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1 Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower Naeem O. Abdulhadi & Emad Y. Sharif Arab Center for Engineering Studies (ACES) Presentation for the 6 th Jordanian International Civil Engineering Conference 10 March 2015

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Page 1: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

1

Site Investigation for

Kingdom Tower

Naeem O. Abdulhadi & Emad Y. Sharif

Arab Center for Engineering Studies (ACES)

Presentation for the 6th Jordanian International

Civil Engineering Conference

10 March 2015

Page 2: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

2

Presentation Outline

Introduction & Project Details

Tall Buildings - Challenges

Geotechnical Investigation & Testing

Geology

Field Testing Program- SPT & Permeability Packer

- Pressuremeter Testing

- Down-hole Geophysics

Laboratory Testing Program- Compressive Strength Testing

- Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Compression Testing

Conclusions & Comparison of Field & Laboratory

Measurements

Page 3: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Location:

Jeddah – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Developer:

Jeddah Economic Company (Kingdom

Holding) – Emaar was client at time of study

Architect:

Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture

Dar Al Handasa (Architect of Record)

Geotechnical consultant:

Langan International

Structural Engineer:

Thornton Tomasetti

Contractor:

Saudi Bin Laden

Project description

Ultra-Tall Tower +1000m (167 floors)

Podium +4 levels of basements+ services

To Be the World’s Tallest BuildingKingdom Tower

Page 4: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Tall Buildings-Geotechnical Challenges Remarkable increase in the rate of construction of tall buildings.

Structural and geotechnical design challenges.

Sophisticated and state-of-the art methods instead of traditional empirical methods.

Rigorous process of foundation design.

Weight

Differential settlement

Lateral forces and moments

(cyclic & dynamic loading)

Characteristics that influence foundation design:

Nature of soil and rock deposits (Middle East).

Piled raft system: effective and relatively

economical foundation solution.

Page 5: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

3 phases: 81 boreholes (~20m - 200m).

Rotary drilling using mud/water flush.

Disturbed, undisturbed & split spoon

samples.

SPT in soil; continuous coring in rock.

Conventional\wireline & double\triple

core barrels.

Coring systems: PWF, PQ/PQ3,

HQ/HQ3 & T2-76.

Drilling & Sampling

Page 6: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Field Testing & Instrumentation

Standard penetration test (SPT).

Permeability (packer) testing (total 40 test).

Pressuremeter testing (total 232 test).

Geophysical Survey Down-hole test (total 3

tests down to 180m).

Installation of standpipe piezometers (total 16).

6

Page 7: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Laboratory Testing

Classification & index testing.

Strength testing (instrumented USC;

point load).

Advanced tests (CD triaxial with

volume change measurements and

repetitive cyclic tests) – Surrey Lab.

Chemical testing.

7

Page 8: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

(Sc) Topsoil

LEGEND

(Cr) Coral Reef

(G1) Poorly consolidated Conglomerate/Gravel

(SS1) Poorly consolidated Sandstone/Sand

(G2) Poorly consolidated Conglomerate/Gravel

(SS2) Poorly consolidated Sandstone/Sand

(G3) Poorly consolidated Conglomerate/Gravel

(SS3) Dark grey, compact, gritty Sandstone

(SS4) Dark grey, poorly consolidated Sandstone/Sand

BH403

Borehole

Geology and Site ConditionsHorizontally stratified profile of marine sediments which are complex

and highly variable.

Generalized Subsurface Profile

Stratigraphy:

- Soil Cover.

- Coral.

- Conglomerate/Gravel.

- Sandstone/Sand.

- Conglomerate/Gravel.

- Sandstone.

voids/cavities in S.st (~173m).

Page 9: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

9??

Coral

Reef

~50m

(G.1) ~4m

(SS.1)

~13m

(G.2) ~7m

(SS.2)

~31-44m

(G.3)

~13.0m

(SS.3)

~60.5m

(SS.4)

Very weak to weak, buff white, unweathered

to partly weathered, intermittently fractured,

porous and vuggy Coral.

Fossiliferous silty sand with many fragments

of broken shells, corals.

Gravel in fine to medium sand matrix with

local inter-layers of reddish brown siltstone.

Poorly consolidated Sands with gravel and

local patches/pockets of consolidated sand.

Gravel to sand with gravel; with thin (10-

30cm) interlayers of poorly consolidated sand.

Poorly consolidated, Sandstone/Sand with

interlayers of Gravels/Conglomerates of ~

1m thickness.

Gravel/Conglomerate with interbeds of hard,

slightly weathered gritty Sandstone of 1-4m

thickness.

Greenish grey coarse, gritty Sandstone with

Coral fragments.

Dark grey to greenish grey, poorly

consolidated, fine grained Sandstones/Sand.

Coral Reef (15.2m-20.0m)

Sandstone (148.25m-153.25m)

Fine grained Sandstone (196.25m-200m)

Gravel (53.13m-56.92m)

Conglomerate

(63.0m-67.0m)

Soft Sandstone/Sand (92.7m-98.0m)

Soil Cover

~1.7m

-200

-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Subsurface Stratigraphy

Page 10: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Permeability Packer Tests - BS 5930-1999

40 double packer tests.

Various depths (~3.0-18.5m)

Tests carried out in Coral Layer.

Permeability 1.23×10-5 to 8.38×10-5 m/s.

Page 11: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Pressuremeter Tests - ASTM D 4719

High Pressure Dilatometer (HPD) tests in Coral and Sandstone/Sand.

Total 232 tests at various depths ~3.0m-149m below ground level.

Calibration ~ pressure & volume.

Test section drilled/prepared using T2-76 core barrel.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Re-Loading Modulus of Deformation (MPa)

2st cycle-Reloading 3nd cycle-Reloading

Cycle-2First Re-loading

Cycle-3Re-loading

Key to Deformation Modulus

Dep

th (

m)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000Un-Loading Modulus of Deformation (MPa)

1st cycle-Un-loading 2nd cycle-Un-loading 3rd cycle-Un-loading

Cycle-1First Un-loading

Cycle-2Un-loading

Cycle-3Un-loading

Key to Deformation Modulus

Co

ral

Sa

nd

sto

ne/

Sa

nd

-Gra

vel

Sa

nd

sto

ne

Mainly to obtain modulus: G = ½ x (dp/dεc); E = 2G (1+ν)

Page 12: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

Res

ult

s o

f D

ow

n-H

ole

PS

Su

sp

en

sio

n

Down-Hole Geophysics PS suspension carried out to acquire P-S wave

velocities to derive dynamic soil properties (E, G, ν).

Density estimated from lab tests.

Borehole cased, grouted & filled w/ water.

𝐺 = 𝜌𝑉𝑠2 , 𝐺 =

𝐸

2(1 + 𝑣), 𝑣 =

𝑉𝑝/𝑉𝑠2

2 𝑉𝑝/𝑉𝑠2− 1

Co

ral

Sa

nd

sto

ne/

Sa

nd

-Gra

vel

Sa

nd

sto

ne

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50Poissons Ratio

PR - BH001 PR - BH102

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Velocity (m/s)

Vs-BH001 Vp-BH001

Vs-BH102 Vp-BH102

Vs Vp

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 5000 10000 15000Modulus (MPa)

G - BH001 E - BH001

G - BH102 E - BH102

G E

Dep

th (

m)

Page 13: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 10 100 1000 10000

Dep

th (

m)

Young's Modulus, E (MPa)

UCS (Hoek & Brown) Instrumented UCS. CD Triaxial

Co

ral

Sa

nd

sto

ne/

Sa

nd

-Gra

vel

Sa

nd

sto

ne

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0.1 1 10 100

Dep

th (

m)

Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa)

UCS UCS-Instrumented

Results of Uniaxial Compressive Strength Results of Deformation Modulus from UCS and Triaxial

Empirical relationships to estimate deformation modulus from

uniaxial compressive strength.

Hoek & Brown (1997)

Direct measurements of the intact Young’s Modulus from the

instrumented UCS.

Consolidated-Drained Triaxial Compression Test (Surrey Lab)

Compressive

Strength𝐸𝑚 𝐺𝑃𝑎 =

𝑈𝐶𝑆 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

10010

𝐺𝑆𝐼−1040

Page 14: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Young's Modulus, E (MPa)

PS suspension-BH001 PS Suspension-BH102

UCS-Hoek & Brown Instrumented UCS

CD Triaxial Pressuremeter (Reloading)

Cora

lS

an

dst

on

e/S

an

d-G

ravel

San

dst

on

e

Stiffness from the pressuremeter

(reload cycle) compared relatively

well with those obtained from the

UCS and triaxial tests.

The stiffness from the seismic testing

were about 6-10 times those of the

pressuremeter and UCS tests.

The subsurface conditions at the

Kingdom Tower site are quite

complex and highly variable.

The sound rock line is estimated

in the underlying Sandstone

layer at depth of 122m below

ground level.

Conclusions & Comparison

Factors affecting stiffness include

strain level, joint structure,

disturbance, etc.

Page 15: site Investigation For Kingdom Tower - JEA Conferences · Site Investigation for Kingdom Tower ... - SPT & Permeability Packer ... Conventional \wireline & double triple core barrels

15

Site Investigation for

Kingdom Tower

Naeem O. Abdulhadi & Emad Y. Sharif

Arab Center for Engineering Studies (ACES)

Presentation for the 6th Jordanian International

Civil Engineering Conference

10 March 2015