Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Sirajuddin AhmedS. M. AbbasHina Zia   Editors

Smart Cities— Opportunities and ChallengesSelect Proceedings of ICSC 2019

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 58

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Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, ItalySheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaIoannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University ofAthens, Athens, GreeceSanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,WA, AustraliaAnuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USANagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaChien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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Sirajuddin Ahmed • S. M. Abbas • Hina ZiaEditors

Smart Cities—Opportunitiesand ChallengesSelect Proceedings of ICSC 2019

123

EditorsSirajuddin AhmedJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India

S. M. AbbasJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India

Hina ZiaJamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Civil EngineeringISBN 978-981-15-2544-5 ISBN 978-981-15-2545-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2

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Preface

“The 19th Century was a century of empires. The 20th century was a centuryof nation states. The 21st century will be a century of cities”. This was said, around30 years back, by Wellington E. Webb Mayor of Denver USA.

United Nations estimates that 70% of the people in the world would be living inurban areas by 2050 (88% in developed countries and 67% in developing coun-tries). Cities are growing both in numbers and in size, thus creating unprecedenteddemand for resources such as energy and water along with services like education,health care, transport, communication and sanitation. Cities are also driving theeconomic growth.

In India, the level of urbanization is expected to increase to 40.76% in 2030 from31.2% in 2011. It emerged as the world’s fastest growing economy in 2018, with aGDP growth rate of 8.4%. The urban sector in India contributes around 70–75% tothe GDP. This dependency of the national economy on the urban sector will getstronger with an increase in the rate of urbanization and will open new opportunities.Cities, today, enjoy more economical, political and technological power than everbefore but are facing a number of challenges and threats to their sustainability. Toaddress these challenges to sustainable growth, what we require are “Smart Cities”.

The concept of Smart City varies from people to people, city to city and countryto country, depending on the requirements of the city residents, level of develop-ment, willingness to change and reform. Interest in Smart Cities is driven by majorchallenges, including climate change, economic restructuring, ageing populationsand pressures on public finances. A number of definitions of the term “Smart City”exist, but there is still no consensus on what a smart city is, since several synonymsof the word “smart” are often used interchangeably such as “intelligent” or “digital”or “innovating” or “knowledge”.

To deal with the challenges and opportunities during the development of newSmart Cities and renovation of the old cities, authors were invited to write andpresent their researches/articles in the International Conference on Smart Cities—Opportunities and Challenges organised by Department of Civil Engineering,Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) New Delhi, India. The selectedpapers/articles are presented in this book.

v

This book contains chapters on urban planning and design, policies and financialmanagement, environment, energy, transportation, smart material, sustainabledevelopment, information technologies, data management and urban sociology.Each chapter presents the research papers contributed by renowned researchers,professionals, policy makers of science, engineering, social, management andfinancial backgrounds. The research papers contribute towards improved gover-nance and efficient management of infrastructure such as water, energy, trans-portation and housing for sustainable development, economic growth and betterquality of life for its citizens, especially for developing nations.

This book will be useful for academicians, researchers, and policy makersinterested in developing, planning, designing, managing and maintaining SmartCities.

New Delhi, India Sirajuddin AhmedS. M. Abbas

Hina Zia

vi Preface

Introduction

Cities for long are considered to be engines of growth. It is for this reason and thetremendous opportunities (along with a range of challenges) that cities offer that thepopulation living in urban areas grew to 50% by 2008 and likely to grow to 70% by2050 (UN Habitat 2009). Recognizing the ever-increasing relevance of cities insustainable development and the urgent need to address the associated challenges,the United Nations in its post-2015 development agenda identified a new set ofinternational development goals called the Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) with a vision of a more prosperous, sustainable and equitable world. For thefirst time, there is an exclusive goal on cities, Goal No. 11. The eleventh goal states“Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. Outof 17 approved by the UN for 2016–2030, focuses on cities and calls for makingcities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Some of thespecific targets under this goal include a focused approach to ensure the followingby 20301:

• Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services,and upgrade slums.

• Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systemsfor all, improving road safety with special attention to the needs of vulnerablepopulation (children, women, elderly, differently abled).

• Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization.• Prevention of deaths and number of affected people and economic losses relative

to GDP caused by disasters.• Reduction of environmental impact of cities with special attention to air quality,

municipal and other waste management.• Provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public

spaces, particularly for women and children, older persons and persons withdisabilities.

1http://www.undp.org/.

vii

• Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban,peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional developmentplanning.

• Integrated plans and policies towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigationand adaptation to climate change and resilience to disasters.

India is committed to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Several of itsnational priorities are aligned with the SDG targets. “The SDG India Index:Baseline Report 2018” was released by NITI Aayog, Government of India, tounderstand and map the progress being made by States and Union Territories inmoving towards SDG targets. For Goal No. 11, the report gives data on only twoSDG targets out of ten. The overall performance of various States and UTs is notvery good based on the limited data mapped for the targets.

India as a nation is on its path of fast pace of urbanization posing multiplestresses on the already overburdened infrastructure of the cities such as affordablehousing, provision of clean water, waste management, transport-related services,access to affordable health services, lack of open spaces and poor air quality. Thecountry has launched several programmes at the national and sub-national scale totackle some of these burgeoning issues. One of the ambitious programmes in thisdirection is “Smart Cities Mission” which was launched in 2015 with the hope thatthe initiative itself will catalyze the creation of similar smart cities initiatives invarious regions and parts of the country. Considering the different context of Indiancities, the Mission rightly defined the “Smartness” in Indian context and differentfrom the one prevalent in other parts of the world like Europe and America.

“In the approach of the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote citiesthat provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, aclean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focusis on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compactareas, create a replicable model which will act like a lighthouse to other aspiringcities”.2

The core infrastructure covers everything from adequate water supply, electricitysupply, sanitation, efficient mobility services, affordable housing, good governance,robust IT connectivity, sustainable environment, public safety and health andeducation. Adequate Smart Solutions will thereupon enable cities to use technol-ogy, information and data to improve infrastructure and services. Hundred citiesfrom various States and Union Territories were selected as part of the Mission with5151 projects proposed with a total approved budget of 48,000 crore3 and currentlyunder various stages of implementation.

The book address various themes including urban planning, disaster managementand resilient cities, sustainable mobility systems, environmental quality, smart con-struction technologies, renewable energy technologies for smart city applications,

2http://www.smartcities.gov.in/.3‘What is the status of Smart city projects in India?, The Hindu, 17 July 2019.

viii Introduction

sustainable water and waste management systems, Internet of Things, health andsafety and community participation. Several of these papers present research ideasand laboratory-scale testing with potential to replicate and upscale to contribute toSmart Cities Mission and SDG of safe, inclusive, resilient and sustainable commu-nities and cities.

Section related to urban planning, disaster management and resilient citiescovers several contributions on a range of pertinent issues and possible solutions.Proposals for Smart cities like Jaipur and Tehri have been critically reviewed.Intelligent urbanism as an approach to urban planning and management specificallyfor bringing in smartness in cities has been explored in the context of Bhopal city.Paper on Low Carbon Smart cities in India emphasizes the need to integrate disasterand climate resilience framework into the development plans of cities. Relevance ofResilience Maturity Model, a five-stage model to incorporate resilience in smartcities and reduce disaster risks, has been discussed. Spatial-temporal analysis topromote mixed-use development and avoid the increase in urban heat island can beused to have more balanced growth. Urban flooding has been addressed in severalpapers. Use of weighted aggregated sum/product assessment to prioritize challengesand action plans can be very helpful in making proposals and implementation plansfor smarter cities. Citing Bengaluru as a case, need for reorienting the materialecologies of cities has been discussed.

Urban mobility is increasingly becoming a huge challenge to deal with espe-cially in the context of large cities and urban agglomerations. Application ofInformation and Communication Technologies in monitoring, operation and man-agement of mobility services including parking systems and traffic forecasting hasbeen discussed. Application of renewable solar energy with autonomous vehiclesand highway gradient effects on hybrid electric vehicles performance dwell onpertinent issues pertaining to the future of mobility systems.

Section on materials and construction technologies is very extensive and catersto several wide-ranging issues. Corrosion of steel is a serious problem in infras-tructure systems; experimental investigation of reinforced concrete corrugatedbeams strengthened with FRP sheets shows promising results. The effect of ele-vated temperature on the residual compressive strength of normal and high-strengthconcrete is helpful for developing appropriate solutions against fire effect. Use ofwaste coarse ceramic aggregates, incinerator ash and waste nanocarbon black inconstruction material has been explored. A comparative cost analysis of MMFXbars in Indian scenario explores the possibilities of using smarter materials. Soilblended with more than 5% fly ash is more durable and can increase the durabilityof roads and embankments. Potential benefits accrued from nanomaterials in var-ious fields of applications hold immense hope. Use of smart construction tech-nologies like “3-S” prefab technology for sustainable mass housing can help inmeeting the “Housing for All” targets and can also result in cost savings.Performance assessment indexing of buildings through fuzzy-AHP methodologyfor predicting the survivability and performance of buildings in case of a likelyearthquake has been studied. Use of thermal and optical investigation of limemortar as a tool for retrofitting and conservation of architectural heritage is

Introduction ix

interesting given the large cultural and architectural heritage present in various partsof the country.

Many small and big cities of the country continue to face increasing air qualitydeterioration and pose serious concerns for the vulnerable population (elderly,children and diseased). The contributions by various authors on the above themecover aspects like dynamic programming-based decision-making model forselecting optimal air pollution control technologies for an urban setting, spatio-temporal analysis of urban air quality using ARIMA model at a regional scale, roleof particulate matter on air quality assessment of Delhi and ANN-based predictionof PM2.5.

Renewable energy technologies are already playing an increasingly importantrole in meeting the huge energy demands of cities and are likely to grow further.There are several contributions like control techniques to optimize PV systemperformance for smart energy applications, techno-economic feasibility analysis ofhybrid RE system, review of dSPACE 1104 controller and its application in PV,effective grid-connected solar home-based system for Smart cities in India and MPPtechnique for solar PV module through modified PSO.

Provision of adequate quality and quantity of water to all is a huge challenge incities, more so in the face of increasing climate change-related extreme events.WSN-based water channelization addresses the challenges of smart water grid andpriority-based water supply for a smart water system. In spite of the addition ofcapacities for treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, the gap betweendemand and supply is huge. There is a need to look for scaling up multiple optionswhich are cost-effective and address the various contextual issues of Indian cities.Comparative study of treatment and performance in a membrane bioreactor andsequencing batch reactor for hospital wastewater in smart cities, removal of Pbfrom Industrial wastewater using CuO/Hg, forward osmosis exploring for waste/wastewater treatment has been discussed.

Feasibility of aquatic plants for nutrient removal from municipal sewage inSmart cities explores nature mimicking ways to treat municipal wastewater. India isalso home to one of the largest informal waste recycling. India’s lethal informale-waste recycling: a case study of Delhi and NCR explores the possibilities offurther recovery potential and need for EPR/appropriate policies to be adopted andimplemented in cities of all types.

Cities need to be safe and healthy. Internet of Things (IoT) can play an importantrole in providing smart applications. The immense requirement of bandwidthserving the large data transfer in smart cities can be served by millimetre waves andemerge as a promising candidate for 5G networks. A paper examines the protocols,simulators and initial feasibility analysis of introducing mmwave communication.Another contribution discusses carbon nanotube-based input buffer for high-speeddigital transmission. Challenges of IoT implementation and ways to address thesame are discussed in another paper. IoT middleware platforms are further exploredin a paper to help application developers in choosing a platform according to theapplication needs. In another paper, IR sensors have been used as test bed in theclassroom environment for the analysis, design and implementation of a scalable

x Introduction

automatic lighting control system. Such smart lighting control systems can be usedin several other settings. In another paper, a STRIDE-based approach is proposed tohelp the system designer in framing security requirement and proposing possiblesolutions against specific threats related to smart cities and communities.

Community participation is fundamental to the success of smart cities. There aretwo contributions which specifically look into ways of empowering the communityand ensuring their engagement in various ways.

This book thus attempts to look at a variety of issues currently faced by citieswith special reference to Indian cities and offers immense possibilities of a wholerange of solutions, not necessarily cost-intensive, to make smart cities a reality.

Introduction xi

Contents

Application of ICT in Parking System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Abdul Ahad, Farhan Ahmad Kidwai, Yasir Khan and Wiqas Anwar

Enabling Technologies for Smart Energy Management in aResidential Sector: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Mohini Yadav, Majid Jamil and M. Rizwan

Comparative Study of Treatment and Performance in MembraneBioreactor and Sequencing Batch Reactor for Hospital Wastewaterin Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Nadeem A. Khan, Rachida El Morabet, Roohul Abad Khan,Sirajuddin Ahmed, Aastha Dhingra, Amadur Rahman Khanand Farhan Ali Adam

Design of Smart Lighting Control for the Built Environment . . . . . . . . 29Richa Gupta, Saima Majid and Mohini Yadav

Impacts of Urban Land Use Land Cover Pattern on Land SurfaceTemperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Gupta Nimish, V. Banad Sudeep and H. Aithal Bharath

Experimental Investigation of RC Corrugated Beams Strengthenedwith FRP Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Mohammed Rihan Maaze and Swapnil Patil

Role of Particulate Matter on Air Quality Assessment of Delhi . . . . . . . 63Sanjoy Maji, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Santu Ghosh, Saurabh Kumar Gargand Tariq Sheikh

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Along Highway Corridorsin GIS Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Sandeep Panchal and Amit Kr. Shrivastava

xiii

Control Techniques to Optimize PV System Performance for SmartEnergy Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Md. Ehtesham and Majid Jamil

Age-Dependent Compressive Strength of Fly Ash ConcreteUsing Non-destructive Testing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107A. Fuzail Hashmi, M. Shariq and A. Baqi

Empowering Smart Cities Though Community Participationa Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Anika Kapoor and Ekta Singh

Traffic Data Collection and Visualization Using IntelligentTransport Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Anurag Upadhyay, Asit Kumar and Varun Singh

Application of Renewable Solar Energy with Autonomous Vehicles:A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Mohammad Waseem, A. F. Sherwani and Mohd Suhaib

Influence of SCMs on Flow Properties of Self-compacting MortarMade with Recycled Fine Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Monalisa Behera, A. K. Minocha, S. K. Bhattacharyyaand Md. Reyazur Rahman

WSN-Based Water Channelization: An Approach of Smart Water . . . . 157Hrusikesh Panda, Hitesh Mohapatra and Amiya Kumar Rath

Removal of Pb(II) from Industrial Wastewater Using of CuO/AlgNanocomposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Afzal Ansari, Vasi Uddin Siddiqui, M. Khursheed Akram,Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi and Shabana Sajid

Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Compressive Strengthof Normal and High Strength Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Ateequr Rehman, Amjad Masood, Sabih Akhtar and M. Shariq

Planning for Low-Carbon Smart Cities in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Athar Hussain and Alpana Gupta

Comparative Cost Analysis of MMFX Bars in Indian Scenario . . . . . . . 207Virendra Kumar Paul, Salman Khursheed and Md. Asif Akbari

Feasibility Investigation of Energy Storage Systems of HybridPower System and Its Benefits to Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Abid Hussain Lone, Tahleela Navid and Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui

Investigating IoT Middleware Platforms for Smart ApplicationDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Preeti Agarwal and Mansaf Alam

xiv Contents

Thermal and Optical Investigation of Lime Mortar for RepetitiveThermal Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Sumedha Moharana and Venkata Vishala

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jammu City:Problems, Prospects and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Adil Masood and Kafeel Ahmad

A Review of Lake City Tehri as Smart City Tehri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Tripti Dimri, Shamshad Ahmad and Mohammad Sharif

Forward Osmosis (FO)—Exploring Niche in Various Applications:A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285S. Dhiman and N. Ahsan

Smart Construction: Case of ‘3-S’ Prefab Technology for SustainableMass Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Mamata R. Singh and S. D. Naskar

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Urban Air Quality: A ComprehensiveApproach Toward Building a Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Kanika Taneja, Shamshad Ahmad, Kafeel Ahmad and S. D. Attri

Utilities and Services in Smart Cities: A Case Study of Jaipur City . . . . 329Anuja Sharma, Gautami Tyagi, Geeta Saha and Kakoli Talukdar

Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Tahleela Navid, Abid Hussain Lone and Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui

Review of dSPACE 1104 Controller and Its Application in PV . . . . . . . 353Tanushree Bhattacharjee, Majid Jamil and Abdul Azeem

India’s Lethal Informal E-waste Recycling: A Case Study of Delhiand NCR Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Athar Hussain, Sanjay Kumar Koli, Rajdeep Tripathi and Suneel Pandey

Feasibility of Aquatic Plants for Nutrient Removal from MunicipalSewage in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Mohd. Najibul Hasan, Abid Ali Khan, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Henna Gull,Mohammed Sharib Khan and Beni Lew

Modeling Security Threats for Smart Cities: A STRIDE-BasedApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Malik Nadeem Anwar, Mohammed Nazir and Adeeb Mansoor Ansari

A Novel Approach in Selection of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator(MSWI) Ash as an Embankment Material: VIKOR Method . . . . . . . . . 397Sonal Saluja, Manju Dominic, Arun Gaur, Kafeel Ahmadand Sadiqa Abbas

Contents xv

Reducing Disaster Risks in Indian Smart Cities: A Five-StageResilience Maturity Model (RMM) Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Omar Bashir

Intelligent Urbanism Guiding the Smart City Region Development:Case Study of Bhopal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Aman Singh Rajput

Environmental Infrastructure for Cardiac Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Md. Shams Tabraiz Alam, Shabana Urooj and A. Q. Ansari

Probabilistic Seismic Hazards Maps for District of Pathankot(Punjab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Shiv Om Puri, Nitish Puri, Sanjeev Naval and Ashwani Jain

Analysing Challenges Towards Development of Smart CityUsing WASPAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Shahbaz Khan, Abid Haleem and Mohd. Imran Khan

Challenges of IoT Implementation in Smart City Development . . . . . . . 475Ibrahim Haleem Khan, Mohd. Imran Khan and Shahbaz Khan

Challenges of Shallow Tunnelling in Soft Soils—A Review . . . . . . . . . . 487Sumee Tabassum Amin, S. M. Abbas and Altaf Usmani

Performance Assessment Indexing of Buildings Through FuzzyAHP Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Prateek Roshan, Shilpa Pal and Ravindra Kumar

A Perspective on Migration and Community Engagementin Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Pushkar P. Jha and Muhammad A. Iqbal

An Investigation on Response of Blast Load on MasonryStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Saba Shamim, Shakeel Ahmad and Rehan A. Khan

Seismic Analysis of Pile Foundation Passing ThroughLiquefiable Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Musabur Rehman and S. M. Abbas

Effect of Tunnel Construction on the Settlement of ExistingPile-Supported Superstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Rohan Deshmukh and Pravin Patil

Analysis of Logistical Barriers Faced by MNCs for Business in IndianSmart Cities Using ISM-MICMAC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571Nikhil Gandhi, Abid Haleem, Mohd Shuaib and Deepak Kumar

xvi Contents

Highway Gradient Effects on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Performance . . . . 583Mohammad Waseem, A. F. Sherwani and Mohd Suhaib

Mechanical Performance Evaluation of Concrete with Waste CoarseCeramic Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Hadee Mohammed and Shakeel Ahmed

Effective Grid-Connected Solar Home-Based System for Smart Citiesin India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Iram Akhtar, Sheeraz Kirmani and Majid Jamil

Exploring the Attributes of Smart City from Organisation’sPerspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Arpita Agrawal

ANN-Based Prediction of PM2.5 for Delhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Maninder Kaur, Pratul Arvind and Anubha Mandal

Streamflow Modelling for a Peninsular Basin in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645Mohd Izharuddin Ansari, L. N. Thakural and S. Anbu Kumar

CNTFET-Based Input Buffer for High-Speed Data Transmission . . . . . 661Hasan Shakir, Yasser Najeeb and M. Nizamuddin

A Study on Modelled Granular Column of Various Diametersin Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669Ankush Chaudhary, Rahul Siddarth, A. K. Sahu and S. M. Abbas

Vulnerability Assessment of a Reinforced ConcreteBuilding Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683Adnan Hussain, Asif Husain and Md. Imteyaz Ansari

Air Quality Scenario of the World’s Most Polluted City Kanpur:A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Sarah Khan and Quamrul Hassan

Dynamic Programming-Based Decision-Making Model for SelectingOptimal Air Pollution Control Technologies for an Urban Setting . . . . . 709G. Shiva Kumar, Aparna Sharma, Komal Shukla and Arvind K. Nema

Design of an Energy-Efficient Airport Using TEG on Runways . . . . . . . 731Shreeja Kacker and Vivek Singh

MmWave Networks for Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745Garima Shukla, M. T. Beg and Brejesh Lal

Aquifer Modelling in Greater Noida Region (U.P)Using MODFLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755Mohd Saleem, Shobha Ram, Gauhar Mahmood, Mohd Abul Hasanand Mohd Waseem

Contents xvii

Optimizing Fluoride Removal and Energy Consumption in a BatchReactor Using Electrocoagulation: A Smart Treatment Technology . . . . 767Saif Ullah Khan, Mohammad Asif, Faizan Alam, Nadeem Ahmad Khanand Izharul Haq Farooqi

Towards a Unifying Approach to City Sustainability on the ChangingExpression of Urbanisation in Bengaluru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779Juhi Priyanka Horo and Milap Punia

Urban Flooding—A Case Study of Chennai Floods of 2015 . . . . . . . . . . 797Mohammad Sharif, M. S. Dhillon, Sharad Chandra, Manoj Kumarand Vasanthakumar V

MPP Technique for Solar PV Module Through Modified PSOUsing Cuk Converter Under Varying Insolation Conditions . . . . . . . . . 809Parvaiz Ahmad, Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui and Uzair Malik

A Need for City-Specific Water Policies—A Case Study of Kabul City:Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Masoom Khalil, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Mukesh Kumar,Mansoorul Haqe Khan and R. K. Joshi

Durability of Soil Blended with Flyash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831Aasia Mukhtar, Suruchi Sneha, Sadiqa Abbas and S. M. Abbas

Impact of Nanotechnology in the Development of Smart Cities . . . . . . . 845Akanksha Gupta, Vinod Kumar, Sirajuddin Ahmedand Siddhartha Gautam

Growth with Optimization: Can Smart Cities Assist in EnvironmentalLimpidness in India? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Shirin Rais

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Due to Construction of Buildingsin Garhwal Area Using GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871Ruchi Saraswat, Surya Parkash and Shilpa Pal

Agro Residual Biomass Conversion: A Step Towards PollutionControl and Sustainable Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887M. Khursheed Akram, Iqbal Ahmad Talukdarand Mohammed Sharib Khan

Trend Analysis of Temperature Using CRU Data for SatlujRiver Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893Asha Devi Singh, Mukesh Kumar Gupta and Mohammed Sharif

xviii Contents

About the Editors

Dr. Sirajuddin Ahmed is working as a Professor in Department of CivilEngineering at Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University). He obtained hisMasters in Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering (DU). He was awardedDoctorate from University of Wales (U.K.) in 2008. His research interest includeswater treatment, constructed wetlands and other natural wastewater treatmenttechnologies, recycling & reuse of wastewater, urban utilities and services, sus-tainable development, environmental economics.

He has published 113 research papers in peer reviewed journals and conferenceproceedings. Dr. Ahmed has guided 10 PhD thesis, 54 M.Tech dissertations andalso edited five books. He is a regular reviewer of international journals viz. NaturalResources and Conservation (USA), Atmospheric Pollution Research, Scienceof the Total Environment, Waste and Resources Management, African Journal ofEnvironmental Science and Technology, Journal of Cleaner Production Elsevier,Current Science, Int. J. of Environment and Waste Management (IJEWM) andIndian Journal of Environmental Protection. Dr. Ahmed is Fellow member ofInstitution of Engineers (India) and Wessex Institute, UK.

Dr. S. M. Abbas is currently working as a Professor in the Department of CivilEngineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India. Heobtained his B.Sc. Engineering (Civil) and M.Sc. Engineering (Building Engg.)from Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Aligarh. Later he obtained PhD (Civil Engineering) from IIT Delhi. Hismajor areas of research interest are Ground improvement techniques, rockfillmodeling, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Seismic response of foundations,Geotechnical Characterization of Pond Ash/ Flyash. He has published more than 30research papers in peer reviewed journals and conferences. He got published twobooks in the area of Rockfill Materials. He got IJOG (an ASCE publication) bestpaper award. He also got excellent teaching award from the institution. He is amember of ASCE, ISET, IGS, and Fellow of ISRD.

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Dr. Hina Zia is currently Professor and Dean at the Faculty of Architecture andEkistics, Jamia Millia Islamia, (A Central University) at New Delhi, India. She isqualified as an architect and urban and rural planner. Her specific interest lies onbusiness models on issues pertaining to growing urbanization. She has workedextensively on technical development and pilot implementation of LEED for cities-a performance based rating system by GBCI in order to mainstream cities andurban settlements of all scales towards livability, efficiency, sustainability andinclusiveness.

She has authored and contributed to several books and publications in thedomain of sustainable built environment and has more than 25 papers in peerreviewed journals and conference proceedings. She was member of the GuidelinesDevelopment Group for Healthy Housing, WHO, member of the multi-stakeholderAdvisory Committee, UN’s 10YFP Programme on Sustainable Buildings &Construction, editorial board member of Renewable and Sustainable Energy: AnInternational Journal (RSEJ) and is a registered reviewer with several Elsevierpublications.

xx About the Editors

Application of ICT in Parking System

Abdul Ahad, Farhan Ahmad Kidwai, Yasir Khan and Wiqas Anwar

Abstract It is of utmost importance to modify all the material which is mostly usedfor personal and commercial purposes. At a certain instant of time, people aregetting annoyed by the present parking system so a new smart technology isintroduced which proves to be more economical and eco-friendly in all aspects.This report is presented to highlight the working performance of the smart parkingsystem and the implementation of Intelligent Transport System. This report isalso presented to analyze the reliability of the smart parking system.

Keywords Smart parking � Smart city � Pollution free � Prevention of car theft

1 Introduction

In transportation system, parking space plays a vital role. Each and every vehiclemaking a trip is in need of a parking space at the origin as well as at the destination,irrespective of how long the trip goes. There are numerous systems implemented formanaging and controlling the parking scenario.

The problem in the parking system is the rapid increase in the motor field but notin the parking spaces. This problem is overcome by the use of smart technologies.

The smart parking system is the biggest change in the world of parking whoseresponsibility is to make parking system reliable and also helps in saving time andspace. Also, this technology is the most convenient when considering the highpopulation. Also, by using this technology, we can use all the different kinds ofgadgets for safety, protection and scheduling of the vehicles.

The term smart city is broadly utilizing nowadays as it is turning into thefundamental requirements for the whole world. In this quick and enraged time, we

A. Ahad (&) � F. A. KidwaiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India

Y. Khan � W. AnwarDepartment of Civil Engineering, Mohammad Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020S. Ahmed et al. (eds.), Smart Cities—Opportunities and Challenges,Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 58,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2_1

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require each and everything dependable with the efficient and better outcome. Thesolid transportation with no issue is the essential needs which can not be satisfiedwithout making the smart urban communities.

One of the important things that are to be considered before designing anysystem is to make such systems eco-friendly and sustainable. The energy sourcesthat we are using are not completely reliable and eco-friendly as all these sourcesare polluting the environment. The land and water pollution are due to variousschemes like garbage management, pilgrims, deforestations, etc. The concept ofsmart city proves to be revolutionary for maintaining and managing each andeverything rapidly. Smart city is used to discuss the implementation of moderntechnology in present urban life. This not only includes information and commu-nication technologies (ICT) but also modern transport technologies. New transportsystems as “smart” systems that improve the urban traffic and the inhabitants’mobility [1]. However, various other aspects referring to life in a city are mentionedin connection to the term smart city like security/safe, green, efficient, sustainable,energy, etc., as shown in Fig. 1. Mobility or transportation is one of the importantneeds of the smart city.

For a smart and efficient infrastructure, smart parking system is used. In thispaper, a new system app, “Park ON” is based on the use of smart phones, sensorsmonitoring techniques with a sensor’s camera to take photos to show the occupancyof car parks. By the image, a particular vacant space can be known and used toguide a driver to a car park. By implementing this system, the utilization of parkingspaces will increase. This system uses the vacant parking space for parking pur-poses and renews the space when vacated by the user when the user leaves theparking area and transfers the billing data to the user with the help of communi-cation module. It also plays an important role in finding the best possible path as perthe present location of the user.

Fig. 1 Smart city requirements

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Smart parking technology is one of the efficient ways to overcome the trafficproblem and parking issues in city rods and ways. This technology proves to bemore reliable and economical.

2 Merits of the Smart Parking

• This system is much safer and secure because of the faster response and digitalsystem implementation.

• The reliability of this type of system is much higher than the traditional parkingsystems.

• The area requirement of smart parking system is lesser as compared to thetraditional system.

• The utilization of GPS technology makes the smart parking system moreaccurate and also helps in allocating the vacant spaces.

• Due to the centralization of power, a connection is always established betweenthe owner and the staff (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Coordination of various stakeholders to perform a unique task

Application of ICT in Parking System 3

3 Module for the Parking Management App

Different modules are implemented in parking management app. The modules areas discussed below with the help of figures.

a. User Interface Module

This module is responsible for establishing a bond between the user and the parkingauthority which is the main reason this module is highly recommended.

b. Communication Module

This module is responsible for making all the SMS services that are required forconveying the information regarding the parking schedule between the user and theparking system (Fig. 3).

c. Function Module

This is the main module of the smart parking as it has the ability to cover all goingthings in the parking. The main responsibility of the function module is to look afterthe entire database system which is going on in the parking like communication,reserve parking, ongoing parking, etc.

d. Parking Space Controller Module

This module covers all the hardware communication and the sensors as it is nec-essary to know about the current status of parking machinery and system.

4 Methodology

The smart parking technology is the key solution to many problems regardingparking space, parking spots, long and irritable cues and much more. This is theonly solution that handles cue system into a professional way and solves the

Fig. 3 Using procedure of “Park ON,” android app

4 A. Ahad et al.

problem without any disturbance and interruption. A database system is used in thesmart parking to increase the reliability of the system at all the time. Various appslike Park ON system are always connected with the parking system in the bestpossible way (Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7).

Fig. 4 Response of parking availability and reservation of parking

Fig. 5 Procedure of detecting of parking spaces

Application of ICT in Parking System 5

5 Authorization for the “Park ON” App

• Only the authorized person has the right to get the reservation slot for parkingwith a confirmation number.

• A grace period is allotted for the reservation which has the time limit of 15 min.The reservation will be canceled if the customer is coming after the allottedgrace period. There is no relaxation after the grace period even for that customerwho demanded the reservation.

• One customer can avail more than one reservation.• There will be an increase in rate if any customer increase the time slot reserved

for him and the billing will be sent to that customer automatically with the helpof communication module.

Fig. 6 Service procedure

Fig. 7 Final stage of the parking service

6 A. Ahad et al.

• Complete automation is done for car detecting and information is sent to thecustomer through messages.

• At the final level, the user will receive a final printout showing all the infor-mation regarding the timing and the user data.

6 Conclusion

The basic necessity of a smart city is smart parking as the rate of traffic is increasingday by day with a range of approx. One of the basic needs to make the smart city issmart parking as the traffic is increasing at all 20–40% globally. The key pointconsidered in this report is the management of traffic by using Park ON app andsmart parking. With the help of this report, it is concluded that both the tech-nologies Park ON app and smart parking proves to be economical and eco-friendlyby solving the issues related to traffic and parking.

Bibliography

1. Giuffrè T, Siniscalchi SM, Tesoriere G (2012) A novel architecture of parking managementfor smart cities. In: 5th international congress—sustainability of road infrastructures. Elsevier,pp 16–28

2. Wootton JR, Garcia-Ortiz A, Amin SM (1995) Intelligent transportation systems: a globalperspective. Math Comput Model 22:259–268

3. Kafi MA, Challal Y, Djenouri D, Doudou M, Bouabdallah A, Badache N (2013) A study ofwireless sensor networks for urban traffic monitoring: applications and architectures. In: 4thinternational conference on ambient systems, networks and technologies (ANT 2013).Elsevier

4. Faheem, Mahmud SA, Khan GM, Rahman M, Zafar H (2013) A survey of intelligent carparking system. J Appl Res Technol 11:714–726

5. Qian ZS, Rajagopal R (2013) Optimal parking pricing in general networks with provision ofoccupancy information. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 779–805

6. Ahad A et al (2016) Intelligent parking system. World J Eng Technol 4:160–1677. Happiest Minds Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Smart parking8. Ahad A et al (2017) Smart, sustainable infrastructure development. In: International

conference on urbanization challenges in emerging economies. IIT Delhi, New Delhi, pp 769–774

9. Zhang X, Wan D (2010) Economic analysis of regional parking guidance system based onTIA. In: 2010 WASE international conference on information engineering (ICIE), 14–15 Aug2010, pp 401–404

10. Al-Kharusi H, Al-Bahadly I (2014) Intelligent parking management system based on imageprocessing. World J Eng Technol 2:55–67

11. Al-Kharusi H (2014) Intelligent car parking management system. Thesis, Master ofEngineering

Application of ICT in Parking System 7

Enabling Technologies for SmartEnergy Management in a ResidentialSector: A Review

Mohini Yadav, Majid Jamil and M. Rizwan

Abstract Continuous rise in energy demand with exposure in the field of smart gridcreates new opportunities for energy management in both residential and commercialsector to reduce energy demand. Smart energy management system incorporates thedemand response tool to shift and reduce the energy requirement. Further, this systemalso schedules the energy usage effectively depending on environmental parameters,load consumption profile, user priority index and energy price. Deployment of smartmeters creates several opportunities to control the load profile with demand responseenabling appliances. Smart energy management has the potential to reduce the car-bon emissions with cost-effective energy usage involving renewable energy sourcesand consumer perspectives. Due to this rising interest toward smart energy man-agement technologies, a review article based on techniques involved in energymonitoring and controlling based on consumer behavior is presented. Further, theimplementation of artificial intelligence techniques and optimization approachesinvolved in optimal load scheduling in a residential sector are also presented.

Keywords Demand response � Smart technologies � Energy management �Consumer’s behavior

1 Introduction

With the continual rise in global warming and consumer energy demand, the smarthome energy management has shown its existence in an energy sector from decades[1]. This system tries to cut down the electricity demand from peak load times andproves to be efficient for automatic electricity management in a residential sector [2].

M. Yadav (&) � M. JamilDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar,New Delhi 110025, India

M. RizwanElectrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Indiae-mail: rizwan@dce.ac.in

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020S. Ahmed et al. (eds.), Smart Cities—Opportunities and Challenges,Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 58,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2545-2_2

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In general, such system is installed in residential sector to monitor, control theenergy usage by establishing a communication link with home appliances andreceive the information to reduce the energy price [3, 4]. The application of demandresponse, load scheduling and shifting techniques have developed the existing smartenergy management system to be more intelligent and robust [5]. Smart home energymanagement system (HEMS) includes control of different home appliances (airconditioners, refrigerators, lighting, electric vehicles, etc.) using sensors, actuators,smart loads and communication network [6, 7]. The architecture for energy man-agement incorporating demand response signal from utility is shown in Fig. 1. Insuch architecture, the installation of smart meter set up the communication with gridand controls the appliances as per customer preferences. Such system consists of PCacting as centralized controller to exchange the flow of signals from home appliancesand communicate with appliances using communication protocols like ZigBee.Home energy management controller receives the data regarding weather conditionsin order to decide the customer preference. Renewable energy resources are con-nected to such controller to control the energy flow during peak load times.

2 Brief Idea on Energy Management System

Previously, the residential energy management system is designed based onmicroprocessor, and then, with growth of PCs, its performance gets enhanced.Different optimization algorithms have been developed to reduce the energy cost

Fig. 1 Design of residential energy management system

10 M. Yadav et al.

with reduction in its usage. Furthermore, some energy management systems havebeen developed while considering the surrounding conditions and different levels ofits designing. Installation of appliance control interfaces between home appliancesand Internet adaptors is done to control the entire network. To manage the lightingand switch sockets inside a room, the home energy management with infraredcontrol is developed [1]. In 2012, existing HEMS is developed with demandresponse to lower the energy rate and energy usage [8].

Four appliances such as air conditioner, water heater, cloth dryer and electricvehicle are controlled as per user preferences. A smart home energy managementcontroller with binary linear optimization is designed to allow the effective energymanagement for residential sector [9]. Authors have also discussed the stochasticdynamic programming with plug-in-electric vehicles in order to manage the powerusage optimally. In this study, various mode is presented such as vehicle to grid,grid to vehicle and vehicle to home, and then, these modes are examined as pertime-varying energy demand and energy cost [10].

Few researches are related to design of optimization algorithm for loadscheduling while considering the battery storage size, dynamic prices and renew-able sources to mitigate the entire energy consumption cost. Furthermore, the scorerole-based smart home energy management algorithm is designed to control thechosen home appliance for demand response events [11, 12]. In Turkey, the novelalgorithm for home energy management is developed considering renewable energysources [13]. In this study, the developed algorithm uses state of charge of batteryand renewable resources to reduce energy cost tariff and schedule home appliances.Smart energy management system is also developed that includes dynamic vari-ables (such as energy tariff, weather condition, appliance state, time of use). Thissystem schedules the energy appliances by finding the link between load con-sumption patterns and power capacity [14]. Real-time energy control method withdemand response tool is developed to schedule appliances in order to implementsmart HEMS [15]. The state of charge of battery is determined using fuzzy con-troller and scheduling of loads during off-peak periods using rolling optimizationapproach.

In aforementioned techniques [16], the HEMS is developed without affectingconsumer priority index. The smart energy management system is also developedusing lookup table as per fuzzy logic and neural network [17]. Author has designedthe fuzzy logic controller with renewable resources and storage battery for resi-dential grid-connected micro-grids. In such study, the main objective is to reducethe power fluctuations while considering battery charging in limits [18]. Further, theartificial bee colony-based optimization technique is used to design HEMS for lowprice period [19]. An efficient control algorithm to manage air conditioner andwater heaters in order to lower the power usage is discussed [20].

In commercial sector, different companies have developed residential smartenergy management system to manage the energy usage during peak hours usingsolar and batteries. For example, Whirlpool Corporation has presented a residentialpower management controller to control the power usage within residents thatexchange the information for on/off-peak time segments. Another company named

Enabling Technologies for Smart Energy Management … 11