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 Sistemi relativistici Corso di laurea magistrale 2017-18 F. Becattini

Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

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Page 1: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Sistemi relativistici

Corso di laurea magistrale 2017­18

F. Becattini

Page 2: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Sommario lezione

Insieme gran­canonico rotazionale

Formulazione covariante della Meccanica Statistica

Page 3: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Grand­canonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large

Saddle­point expansion for J (and V) large: introduction of a rotational potential (=angular velocity)

L

S

Macroscopic rotating systems:GCE of an ideal Boltzmann gas with large J

J

Page 4: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Solution: if the region is symmetric with respect to the J axis:EXERCISE

Definition of the ``rotational potential”  

The usual procedure canonical   grand­canonical→based on saddle­point expansion leads to the so­calledGrand­canonical­rotational partition function:

For an ideal Boltzmann gas

Page 5: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Landau's argument on the equilibrium of macroscopic bodiesE

i, P

i

Maximize entropy with constraints

Local temperature

ifv=0 

v

Page 6: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Rotating relativistic system in thermodynamical equilibrium:outer layers are HOTTER than inner layers

BEWARE the distinction between LOCAL temperature (in the local rest frame) and GLOBAL temperature

Similarly, the local chemical potential also depends on the distance from the centre

(Tolman’s law)

Page 7: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Quantum grand­canonical derivation

We can obtain the same statistical operator by maximizing entropy with the constraints of constant mean value of angular momentum, four­momentum and charge

Maximization (remember first lecture) leads to, regardless of commutation of the single operatorsSo one can write expressions like:

Page 8: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Generalized entropy expression

We will see the most general expression later. For the present, let us focus on a systemdescribed by:

Which can be taken as the expression in the  rest frame

Page 9: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Covariant formulation

In quantum field theory:

Page 10: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

This statistical operator is seen from the frame where the system is at rest.Can we make it fully covariant?

The stationarity becomes a condition on independence of the hypersurface S

1

2

If the flux of the stress­energytensor through the space­like part of the hypersurface vanishes,a sufficient condition is the vanishingof the divergence of the integrand 

Page 11: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

Without a spin tensor, the stress­energy tensor is symmetric and thus a sufficientcondition for the vanishing of divergence is:

Killing equation

The vector field                                                   fulfills the above equation, whose general solutionis:

with b constant and w antisymmetric constant field 

Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions

Page 12: Sistemi relativistici - theory.fi.infn.ittheory.fi.infn.it/becattini/sisrel/lezione6.pdf · Grandcanonical partition function with fixed angular momentum – J large Saddlepoint expansion

   

The rotational case is recovered by setting

But there might be other interesting cases.