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Sagar Institute of Science & Technology, SISTecGandhi Nagar, Bhopal
Made By:
Prof. Manish Soni
(Associate Prof. ECE Deptt )
Attenuation in Optical Fibers
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Attenuation/Loss In Optical FibersMechanisms:
Bending loss
Absorption
Scattering loss
dBm refers to a ratio
with respect to a
signal of 1 mW
out in
Power transmission is governed by the following differential equation:
where is the attenuation coefficientand P is the total power.
P (z)=P exp - Z
is usually expressed in dB/km
( / )
dP Pdz
dB km
out
10in
P10 4.343P
Note that positive means loss
LogL
Bending Loss
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Fiber Optics Communication Technology-Mynbaev & Scheiner
Example bending loss 1 turn at 32 mm diameter causes 0.5 db loss
Index profile can be adjusted to reduce loss but this degrades the fibers other characteristics
Rule of thumb on minimum bending radius:Radius>100x Cladding diameter for short times13mm for 125mm claddingRadius>150x Cladding diameter for long times19mm
This loss is mode dependent
Can be used in attenuators, mode filters fiber identifier, fiber tap, fusion splicing
Microbending loss Property of fiber, under control of fabricator, now very small, usually included in the total attenuation numbers
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Bending Loss in Single Mode Fiber
Mode Field distributions in straight and bent fibers
Microbending Loss Sensitivity vswavelength
Bending loss for lowest order modes
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Bending Loss• Outside portion of evanescent field has longer path
length, must go faster to keep up• Beyond a critical value of r, this portion of the field
would have to propagate faster than the speed of light to stay with the rest of the pulse
• Instead, it radiates out into the cladding and is lost• Higher-order modes affected more than lower-order
modes; bent fiber guides fewer modes
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Graded-index Fiber
For r between 0 and a. If α=∞, the formula is that for a step-index fiber
Number of modes is
212
aknM
arnrn 211
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Mode number reduction caused by bending
3/2
2232
221
kRnRaNN straightbent
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Absorption• In the telecom region of the spectrum,
caused primarily by excitation of chemical bond vibrations
• Overtone and combination bands predominate near 1550 nm
• Low-energy tail of electronic absorptions dominate in visible region
• Electronic absorptions by color centers cause loss for some metal impurities
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Electron on a Spring Model
Mechanical Oscillator Model
Response as a function of Frequency
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
E-Field of a Dipole
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Vibrational absorption• When a chemical bond is dipolar (one atom more
electronegative than the other) its vibration is an oscillating dipole
• If signal at telecom wavelength is close enough in frequency to that of the vibration, the oscillating electric field goes into resonance with the vibration and loses energy to it
• Vibrational energies are typically measured in cm-1 (inverse of wavelength). 1550 nm = 6500 cm-1.
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Overtones and combination bands• Harmonic oscillator selection rule says that
vibrational quantum number can change by only ±1
• Bonds between light and heavy atoms, or between atoms with very different electronegativities, tend to be anharmonic
• To the extent that real vibrations are not harmonic, overtones and combination bands are allowed (weakly)
• Each higher overtone is weaker by about an order of magnitude than the one before it
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Overtone absorptions in silica• Si-O bond fairly polar, but low frequency• 0→1 at 1100 cm-1; would need six quanta
(five overtones) to interfere with optical fiber wavelengths
• OH bonds very anharmonic, and strong• 0→1 at 3600 cm-1; 0→2 at 7100 cm-1;
creates absorption peak between windows
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Attenuation in plastic fibers
• C-H bonds are anharmonic and strong, about 3000 cm-1
• First overtone (0→2) near 6000 cm-1
• Combination bands right in telecom region• Polymer fiber virtually always more lossy than
glass fiber
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Absorptive Loss
• Hydrogen impurity leads to OH bonds whose first overtone absorption causes a loss peak near 1400 nm
• Transition metal impurities lead to broad absorptions in various places due to d-d electronic excitations or color center creation (ionization)
• For organic materials, C-H overtone and combination bands cause absorptive loss
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy
HeNe Detector
Arc lamp
Lock-in amplifier
Chopper
Lens
Sample cuvette
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Scattering loss: from index discontinuity
• Scatterers are much smaller than the wavelength: Rayleigh and Raman scattering
• Scatterers are much bigger than the wavelength: geometric ray optics
• Scatterers are about the same size as the wavelength: Mie scattering
• Scatterers are sound waves: Brillouin scattering
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Raman scattering
• A small fraction of Rayleigh scattered light comes off at the difference frequency between the applied light and the frequency of a molecular vibration (a Stokes line)
• In addition, some scattered light comes off at the sum frequency (anti-Stokes)
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Mie scattering from dimensional inhomogeneities
• Similar effect to microbending loss• Mie scattering depends roughly on λ-2;
scattering angle also depends upon λ• In planar waveguide devices, roughness on
side walls leads to polarization-dependent loss
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Teng immersion technique
Detector Motor stage
Tunable IR laser
Lock-in Amplifier
Chopper
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Intrinsic Material Loss for Silica
Rayleigh Scattering ~ (1/l)4
Due to intrinsic index variations in amorphous silica
Spectral loss profile of a Single Mode fiber
Sagar Institute of Science & Technology (SISTec)
Fundamentals of Photonics - Saleh and Teich
Spectral loss of single and Multi-modesilica fiber
Intrinsic and extrinsic loss components for silica fiber