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G r o u p f o r User Interface Research. University of California Berkeley. SIREN Situation Aware Response to Emergencies. Xiaodong Jiang Leila A. Takayama Jason I. Hong James A. Landay. Motivation for Emergency Response. Emergencies are a fact of life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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SIRENSituation Aware Response to Emergencies
Xiaodong JiangLeila A.
TakayamaJason I. Hong
James A. Landay
G r o u p f o rUser Interface Research
University of CaliforniaBerkeley
June 28 2002 2
Motivation for Emergency Response
• Emergencies are a fact of life– 1,755,000 fires in the United States in 1998– 4000 deaths, 22000 injuries, 100 firefighter deaths
/ year– $9 billion+ in property losses / year
• Difficult to make coordinated decisions under stress– Assessment, communication, and planning– Often with little information– "Firefighting is making a lot of decisions on little
information"
• Improvements here can save lives!
June 28 2002 3
Motivation for Emergency Response
• Relatively unexplored domain in HCI– Very far away from desktop computing– High-stress, chaotic, lots of information,
communication– Very serious consequences
• Sensor nets– Small cheap sensors for location,
identity, temperature, humidity, etc
• Pushes scalability and usability (and some privacy) issues for Context-Aware Apps
June 28 2002 4
Previous Research
• Naturalistic decision making under stress (Klein)– Recognition-primed
decision making– Power of mental simulation– Non-linear problem solving
• FireWall, CS160– See inside the fire– Prototype for incident
commanders
June 28 2002 5
Overall Approach
• Field studies– Building managers, civil engineers– Battalion chiefs, firefighters, engineers– Understand tools, tasks, processes, language,
organizational structure
• Iteratively develop a suite of applications– Brainstorming, Rapid prototyping, Feedback– Primarily sensor-based apps
June 28 2002 7
Field Studies
• Field studies– Interview participants in normal work
environment
• Participants– 2 Building Managers– 1 Civil Engineering Professor – 5 Battalion Chiefs– 1 Captain, 2 Engineers– Several Firefighters– And a (yummy) dinner with Berkeley Fire Dept– Leila & a smoking trash can– And we helped fix their VCR
June 28 2002 9
Field StudiesOrganization
• Para-military organization– Extensively trained, clear roles, clear chain of
command
• Ranks– Battalion chiefs, lieutenant, captain, engineer,
firefighter
• Divisions– Divided by geographical locations
• Functions– Grouped by responsibilities (incident
commander, division leader, strike team leader)
June 28 2002 11
Example ScenarioSingle-story house fire
• 911 Dispatcher notifies nearest Fire Station
• Several engines arrive– First engine takes a quick look around– Firefighters sent out to understand basic
layout, find fire and scope of fire– Engineer sets up hoselines– Highest ranking becomes Incident
Commander (IC)
June 28 2002 12
Example ScenarioSingle-story house fire (cont.)
• Battalion Chief arrives– Comes only if fire is large enough, assumes role of
IC– Gets 30-sec assessment from previous IC (captain)
• What resources do you have?• Who is here, and where are they?• Status of fire?• What resources are needed?
• Incident Commander– Gets more resources if needed (2nd alarm, 3rd alarm)– Divides firefighters into divisions and groups– Does constant assessment, accountability, and
planning
June 28 2002 13
Field StudiesAssessment
• Understanding the situation– Fire status– Progress of divisions and groups– Victim status
• Occupants, their location, activity
– Building status• Floor plans, Heat, Hazardous materials, Utilities
– Weather– Exposures
• Buildings close to the burning areas
June 28 2002 14
Field StudiesAssessment (cont.)
• Many sources of information– Primarily radio and face-to-face – Street maps– Floor plans (sometimes)– Hazmats– Weather reports
• Kept track through many tools– Grease board (sketch of area)– Activity log (events)– ICS forms (tasks assigned,
resource status)– Passports/TCards
June 28 2002 15
Field StudiesAccountability
• Accountability– Who are the people under my command?– Where are they and what are they doing?– Do they have enough resources to get their job done?– Are they safe?
• Accountability pervasive part of the culture– Permeates everything: org structure, standard
operating procedures, equipment, tools, and documentation
– Ex. Buddy system, Passports (personnel), TCards (resources), ICS, roll call
– Ex. 4 firefighters died in Seattle & no one knew for hours
June 28 2002 17
Field StudiesPlanning
• Go Offensive / Defensive
• Assign Tasks– Rescue, stage in a certain
area
• Request more resources– More water, more
engines, air, medical
• Abandon• Communicating new
plan thru chain of command
June 28 2002 18
Field StudiesCommunication
• Communication always thru chain of command
• Messages sent through radio, pre-specified freqs
• Messages always acknowledged by receiver
• ICS forms are externalized artifacts for communication between duty shifts during large incidents
June 28 2002 19
Field StudiesSpanning and Branching
• Focus attention on 5-7 things at most– Ex. Firefighters focus on task and tracking buddies– Ex. Captains focus on firefighters under their
command– Ex. Division commanders focus on their companies– Ex. Operations (often the IC) focus on divisions
and groups
• If too much to focus on, add level of indirection– Assign someone else to focus on specific task– Delegate directly below of new chain of command
June 28 2002 20
Field StudiesIncident Command System (ICS)
• "Coordinate personnel, resources, & communication during the response to an emergency"
• "Unified command, common terminology, comprehensive resource management, and manageable span of control"
• Over 20 forms• Utilized to different extent depending on
size of incident• Utilized to different extent by different
roles
June 28 2002 25
Field StudiesPre-planning
• Mutual Response Agreements (MRA)– How nearby counties will help each other
• Material Safety Data Sheets– Each business describes floorplan, hazmats, etc– Located near the main entrance
• Annual inspections– Only for large buildings and apartments with 4+
units– Check smoke alarms, extinguishers,
combustibles, etc
• High-risk site inspections• Lots of Training exercises
June 28 2002 26
Field StudiesInside the Fire
• Carrying 40+ lbs of equipment– SCBA Oxygen, Nomex body suit, axe, radios, etc
• IPass system– Panic button, motion sensor
• Often can't see• Often crawling on ground• Voice range
– Teams of 2 within voice range, OSHA requirement
• Radio• Little or no knowledge of floorplan• Take a 15-minute break every 45-60 minutes• Individual firefighters provide "sensor data" to IC
June 28 2002 28
Field StudiesDangers to Firefighters
• Hidden fires• Flashovers• Backdrafts• Getting Lost• Running out of oxygen• Exhaustion
June 28 2002 29
Field StudiesDangers to Firefighters (cont.)
• Hazardous materials• Structural collapse
– Often indicated by cracks in walls, roof deformity
– Newer truss roofs don't give indicators and fail catastrophically
• Missed communication– Missing "abandon" call– Radio dead zones
• Weather and topography– Sudden wind shifts dangerous
June 28 2002 30
Some of Our Current Problems
• Understanding precisely the roles and responsibilities– What kinds of information each role needs
• Evaluation– Training exercises– Training observation this afternoon at 2pm
June 28 2002 32
Prototype #1
Similar to FireWall…• Provides floorplan of building • Provides building specs, location of
fire hydrants, multiple views of building
• Monitors location, oxygen remaining, body temperature of firefighters in a burning structure
Except it also…• Monitors ambient temperature of
structure and around firefighter• Facilitates communication
between IC & firefighter w/ heads-up display
• Tracks victim location• Includes history viewing
Battalion Chief
Engineer Captain
June 28 2002 35
Prototype #2 (continued)
•Heads-up display–Minimally invasive–Only communicates very time sensitive information
•ME Prof Paul Wright, BMI Research Group
–Currently working on headsup displays for firefighter masks (Chicago Fire Dept)
June 28 2002 36
Prototype #2 (continued)
•Heads Up Display–Commands from outside such as “abandon”
–Level of oxygen left in oxygen tank (SCBA)
–Current body temperature
–Current ambient temperature
–Thermal imaging of environment
June 28 2002 37
Prototype #2 (continued)
•Digital backup & communication
–Record form-filling digitally and on paper
–Transmit relevant information to division leaders to augment radio communication
June 28 2002 39
Crazy Idea #1
• Lots of documentation for long-lived fires– Ex. Some forms worked on constantly (action
summary)– Ex. Some forms updated daily (ICS plans)– Ex. Other forms static (emergency phone list,
checklists)– Currently done with daily meetings and packets
• Streamline distribution of docs– Large wireless network + Tablet PCs– Wireless portable printers– "I am a division commander, print all forms I
need"
June 28 2002 40
Crazy Idea #2
• Wildfires very dangerous– Geography, wind, and humidity important– Sudden changes in wind can trap firefighters– Sudden drops in humidity can signal ignition– Currently would get daily weather reports from
dedicated meteorologist
• Sensor networks for wildfires– Provide visualizations of realtime sensor net
data– Prof. Glaser is looking at using data like this to
model and predict spread of fire
June 28 2002 41
Crazy Idea #3
• Robust location tracking– Sensor-based Buddy system, notify firefighters if
too far from buddies– Visualization to command post– Important for rapid intervention crews (rescue)– Accountability at all levels
• Side ideas– Can we get power from heat?– How strong a signal would need to be beaconed
out?– Or how strong would base station signals need to
be?
• Biggest bang for buck?
June 28 2002 42
Crazy Idea #4
• Lots of data often collected– Location on fire hydrants, standpipes– Existence and location of hazardous
materials– Pictures of building, Layout of
building
• Problem is that data is often:– Hard to find (large binders)– Collected by other groups (fire
inspectors, env health)
• Streamline collection of fire data– Digitize and tag all data collected
with location info
June 28 2002 43
Crazy Idea #5
• Location of victims– About how many people are in the building
now?– Are people stuck in the elevator?
June 28 2002 44
Crazy Idea #6
• Passport system cumbersome– Often out of date– Important to be right for accountability
• Active Tags and Electronic Velcro– Tags are small active displays showing names
of firefighters on duty– Still tangible, easy to move around and re-
arrange– Transmits info thru the velcro (to the ICS
board)
June 28 2002 45
Non-research Things
• Cost is a huge constraint– Lot of tech they want already out there
(thermal imagers)
• Incompatible radios– Only three channels statewide
• Getting to the scene– Pedestrians– Vehicles not yielding– Hitting other fire engines
June 28 2002 46
Non-research Things (cont.)
• Technology giveth and taketh away– Full-body suits and thermal imagers lets
firefighters go longer and further in– Difficult to sense flashovers coming– Toxins and structural weaknesses in plastics
and steels
• Common mistakes people make– Closest exit isn't way you came in– Don't run back in to get stuff