Figure 3. The Letoon Sanctuary Location Plan 12

13 Source: Letoon City Brochure and Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 14 15

16

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The Theater 1

2

The building was built during the Hellenistic period, around the second 3 century B.C. The total capacity of the theater is about 7800 people. The cavea 4 was greater than semicircle. The middle unit of the cavea was carved into the 5 bedrock. The cavea is divided into two parts with a diazoma and has 36 sitting 6 rows. The theater entrances or exits for the audience to or from the cavea are 7

made with vaulted passageways or paradoi. The northwest vaulted passage is 8 surrounded by Doric frieze; tyrigliph and metopes and lonic architrave above. 9 The metopes are sculptured with 16 theater masks and faces. The southeastern 10 vault features a Doric temple façade with triangular pediments (Letoon City 11 Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 4). 12

13 Figure 4. The Theatre and the Necropolis in Letoon 14

15 Source: Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 16 17

The Terrace Walls 18

19 The terraces lie along the south slope of Tümtüm Tepe in two rows. The 20

first terrace begins from the southeastern vaulted passageway of the theater. 21

The terrace wall lines off in the east of the terrace, which after made two angles 22 at two points and goes to the direction of the sanctuary. The first construction 23

phase probably belongs to the Hellenistic period. The workmanship in this era 24 is in roughly carved and bossaged polygonal technique. Some parts of the wall 25

have been renovated at the Roman and Byzantine periods (Letoon City 26 Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 5). 27 28

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Figure 5. The Terrace Walls in Letoon 1


The Quarry 5 6

The whole rocky area of Tümtüm Tepe was used as a stone quarry during the 7

Roman period. For stone extraction from the bedrock, using various methods such 8 as levering, splitting, channeling (carving) is understood from the wedge and 9 chisel marks on the rocks (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 10 2017). 11

12 The Porticos 13

14 The porticos (stoas-collonade) surrounded the Temple shrine in the North and 15

East. The porticos are planned in two-part; L planned north portico and west 16

portico. The porticos, planned in Doric order, were built in the Hellenistic period. 17 Expanded with Roman period additions during the reign of Emperor Claudius to 18

create a double-corridor structure in lonic order with a chamber in the northern 19 section designed for the imperial cult. Heavily damaged by earthquakes during the 20

Roman Imperial period, this structure was repaired by a donation of 30.000 denarii 21 by Opramoas, the famous benefactor from Rhodiapolis (Letoon City Brochure-22 Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 6). 23 24

Figure 6. The Porticos in Letoon 25


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The Stone Gardens 1

2

The stone station in archaeological sites is the areas where the collapsed 3 architectural elements of a building are exhibited; after they have been identified 4 and numbered for an inventory before restoration. In Letoon, eight stone 5 situations have been arranged. Six of them belong to the Temple of Leto, in 6 which 80% of the architectural elements still exist on the side, the Hadrian 7

Monumental Fountain, the Temenos Wall, and the Byzantine Church (Letoon 8 City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 7). 9 10 Figure 7. The Stone Gardens in Letoon 11


The Temenos 15 16

Figure 8. The Temple Zone in the Letoon Sanctuary Location Plan 17

18 Source: Letoon City Brochure and Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 19

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The hearth of the known ruins of Letoon comprises the sacred spring and 1

the temenos, which contains the temples built for Leto, Artemis, and Apollo. 2

From other areas, stoas in the north and west were separated by huge bedrock 3 trimmed in the east and the Hellenistic wall, and the entrance to the area was 4 provided with propylon in the west (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation 5 Archive, 2017) (Figure 8). 6 7

The Temple of Leto 8 9

The Temple of Leto is one of the best-preserved temples in the world, as the 10 80% of its architectural blocks has reached our time. It is the largest temple of the 11 area with dimensions of 15.75x32.25 meters and is located nearest to the sacred 12

spring. It is a peripteros with a deep pronaos (entrance) surrounded by 30 columns 13 in the lonic order. The Corinthian semi-capitals which were used on the plasters 14

(half columns) are added on interior cella walls during the Roman period (Letoon 15 City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 9). 16

17 Figure 9. The Temple of Leto in Letoon 18


The Temple of Artemis 22 23

The structure, measuring 9.5x18.5 meters located in the middle is the 24 worst preserved among the three temples. Constructed in the Ionian order, the 25

structure is considered to have a layout of templum in antis and attributed to 26 Ertemiti/Artemis based on the two inscriptions found at its entrance. The Ionic 27 element of the structure has outstandingly elegant stone workmanship. Based 28 on the inscription of Erbbina/Arbinas, the second construction phase of the 29 structure is dated to the early fourth century B.C. (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon 30

Excavation Archive, 2017) (Figure 10). 31 32

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Figure 10. The Temple of Artemis in Letoon 1


The Temple of Apollo 5 6

The Temple is located right next to the spectacular cliff smoothed by carving 7

on the easternmost side of the temenos. The temple at 27.95x15.07 meters, it rises 8 on a crepidoma with three-stepped krepis. The final phase is a peripteros with 9 6x11 columns. An early temple of 4.9x7.6 meters, built of wood on a stone 10 foundation found here before the construction of the temple, is still in situ in 11

the temple of the Hellenistic Temple (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation 12 Archive, 2017) (Figure 11). 13

14 Figure 11. The Temple of Apollo in Letoon 15

16 Source: Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 17 18 The Byzantine Church 19 20

Early Christian Church of Letoon is set on the sacred site as a part of the 21 monastery. The basilica which has three naves was built using local limestone 22

and spolia blocks. Floors of the middle and side naves are decorated with 23 botanical and geometrical mosaics which includes animal motives as well. On 24

the southeast corner of the church, a baptistery is located with a trikonkhos 25 (three-leaved clover shaped) plan (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation 26 Archive, 2017) (Figure 12). 27

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Figure 12. The Byzantine Church and the Monastery in Letoon 1


The Sacred Road 5 6

A propylon in the north of the Hadrian Fountain lies on towards the sanctuary 7 from the west. The archaeological remains still are remarkable today. The stone-8

paved the Sacred Road lies from the propylon to the Arruntii Monument. At this 9

point, it is lined off by many inscriptions and sculpture bases at both sides. It goes 10 on in front of the temples and across between bedrock and Apollon Temple along 11 the terraces (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 2017). 12

13 The Hadrian Nymphaium 14

15 A monumental fountain dedicated to Emperor Hadrian is on the southwest 16

side of the sanctuary. The building was built during the Roman period. The 17

fountain has a semi-circular pool surrounded by a portico. Its upper structure 18

mostly preserved. In the middle of the portico, there is a square planned niche 19 dedicated to the Emperor Hadrianus. In the east of the pool, there is a sacred spring 20 on the same axle with square niche. The elements that signify the worship area 21

include the sacred spring associated with the spring cult goddesses, who were first 22 called “ali(ya)” in Luwian, then “eliyana” in Lycian, “hwrnys” in Aramaic and 23

finally “nymphs” in the ancient Greek. The spring’s used for the ritual cleansing 24 feature since ancient times (Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 25

2017) (Figure 13). 26

27

28

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Figure 13. The Sacred Road and the Hadrian Nymphaium in Letoon 1


The Old Excavation House 5 6

The Xanthos excavation team stayed in the old village houses in 1951 on 7 the southwest side of the sanctuary. The old excavation house, which is within 8

the first degree protected area, has a property problem situation and does not 9

have a title deed (Figure 14). 10 11 Figure 14. The Old Excavation House in Letoon 12

13 Source: Aybike Yenel's Personal Archive, 2019. 14 15 Current Status, Opportunities, and Problems of the Letoon Sanctuary 16 17

Within the scope of the study, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities 18 and threats of the site were uncovered by SWOT analysis conducted to determine 19

the current situation in the Letoon Sanctuary and its surroundings. Planning 20 and design proposals have been developed by taking into account the results of 21 this analysis (Table 7). 22

In order to determine the potentials; literature collection, observation in the 23 field, interviews with Fethiye Museum Directorate, documents and data 24 obtained from web sites and archives were used as material. 25

26

27

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Table 7. SWOT Analysis of the Letoon Sanctuary and its Surrounding 1

Strengths Weaknesses

-Historical cultural richness

-Having original archaeological

structures

-The Letoon Environmental Design

Project --Visitor reception center,

parking and road arrangement

-No serious security issues

-Determination of sightseeing routes

-Making promotional materials and

information boards

-Although it is on the World Heritage List,

has no recognition in Turkey

-Lack of management plan

-Lack of local people consciousness

-A low number of visitors and tourists

-No significant investment in tourism is

available in Kumluova

-No museum where the finds from the

excavations in the area can be exhibited

-The groundwater level of the area is high

-The boundary of the area with greenhouses,

residences, and businesses

Opportunities Threats

-Being on the UNESCO World

Heritage List

-Being on the Lycian Road route

-Effecting on Lycia and later on

Western architecture

-Having well-preserved inscriptions

that allow partial understanding of

Lycian

-Risk of groundwater coming to the surface

-Greenhouse activity in the region

-Local people living around

2 Figure 15. The Letoon Environmental Design Project Location Plan 3

4 Source: https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-133955/letoon-oren-yerinde-cevre-duzenleme-calismala 5 ri-basladi.html. 6

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In the Letoon Sanctuary, a environmental design project including a multi-1

purpose hall, cafeteria, sales shop, toilets, box office, tourniquet, as well as 2

many functions such as sightseeing routes, walkways, and recreation areas, has 3 been prepared in 2014. The Letoon Environmental Design Project was completed 4 during the tourist season in 2016 (KVMGM, 2015) (Figure 15). 5

The necessary infrastructure work (parking lot, road arrangement, visitor 6 reception center) was carried out with the Letoon Environmental Design Project, 7

and it was emphasized that the area is on the World Heritage List. Parking is 8 available for visitors to Letoon, and there are signs providing access to the 9 area. The boundaries of Letoon have been determined and surrounded by wire 10 mesh. The area has no serious security problems (Figure 16). 11 12

Figure 16. Entrance and Parking Lot in Letoon 13

14


The promotion of the area, which indicates that the area is on the World 18 Heritage List, is made in Turkish and English. The facilities available for 19 visitors and tourists at Letoon are sufficient (Figure 17, 18). 20 21

22

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Figure 17. Visitor Reception Center in Letoon 1

2


Figure 18. Promotion Area in Visitor Reception Center 6

7


There are information signs on the walkways that guide transportation and 11 provide information in Turkish and English. There is information that the area 12 is a World Heritage Site at the entrance and inland. There is a route arranged so 13

that visitors can navigate within a certain plan and program (Figure 19). 14

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Figure 19. Walkways and Information Signs in Letoon 1

2


Kumluova is a rural settlement. There is no significant investment in 6

tourism in the region, where the World Heritage Site is located. Local people 7 are reluctant to deal with tourism due to the income generated by greenhouses. 8

The area borders with greenhouses, residences, and businesses (Figure 20). 9 10 Figure 20. Greenhouses on the Border of Letoon 11

12


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Due to the high groundwater level in Letoon, the base of a part of the area 1

is filled with water. As a result of this situation, some of the works unearthed 2

during excavations in Letoon are underwater and a large section is covered 3 with plants. Although the Letoon Environmental Design Project has attempted 4 to solve this problem, the problem still remains in the area even though the 5 accumulating water level has decreased (Figure 21). 6 7

Figure 21. Groundwater Level of Letoon 8

9


In addition, there is no museum where the finds found in excavations at the 13

World Heritage site can be exhibited. Therefore, the finds are exhibited in 14

Antalya and Fethiye museums. One of Letoon's outstanding universal values is 15 the Trilingual inscription-trilingue was written in Lyki, Aramaic and Ancient 16 Greek, which was found in 1973 and is exhibited in the Fethiye Museum today 17

(Atik Korkmaz, 2015; Letoon City Brochure-Letoon Excavation Archive, 18 2017) (Figure 22). 19

20 Figure 22. Letoon Trilingual Inscription in Fethiye Museum 21

22 Source: Aybike Yenel’s Personal Archive, 2019 23

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In accordance with the international obligations arising from the World 1

Heritage Convention, signed in 1972, Letoon periodic reporting is made to be 2

submitted to the World Heritage Center every six years. However, no program 3 has been prepared to monitor, control the effects of existing applications and 4 determine whether they are successful or not (UNESCO National Commission 5 of Turkey, 2009). 6 7

8

Discussion 9 10

As a result of the researches, a preliminary assessment was made by 11 collecting and analyzing the data required for the Letoon Management Plan. At 12

the end of these stages, the Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment 13 study was conducted. It is a process that includes research, evaluation, 14

interpretation, project production and implementation in different scales in 15 accordance with legal processes. 16 17 The Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment 18

19 Figure 24. Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment Borders 20

21 Source: https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51855#map=10/36.5066/29.8531. 22 In this context, the Lycian civilization is one of the most important civilizations that have left 23 traces rooted in Anatolia. It is a union formed by several small city-states that ruled in the 24 region between Antalya and Muğla (TÜRSAB, 2015). 25 26

The Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment, as a whole, with 27 its architectural, archaeological, historical, economic, social, cultural, natural 28 and ecological values in line with the international conservation science principles 29

of the region, which includes the Letoon and the Lycian Road archaeological 30

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sites aims to protect, interpret, present and maintain its continuity. In accordance 1

with this purpose, the following archaeological sites have been identified as 2

borders: 3 4 - The Letoon Sanctuary (Kumluova), 5 - The Xanthos Ancient City (Kınık), 6 - The Pydnai Ancient City (Gavurağılı), 7

- The Pınara Ancient City (Minare), 8 - The Sidyma Ancient City (Dodurga), 9 - The Tlos Ancient City (Yakaköy) (Figure 24). 10

11 The Letoon Sanctuary is located near Kumluova district, 65 kilometers from 12

Fethiye, Muğla. It represents the most unique extant architectural example of the 13 ancient Lycian Civilization, as many inscriptions found at the site demonstrate; the 14

federal sanctuary was the place where all religious and political decisions of the 15 ruling powers were declared to the public (UNESCO, 2020) (Figure 25). 16 17 Figure 25. The Letoon Sanctuary in Kumluova 18


The Xanthos Ancient City, located on the Fethiye-Kaş highway, in the district 22 of Kınık, 61 kilometers from Fethiye, was established on two hills overlooking the 23

plain near the Eşen River. The first one is the Lycian acropolis, surrounded by a 24 wall that rises steeply from the edge of the Eşen River and the second one is the 25

higher and wider Roman acropolis in the north. It is described as the 26 administrative center of the Lycian Union (Turkey Cultural Portal, 2019) (Figure 27 26). 28 29

30

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Figure 26. The Xanthos Ancient City in Kınık 1


4 The Pydnai Ancient City is found on the section of the Lycian Road walk 5

near Gavurağılı district. The city was probably once a small naval and military 6

base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it 7 was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbor. It is made of well-8 preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towers at its corners and 9 midway along the walls. Four or five inscriptions have been found in and around 10

the fort; all are of Imperial date and one links Pydnai with Xanthos (Lycian 11 Turkey, 2020) (Figure 27). 12

13 Figure 27. The Pydnai Ancient City in Gavurağılı 14

15 Source: Müge Bahçeci’s Personal Archive, 2017. 16 17

The Pınara Ancient City located in the Minare district, 45 kilometers from 18 Fethiye, is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, although the 19 historical and epigraphic records about the city are very few, it is thought that 20

the city was founded by colonists from Xanthos. The city consists of a bath, 21 theater, agora, odeon, rock tombs, and two acropoleis. The fact that the 22

majority of the rock tombs are in the form of houses gives ideas about Lycian 23 Civil Architecture (Muğla KTB, 2020) (Figure 28). 24 25

26

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Figure 28. The Pınara Ancient City in Minare 1


The Sidyma Ancient City in the district of Dodurga, 57 kilometers from 5

Fethiye, belongs to the Roman Period with its ruins that have survived to the 6

present day. Sidyma acropolis is located on a two-part hill in the north. 7 Southeast of the hill the acropolis was surrounded by walls that were 3 meters 8

long and according to the location of the place. In addition to rock tombs that 9 have similar features as in Pınara, tombs in the form of houses or sarcophagi 10 are also the symbol of Sidyma (Muğla KTB, 2020) (Figure 29). 11 12

Figure 29. The Sidyma Ancient City in Dodurga 13


The Tlos Ancient City located within the borders of Yakaköy district, 49 17

kilometers from Fethiye, is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, 18 and temple tombs carved into the rocks on the slope attract attention. The city 19

is also known as the sports city of Lycia. It carries the traces of the settlement 20 that continued without interruption from the Neolithic period to the Iron Age. 21 Also, which is an important center in terms of the history of Christianity, is one 22

of the most important episcopal centers of Lycia (Muğla KTB, 2020) (Figure 23 30). 24

25

26

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Figure 30. The Tlos Ancient City in Yakaköy 1


Within the scope of the Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment; in 5

accordance with the objectives and limits defined above, the studies to be 6

carried out are discussed in two scales: 7 8

- On the scale of “The Lycia Road Surroundings” 9 - On the scale of “The Letoon Sanctuary and Its Surroundings” 10

11 The steps that can be carried out within the scope of the study are described 12

below (Table 8). 13 14

Table 8. The Letoon Management Plan Preliminary Assessment Steps 15

THE LETOON MANAGEMENT PLAN PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

On the scale of “The Lycia Road Surroundings”

1. Research on determining the “Management Area” boundaries and scopes

2. Preparing a Management Plan for the area within the “Management Plan Border”

On the scale of “The Letoon Sanctuary and Its Surroundings”

1. “Conservation, Restoration, Interpretation and Presentation Project” of the Letoon

Monuments

16 17

Conclusions 18 19

Although the Letoon Sanctuary contains important archaeological remains 20

and it is on the Lycian Route, it is not much known and not frequently preferred by 21 local and foreign tourists, because it is not widely promoted nationally and 22

internationally. 23 In the light of the field surveys conducted in the vicinity of the Letoon 24

Sanctuary and the Lycian Route and of the information obtained from the 25

literature, a number of suggestions have been developed in order to increase the 26 tourism potential of these areas and to ensure the conservation and presentation of 27 the archaeological structures. 28

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- Lycian Road staged for the revitalization of Letoon, and one stage 1

accommodated in Letoon. 2

- Environmental Design Project within the boundaries of Letoon 3 Archeological Site revitalized according to the analysis. 4

- The visitor route and the visitor welcome center revitalized for tourists 5 and visitors. 6

7

8

Acknowledgment 9 10

We would like to thank “Prof. Dr. Sema Atik Korkmaz” for her support 11 and contributions to this research. 12

13 14

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Aziz Nikolaos'un Ülkesi. Ed. Havva İşkan and Erkan Dündar, Yapı Kredi Kültür ve 18 Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, TR, 145-155. 19

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Ekinci, Y. 2009. Tarihi Çevre Korumanın Yönetsel Boyutu ve Yerel Yönetimlerin 22 Sorumlulukları; Selimiye Camii Alan Yönetimi Örneği. Master Thesis. Thesis No. 23 241096., Trakya University. 24

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48

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Laws and Regulations Resources 1 2 “The Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage” numbered 3

2658, Date of Acceptance: 14.04.1983. 4 “The Law on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets” numbered 2863, Date of 5

Acceptance: 07.07.1983. (Amended by-laws No. 3386, 4629 and 5226) 6 “The Regulation on the Establishment and Duties of the Site Management and Monument 7

Board and the Procedures and Principles for Determining the Management Areas” 8 numbered 26006, Date of Published Official Gazette: 27.11.2005. 9

Documents

Site Management Strategies for UNESCO World Heritage Sites: … · 2020-07-03 · 32 Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, published by Feilden and 33 Jokilehto in 1998, published