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Sino-Western Relations (1759-1839)

Sino-Western Relations (1759-1839). Overland Contacts Russian Expansion Office of Border Affairs (Lifanyuan) Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Treaty of Kaikhta

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Sino-Western Relations

(1759-1839)

Overland Contacts Russian Expansion

Office of Border Affairs (Lifanyuan) Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Treaty of Kaikhta (1723)

Canton System of Trade1759-1841

British East India Company (BEIC) Cohong Merchants

Monopoly on trade Responsible for foreigners

No Direct Communication with Chinese government

Trading Season (October to January)

British Complaints Trade restrictions Government corruption No representation in Beijing Chinese laws too harsh

Lady Hughes Affair, 1784

British Diplomatic Missions Marcartney Mission (1793)

Amicable but ineffective

Amherst Mission (1816) Discordant and ineffective

Road to Opium War (1839-1842)

Importance of Chinese Tea to British Government

Increasing Opium exports after 1800 to balance trade

Abolishment of BEIC, First British Superintendent

of trade,

Impact of Illegal Opium Trade on China

Official corruption Drug addiction Economic impact

Silver – copper imbalance

Chinese Response to Opium Trade Daoguang Emperor (1821-50) Legalize or Suppress 1836 Lin Zexu (Commissioner Lin)

1839 Reason, moral suasion, coercion

Attack opium trade Treatment of addicts Blockade foreign merchants

Lin ZexuLin Zexu

Opium War End of BEIC monopoly 1834 British Government Rep in Canton

Lord Napier, Deputy of British Crown

Destruction of Opium Hostilities Phase One

Lin Zexu—Charles Elliott Hostilities Phase Two

Qishan—Henry Pottinger

Destruction of the Opium

Sanyuanli Incident

Treaty of Nanjing 1842 Ceded Hong Kong in

perpetuity Opened Five new ports:

Canton, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai

Fixed tariff Equality in

correspondence Indemnity Abolish Cohong

Signing of the Treaty of Nanjing

Treaty Port System Trade at Five Open Ports Most favored nation for foreign powers Extraterritoriality

Arrow War (1856-1860)“Second Opium War”

Treaty of Tianjin Residence in Beijing Preaching Christianity 11 more ports including Yangzi River Ports Legalize opium