SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS

OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

ELIGIBILITY : B.E/ B.Tech. in Civil/ Geo Informatics/ Infrastructure Engg./ Structural Engg./ M.Sc. (Geology/ Applied Geology/ Geophysics with Maths background)

M.TECH - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM

Subject Code Title

SEMESTER – I

THEORY

MA0503 Applied Mathematics

GT0501 Experimental Geomechanics

GT0503 Strength and Deformation Behaviour of Soils

GT0505 Shallow Foundations

EI Elective – I

SEMESTER – II

THEORY

GT0502 Geo Mechanics and Soil Behaviour

GT0504 Deep Foundations

GT0506 Ground Improvement

E2 Elective - II

E3 Elective - III

SEMESTER – III

THEORY

E4 Elective - IV

E5 Elective - V

E6 Elective - VI

PRACTICAL

GT0601 Project Work Phase - I

GT0603 Practical Training and Seminar (Practical 4 Weeks in Vacation after II Semester)

SEMESTER – IV

PRACTICAL

GT0602 Project Work Phase - II

LIST OF ELECTIVES

Subject

Code

Title

GT0701 DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

GT0702 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

GT0703 REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

GT0704 THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS

GT0705 EARTH PRESSURE AND EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES

GT0706 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS

GT0707 ROCK MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

GT0708 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND APPLICATIONS

GT0709 SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

GT0710 GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

GT0711 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY

GT0712 GEOSYNHETICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

GT0713 FOUNDATION ON EXPANSIVE SOILS

GT0714 MECHANICS OF UNSATURATED SOILS

GT0715 REMOTE SENSING AND ITS APPLICATION IN GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEERING

GT0716 MARINE FOUNDATIONS

SEMESTER – I

EXPERIMENTAL GEOMECHANICS

UNIT I GENERAL

Scopes and objectives of explorations – Planning a subsurface exploration – stages in sub surface

exploration – Explorations for preliminary and detailed design – spacing and depth of

exploration.

UNIT II OPEN EXCAVATION AND BORINGS OF EXPLORATION

Pits and Trenches – Drifts and Shafts – Methods of boring – Auger Borings – Wash Borings –

Rotary Drilling –Percussion Drilling – Core Drilling.

UNIT IIISOIL SAMPLES AND SAMPLERS

Types of soil samples – Disturbed samples –Undisturbed samples – Design Features affecting

the sample Disturbance –Split spoon samplers – Scraper Bucket Samplers –Shell by Tubes and

Thin walled Samplers – Piston Samplers – Denis Samplers – Preservation and handling of

samples.

UNIT IVIN-SITU TESTING

Field tests – Standard Penetration Tests – Cone Penetration Tests – In-situ Vane Shear Test–

Plate Load Test – monotonic and cyclic –Field Permeability Tests – In-situ Tests using Pressure

meter – Observation of Ground Water Table. - Instrumentation in soil engineering, strain gauges,

resistance and inductance type

UNIT V GEOPHYSICAL METHODS

Geophysical methods-types-Seismic Methods – Electrical Resistivity Methods – Electrical

Profiling Method –Electrical Sounding Method – seismic refraction method – Sub-soil

Investigation Report.

STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION

BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS

UNIT ISHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESION LESS SOILS

Shear strength of granular soils - Direct shear - Triaxial Testing- Drained and undrained Stress-

strain behaviour - Dilation, contraction and critical states - Liquefaction onsaturated sands.

Factors influencing stress-strain shear strength.

UNIT II SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOILS

Shear strength of clays - Stress-strain behaviour - Triaxial testing and stress path plotting - pore

pressure parameter of Skempton and Henkel - Total stress and effective stress approach - shear

strength of partially saturated clay in terms of stress state variables. Factors influencing stress-

strain shear strength.

UNIT III YIELD CRITERION

Concepts of yield and failure in soils- yield criteria of von Mises, Tresca and their extended

form, their applicability to soils - Detailed discussion of Mohr. - Coulomb failure criterion

UNIT IV STRESS - STRAIN LAWS FOR SOILS

Stress-strain laws for soils - hyperbolic law - Linear visco-elastic and Elasto -plastic laws - yield

functions, hardening law, flow rules and plastic strain computation - Rheological models of

Kelvin, Maxwell and Burger and Burger as applied to soils.

UNIT V CRITICAL STATE SOIL MECHANICS

Introduction to critical state soil mechanics - state boundary - surface- Roscoe and Hvorslev's - A

perspective only on mechanical behaviour of soils within the critical state framework.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Developments - need of Foundation Engineering - Responsibility of Foundation Engineer -

Classification - General requirements - Additional consideration - selection of type of foundation

- hostile environment - structural integrity - economy.

UNIT II BEARING CAPACITY ESTIMATIONS

Bearing capacity of shallow foundations - Homogeneous - Layered soils - Soft and Hard Rocks -

Evaluation of bearing capacity from insitu tests - partial safety factor approach codal -

Recommendations.

UNIT III SETTLEMENT EVALUATION

Settlement analysis-immediate-consolidation settlement-layered soil and rocks-construction

period correction-evaluation from insitu tests - code recommendations.

UNIT IV INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATIONS

Analysis of foundation - individual - strip - combined footings and mat foundations conventional

- elastic approach - soil structure interaction principles -Soil Structure Interaction problems-

contact pressure distribution-factors influencing contact pressure distribution beneath rigid and

flexible footings-concentrically and eccentrically loaded cases- Idealized soil behavior –

Foundation behavior, Interface behavior, Analytical techniques, Slope of soil – Foundation

interaction analysis

UNIT V FOUNDATION FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Introduction to special foundations - Foundation design in relation to ground movements -

Foundation on recent refuse fills - Design of Foundation for seismic forces - Codal

recommendations - Introduction to theory of vibration - Design of Block foundation - Codal

recommendations.

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

1. ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE AND HEAT EQUATIONS

Laplace transform methods for one-dimensional wave equation – Displacements in a long string

– longitudinal vibration of an elastic bar – Fourier transform methods for one-dimensional heat

conduction problems in infinite and semi-infinite rods.

2. ELLIPTIC EQUATION

Laplace equation – Properties of harmonic functions – Solution of Laplace’s equation by means

of Fourier transforms in a half plane, in an infinite strip and in a semi-infinite strip – Solution of

Poisson equation by Fourier transform method.

3. CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS

Concept of variation and its properties – Euler’s equation – Functional dependant on first and

higher order derivatives – Functionalsdependant on functions of several independent variables –

Variational problems with moving boundaries – Isoperimetric Problems – Direct methods – Ritz

and Kantorovich methods.

4. PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES

Probability – Random Variables - Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Uniform, Normal,

Exponential Distributions – Moments – Moments Generating Functions And Their Properties

– Function Of Random Variables.

5. ESTIMATION THEORY

Partial and Multiple correlations – Partial and Multiple regression – Estimation of parameters

using maximum likelihood estimator and method of moments

SEMESTER – II

GEOMECHANICS AND SOIL BEHAVIOUR

UNIT 1 SOIL DEPOSITS AND CLAY MINERALS

Introduction – formation of soils – various soil deposits and their engineering suitability –

Genesis of clay minerals – classification and identification – Anion and Cation exchange

capacity of clays – specific surface area – bonding in clays.

UNIT II PHYSICAL AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS

Physical and physio – chemical behaviour of soils –effect of ion concentration, ionic valency,

dielectric constant, temperature on double layer – stern layer – attractive and repulsive forces in

clays – soil structure – soil water – mechanism of soil – water interactions.

UNIT III SOIL FABRIC AND STRUCTURE

Soil fabric and structure-flocculated and dispersed structure-fabric measurements-different types

of fabric measurements-fabric stability and its relevance to engineering behavior of soils-volume

change behavior of soils-problems associated-factors influencing volume change-sensivity and

its causes.

UNIT IV COMPRESSIBILITY BEHAVIOUR

Compressibility –permeability behavior of soils and clays-mechanisms involved-liquefaction

potential-factors governing compressibility-shear strength and permeability of soils.

UNIT VCONDUCTION PHENOMENA AND PREDICTION OF SOIL BEHAVIOUR

Conduction in soils – coupled flows – electrical, chemical , hydraulic and thermal flows in soils

– consolidation by electro osmosis – effect of flows in stable and properties of soils – prediction

of engineering behaviour of soils – empirical correlations and their applicability.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I PILE CLASSIFICATIONS

Function – classification of piles – Factors governing choice of pile foundation – Load transfer

principles – piling equipments and methods – changes in soil condition during installation of

piles – requirement of code of practice – responsibility of engineer and contractor.

UNIT II AXIALLY LOADED PILES AND PILE GROUPS

Allowable load evaluation of piles and pile groups – Static method – cohesive – cohesion less

soil – time effects – Dynamic method – pile driving formulae –Wave equation application –

modeling – theoretical analysis – Interpretation of field test results and pile load test results –

Settlement of Piles and Pile groups.

UNIT III LATERAL AND UPLIFT LOAD EVALUATION

Piles subjected to Lateral loads – Broms method, elastic –p-y curve analyses – Batter piles –

response to moment – pile subjected to uplift loads – load –deformation behaviour – Lateral and

uplift load test data interpretation. Foundation on week compressible – collapsible soil – case

studies.

UNIT IV STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF PILE AND PILE GROUPS

Pile foundation – structural design – pile cap analysis, pile – raft system basic interactive

analysis – pile and pile groups subjected to vibrations – fundamental solutions.

UNIT V CAISSONS

Caissons types – Stability of caissons – principles of analysis and design, seismic influences -

IRC Guidelines.

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

UNIT I DEWATERING

Introduction - Scope and necessity of ground improvement in Geotechnical engineering- basic

concepts and philosophy. Drainage - Ground Water lowering by well points deep wells, vacuum

and electro-osmotic methods. Stabilization by thermal and freezing techniques.

UNIT II COMPACTION AND SAND DRAINS

Insitu compaction of granular and cohesive soils, Shallow and Deep compaction sand piles –

concept, design, factors influencing compaction Blasting and dynamic consolidation –

Preloading with sand drains, fabric drains, wick drains etc. – theories of sand drain – design and

relative merits.

UNIT III STONE COLUMN, LIME PILES AND SOIL NAILING

Stone column, lime piles – Functions – Methods of installation – design, estimation of load

carrying capacity and settlement-slope stability-stability of trenches-lime-sand columns-Root

piles, soil nailing – Applications.

UNIT IVEARTH REINFORCEMENT

Earth reinforcement – Principles and basis mechanism of reinforced earth-reinforced soil

retaining structures-simple design, Synthetic and natural fibre based Geotextiles and their

applications. Filtration, drainage, separation, erosion control – case studies.

UNIT V. GROUTING

Grouting techniques – Types of grout – Suspension and solution grouts – Basic requirements of

grout. Grouting equipment – principle of injection-injection methods – properties of treated

ground-application of jet grouting-grout monitoring – Electro – chemical stabilization –

Stabilization with cement, lime etc. – Stabilization of expansive clays.

ELECTIVES

DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I THEORY OF VIBRATION

Introduction - Nature of dynamic loads - free vibrations of spring - mass systems - forced

vibrations - viscous damping - principles of vibrations measuring equipments

UNIT IIDETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

Dynamic stress - Deformation and strength of soils - Dynamics bearing capacity and earth

pressure - Effect of transient and pulsating loads - Resonant column apparatus - Field-test-

Typical values of soil constants.

UNIT III LIQUEFACTION

Liquefaction of soils - Factors influencing - Liquefaction potential - vibration table studies -

Field tests - Analysis - from standard penetration data.

UNIT IV DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATION

Machine foundations - Design criteria - Degrees of freedom - Foundations for reciprocating

machines - Block foundation, Elastic half space theory - Lumped parameter analog model -

foundations for impact and miscellaneous machines - Frame foundations for high speed

machinery - Dynamic soil structure interaction.

UNIT V VIBRATION ISOLATION

Vibration Isolation - Passive and active isolation - use of springs and damping materials

construction aspects of machine foundations.

PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS

Pavements types – Approaches to pavement design – vehicle and traffic considerations –

behaviour of road materials under repeated loading – Stresses and deflections in layered systems.

UNIT II FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Material characterization for analytical pavement design – CBR and stabilometer tests –

Resilient modulus – Fatigue subsystem – failure criteria for bituminous pavements – IRC design

guidelines.

UNIT III RIGID PAVEMENT

Design procedures for rigid pavement – IRC guidelines – Airfield pavements. Highway

pavement – CRC pavements.

UNIT IV PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION

Pavement evaluation and rehabilitation, condition and evaluation surveys – PSI models –

Serviceability index of rural roads – Overlay design, pavements maintenance management.

Pavement for sustainable development – Recycling of pavement.

UNIT V STABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS

The need for a stabilized soil – Design criteria and choice of stabilizers – Testing and field

control – Stabilisation in India for rural roads – Use of geofabrics in unpaved road construction.

Case studies.

REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES

UNIT I PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS

Historical Background, Principles, Concepts and Mechanisms of reinforced earth.

UNIT II MATERIALS

Materials used in reinforced soil structures, fill materials, reinforcing materials metal strips,

Geotextile, Geogrids, Geomembranes, Geocomposites and Geojutes, Geofoam, Natural fibers -

facing elements

UNIT III DESIGN ASPECTS AND APPLICATION

Design aspects of reinforced earth. Design and applications of reinforced earth of various

structures, like retaining walls, foundations, pavements, embankments and slopes - drains - liners

for liquid containment.

UNIT IV DURABILITY OF REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS

Measurement of corrosion factors, resistivity - redox potential, water content, pH,

electrochemical corrosion, bacterial corrosion.

UNIT V CASE HISTORIES AND APPLICATIONS

Performance studies of reinforced dams, embankments, pavements, railroads, foundations and

underground structure - case studies.

THEORETICAL SOIL MECHANICS

UNIT I THEORY OF ELASTICITY

Introduction – Elasticity and stability problems, concept of stress and strain – plane stress, plane

strain and axisymmetric problems – equation of equilibrium and compatibility – stress functions.

UNIT II STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS (ELASTIC SOLUTIONS)

Stresses in elastic half-space medium by external loads – fundamental solutions –Boussinesq,

Flamant, Kelvin and Mindlin solution – Applications of fundamental solutions – Anisotropic

and non-homogeneous linear continuum – Influence charts - elastic displacement.

UNIT III LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS

Limit equilibrium analysis – perfectly plastic material – stress – strain relationship –stress and

displacement field calculations – slip line solutions for undrainedand drained loading.

UNIT IV LIMIT ANALYSIS

Limit analysis – principles of virtual work – theorems of plastic collapse – Mechanism for plane

plastic collapse – Simple solutions for drained and undrained loading –stability of slopes, cuts

and retaining structures. Centrifuge model – Principles and scale effects, practical considerations

UNIT V FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

Flow through porous media – Darcy’s law – General equation of flow – steady state condition –

solution by flow net – fully saturated conditions.

EARTH PRESSURE AND EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES

UNIT I EARTH PRESSURE THEORIES

Introduction – State of stress in retained soil mass – Earth pressure theories – Classical and

graphical techniques – Active and passive cases – Earth pressure due to external loads, empirical

methods. Wall movement and complex geometry.

UNIT II DRAINAGE AND STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

Lateral pressure due to compaction, strain softening, wall flexibility, influence of drainage. Each

pressure due to earthquake forces – Stability of retaining structure.

UNIT III SHEET PILE WALLS

Retaining structure – Selection of soil parameters – Analysis and design of cantilever and

anchored sheet pile walls. Deadman and continuous anchor. Diaphragm and bored pile walls –

Design requirements.

UNIT IV SUPPORTED EXCAVATIONS

Lateral pressure on sheeting in braced excavation, stability against piping and bottom heaving.

Earth pressure around tunnel lining, shaft and silos.

UNIT V DESIGN OF REINFORCED EARTH RETAINING WALL

Reinforced earth retaining wall – principles, Concepts and mechanism of reinforced Earth –

Design consideration of reinforced earth – Materials used in reinforced earth - Geotextile –

Geogrids, Metal strips, facing elements.

EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS

UNIT IDESIGN CONSIDERATION

Design consideration, Factors influencing design, Types of earth and rockfill dams, Design

details, Provisions to control pore pressure.

UNIT II FAILURE AND DAMAGES

Failure and damages, Nature and importance of failures in embankment and foundation piping,

Differential settlement, Foundation slides, Earthquake damage creep and anisotropic effects,

Reservoir wave action, Dispersive piping

UNIT III SEEPAGE ANALYSIS

Seepage analysis, Flownets, Stability conditions during construction, Full reservoir and

drawdown.

UNIT IV STABILITY OF SLOPES

Introduction, Stability of infinite and finite slopes, Limit Equilibrium method, Wedge analysis,

Method of Slices, Bishop’s method, Janbu’s method etc. Special aspects of slope analysis,

stability charts.

UNIT V SPECIAL DESIGN PROBLEM

Special design problems, Slope protection, Filter design, Foundation treatment, Earth dams on

pervious soil foundation, Treatment of rock foundation, Construction Techniques, Quality

control and performance measurement, Applications of Geosynthetics in earth and rockfill dams.

ROCK MECHANICS IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE

UNIT I CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

Rocks of peninsular India and the Himalayas - Index properties and classification of rock

masses, competent and incompetent rock - value of RMR and ratings in field estimations.

UNIT II STRENGTH CRITERIA OF ROCKS

Behaviour of rock under hydrostatic compression and deviatric loading - Models of rock failure -

planes of weakness and joint characteristics - joint testing, Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion and

tension cut-off. Hook and Brown Strength criteria for rocks with discontinuity sets.

UNIT III DESIGN ASPECTS IN ROCKS

Insitu stresses and their measurements, flat jack-over-under coring methods - stress around

underground excavations - Design aspects of openings in rocks - case studies.

UNIT IV SLOPE STABILITY OF ROCKS

Rock slopes - role of discontinuities in slop failure, slope analysis and factor of safety - remedial

measures for critical slopes - case studies.

UNIT V REINFORCEMENT OF ROCKS

Reinforcement of fractured and joined rocks - shotcreting, bolting, installation methods - case

studies.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS

Basic concepts - Discretization of continuum, typical elements, the element characteristic matrix,

Element assembly and solution for unknowns - Applications.

UNIT II VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES

Variational principles, variational formulation of boundary value problems, Variational methods

approximation such as Ritz and weighted residual (Galerkin) methods, Applications

UNIT III DISPLACEMENTS BASED ELEMENTS

Displacements based elements, finite elements for axial symmetry. One-dimensional problems

of stress, deformation and flow, Assembly, Convergence requirements, Finite elements analysis

of two-dimensional problems. The linear and quadratic triangle, Natural coordinates.

UNIT IV ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION

Application of FEM to Problems in soils and rocks, Introduction to non-linearity, Finite

difference method, Description and Description and application to consolidation, seepage,

Winkler foundation etc.,

UNIT VAPPLICATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Application of FEM to Problems in soils and rocks, Introduction to non-linearity, Finite

difference method, Description and application to consolidation, seepage, Winkler foundations

etc.,

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

UNIT I SOIL-FOUNDATION INTERACTION

Introduction to soil - Foundation interaction problems, Soil behaviour, Foundation behaviour,

Interface, behaviour, Scope of soil-foundation interaction analysis, soil response models,

Winkler, Elastic continuum, Two parameter elastic models, Elastic plastic behaviour, Time

dependent behaviour.

UNIT II BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION - SOIL MODELS

Infinite beam, Two parameters, Isotropic elastic half space, Analysis of beams of finite length,

Classification of finite beams in relation to their stiffness.

UNIT III PLATE ON ELASTIC MEDIUM

Infinite plate, Winkler, Two parameters, Isotropic elastic medium, Thin and thick plates,

Analysis of finite plates, rectangular and circular plates, Numerical analysis of finite plates,

simple solutions.

UNIT IV ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF PILE

Elastic analysis of single pile, Theoretical solutions for settlement and load distribution, Analysis

of pile group, Interaction analysis, Load distribution in groups with rigid cap.

UNIT V LATERALLY LOADED PILE

Load deflection prediction for laterally loaded piles, subgrade reaction and elastic analysis,

Interaction analysis, and pile raft system, solutions through influence charts.

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

UNIT I ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND DYNAMICS

Theory of vibration - Basic Definition - Governing equation for single degree freedom system -

Forced vibrations - Rotating mass type excitation - Base excitation - Isolation vibration

measuring instruments. Mechanism of Earthquakes - Causes of earthquake - Earthquake Fault

sources - Elastic Rebound theory - Seismic wave in Earthquake shaking - Definition of

earthquake terms - Locating an earthquake - Quantification of earthquakes.

UNIT II GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS

Strong Motion Records -characteristics of ground motion - Factors influencing ground motion -

Estimation of frequency content parameters - (Seismic site investigations - Evaluation of

Dynamic soil properties

UNIT III GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSIS - LOCAL SITE EFFECTS AND DESIGN

GROUND MOTION

Wave propagation Analysis - Site Amplification Need for Ground Response Analysis - Method

of analysis - One Dimensional Analysis - Equipment linear Analysis site effects - Design Ground

Motion - Developing Design Ground Motion.Application of software package Edushake -

Shake-91.

UNIT IV SEISMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS

Earthquake - Resistant Design of foundation of buildings - Design considerations - Geotechnical

- Architectural - Structures - Capacity Design - Seismic analysis. Earthquake Response of

slopes - Evaluation of slope stability - Pseudostatic Analysis - Newmark's Study of Block

Analysis - Dynamic Analysis - Earth pressure due to ground shaking Evaluation. Liquefaction-

Susceptibility-Evaluation Cyclic stress approach - Liquefaction Resistance - Laboratory and

Field Tests with interpretation - Lateral Deformation - Case Study.

UNIT V EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION

Seismic risk vulnerability and hazard - Percept of risk - risk mapping - scale - hazard assessment

- Maintenance and modifications to improve hazard resistance - Different type of foundation and

its impact on safety - Ground Improvement Techniques.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I SOIL – POLLUTANT INTERACTION

Introduction to Geo environmental engineering – environmental cycle – sources, production and

classification of waste – causes of soil pollution – factors governing soil-pollutant interaction –

failures of foundations due to pollutants – case studies.

UNIT II SITE SELECTION AND SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Safe disposal of waste – site selection for land fills – characterization of land fill sites – waste

characterization – stability of land fills – current practice of waste disposal – passive containment

system – application of geo synthetics in solid waste management – rigid or flexible liners

UNIT III TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant transport in sub surface – advection – diffusion – dispersion – governing equations

– contaminant transformation – sorption – biodegradation – ion exchange – precipitation –

hydrological consideration in land fill design – ground water pollution – bearing capacity of

compacted fills – foundation for waste fill ground – pollution of aquifers by mixing of liquid

waste – protecting aquifers.

UNIT IV WASTE STABILIZATION AND DISPOSAL

Hazardous waste control and storage system – stabilization/ solidification of wastes – micro and

macro encapsulation – absorption, adsorption, precipitation- detoxification – mechanism of

stabilization – organic and inorganic stabilization – utilization of solid waste for soil

improvement.

UNIT V REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS

Rational approach to evaluate and remediate contaminated sites – monitored natural attenuation

– exsitu and insitu remediation – solidification, bio – remediation, incineration, soil washing,

electro kinetics, soil heating, verification, bio venting – Ground water remediation – pump and

treat, air sparging, reactive well.

GEOSYNHETICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT I AN OVERVIEW

Historical Development – Types of Geosynthetics – Geotextiles – Geogrids- Geonets –

Geomembranes – Geocomposites – Functions – Reinforcement – Separation – Filtration –

Drainage – Barrier Functions.

UNIT II RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING METHODS

Methods – Polyamide – Polyster – Polyethylene – Polypropylene – Poly Vinyl Chloride –

Woven – Monofilament – Multifilament – Slit Filament – Non-Woven – Mechanically bonded-

Chemically bonded – Thermally bonded.

UNIT III PHYSICAL AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES

Physical properties : Mass per unit area – Thickness – Specific gravity; Hydraulic properties

:Apparent open size – Permittivity – Transmissivity.

UNIT IV MECHANICALLY PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY

Mechanical Properties : Uniaxial Tensile Strength – Burst and Puncture Strength – Soil

Geosynthetic friction tests; Durability : Abrasion resistance – Ultraviolet resistance.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS

Use of geosynthetics for filtration and drainage – Use of geosynthetics in roads – Use of

renforced soil in Retaining walls – Improvement of bearing capacity – Geosynthetics in land

fills.

FOUNDATION ON EXPANSIVE SOILS

UNIT I GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Origin of expansive soils – Physical properties of expansive soils – Mineralogical composition –

Identification of expansive soils – Field conditions that favour swelling – Consequences of

swelling.

UNIT II SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS

Swelling characteristics – Laboratory tests – Prediction of swelling characteristics – Evaluation

of heave.

UNIT III TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING SWELLING

Horizontal moisture barriers – Vertical moisture barriers – Surface and subsurface drainage –

Prewetting – Soil replacement – Sand cushion techniques – CNS layer technique.

UNIT IV FOUNDATIONS ON EXPANSIVE SOILS

Belled piers – Bearing capacity and skin friction –Advantages and disadvantages – Design of

belled piers – Underreamed piles – Design and construction.

UNIT V MODIFICATION OF SWELLING CHARACTERISTICS

Lime stabilization – Mechainsms – Limitations – Lime injection – Lime columns – Mixing –

Chemical stabilization – Construction.

MECHANICS OF UNSATURATED SOILS

UNIT I STATE OF UNSATURATED SOIL

Definition – Interdisciplinary nature of unsaturated soil – soil classification – Natureand practice

– stress profiles, stress state variables - material variables –constitutive law – suction potential of

soil water

UNIT II PHYSICS OF SOIL WATER SYSTEM

Physical properties of Air and water – partial pressure and relative Humidity Densityof moist air

– surface Tension – cavitations of water. Solubility of Air in water – Air –water solid interface –

vapor pressure lowering – soil water characteristic-curve.Capillary tube model – contacting

sphere model.Young Laplace equation – Heightof capillary rise – Rate of capillary rise –

capillary pore size distribution – theoreticalbasis – determination – laboratory method.

UNIT III STRESS STATE VARIABLES AND SHEAR STRENGTH

Effective-stress – stress between two spherical particles – Hysteresis in SWCC –stress

parameter, stress tensor – stress control by Axis Translation – analyticalrepresentation of stress –

volume change characteristics. Extended Mohr – Coulombcriterion – shear strength parameters –

Interpretation of Direct shear test results andTri axial test results – unified representation of

failure envelope – Influence of suctionin earth pressure distribution.

UNIT IV STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOWS

Driving mechanism – Permeability and Hydraulic conductivity – capillary barriers –steady

infiltration and evaporation – Vapor flow – Air diffusion in water. Principles forpore liquid flow

– Rate of infiltration, Transient suction and moisture profiles.Principles for Pore Gas flow –

Barometric pumping Analysis.

UNIT V MATERIAL VARIABLE MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING

Measurement of total suction – psychrometers – Filter paper measurement of matricsuction –

High Air Entry disks – Direct measurements – Tensiometers – Airtranslationtechnique – Indirect

measurements – Thermal conductivity sensors –measurement of osmotic suction – squeezing

technique – soil water characteristiccurves and Hydraulic conductivity models.

REMOTE SENSING AND ITS APPLICATION IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT – I

Definitions and introduction to remote sensing, components of remote sensing system, active and

passive remote sensing, electromagnetic radiations and their interactions with the earth features

and atmosphere.Spectral windows and spectral signatures and their significance in remote

sensing. Radiometric quantities used in the collection of spectral signatures. Remote sensing

satellite orbits, image acquisition process, repeativity, row/path and ground swath and coverage.

UNIT – II

Various remote sensing platforms like ground based, air borne and satellite based. Passive and

active remote sensors: Return Beam Videocon (RBV), Multi-Spectral Scanners (MSS), Thematic

Mapper (TM), push broom scanners, Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS), thermal infrared

scanning systems, radiometers, Radar, Lidar and SAR. Spectral and spatial resolution of various

remote sensors with special relevance to Indian Remote Sensing satellites. Different types of

remotely sensed data products.

UNIT – III

Geometry, radiometry and pre-processing of remotely sensed imagery. Ground truth collection

and geo-referencing of imagery.Characteristics of photographic images.Colour, tone and texture,

photo-imterpretation keys, techniques of photo-interpretation.Digital image classification

techniques and extraction of thematic information.

UNIT – IV

Global Positioning System (GPS) : Introduction & components of GPS, Space segment, control

segement and user segment, Elements of Satellite based Surveys – Map datums, GPS receivers,

GPS observation methods and their advantages over conventional methods. Geographic

Information System (GIS)- Definition of GIS, Geographical concepts and terminology,

Components of GIS, Data acquisition, Raster and vector formats, scanners and digitizers.

Advantages of GPS and GIS in the storage thematic information extracted from remotely sensed

images.

UNIT – V

Role of remote sensing and GIS in terrain investigation and advantages over conventional

mapping techniques.Extraction of topographic information from remotely sensed data and

generation of digital terrain model from stereo pairs of images. Resource mapping for

engineering project : selection of sites for construction materials, water resources, soil, buildings,

railways and highways etc. using remotely sensed data. Geological mapping for the geotechnical

investigations of soil strata.Monitoring of areas prone to landslides using remote sensing, digital

model and GIS. Application of visible, infra-red and microwave remote sensing for the

identification of soil types, grain size and moisture studies.

MARINE FOUNDATIONS

UNIT I MARINE SOILS

Origin, nature and distribution of marine soils – their engineering properties – sampling and

sample disturbance – in-situ testing.

UNIT II OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

Introduction of fixed and floating platforms – steel, concrete and hybrid platforms.

UNIT III DESIGN CRITERIA

Environmental loading – wind, wave and current loads after installation.

UNIT IV SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Site investigation – types of shallow foundation for structures on sea bed – Bearing capacity –

effect of eccentric and inclined loads – construction

UNIT V DEEP FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS

Pile foundation – Axial capacity – Lateral capacity – deflections – constructions – anchored

foundations.