Singapore Water

1

SMART WATER – SINGAPORE CASE STUDYPuah Aik NumDeputy Director

Technology and Water Quality OfficePUB, Singapore

2

40 years ago…

What we were like What we were like in thein the SixtiesSixties

Singapore River

Singapore River

34909938

3

40 years ago…

What we were like What we were like in thein the SixtiesSixties

Singapore River

Singapore River

34909938

4

Water resources were scarce…

1960’s

Last water rationing in 1963

water rationing

5

Public Health Concerns1960’s

• Public Health Conditions were poor…

• Proper sanitary facilities were lacking…

Street hawkers

Night soil bucketsOutdoor Latrines

Squatters

6

Our rivers were polluted…

1960’s

Kallang River Singapore River

Kallang River

7

Dredging & improvement works…

Laying of new sewers…

Resettlement of squatters into proper public housing…

1970’s Relocation of businesses & industries

Dyke in Construction

New Industrial Estate

Relocation from Street to Hawker Centres

New Housing Towns

8

Clean Rivers80’s and 90’s

Singapore River Singapore River

Singapore River

9

Pristine reservoirs…

Before 1960’s: Reservoirs inProtected Catchments

1970’s: Estuarine Reservoirs

1980’s: Reservoirs in Urbanised Catchments

10

11

SINGAPORE WATER CHALLENGESSINGAPORE WATER CHALLENGES

12

Singapore’s Water Challenges

SingaporeSingapore

•• Land Area: ~ 700 kmLand Area: ~ 700 km22

•• Population: 5.18 million peoplePopulation: 5.18 million people•• Water Demand: 380 MGD Water Demand: 380 MGD

•• Rainfall: 2.4 m Rainfall: 2.4 m •• Catchment areas: 66%Catchment areas: 66%

Lack of Storage

Competing Land Use

13

Rising Energy Prices

Stringent Regulations& Public Expectations

Prices set to increase in the long run

Population Growth Population Growth

Rise of MegacitiesRise of Megacities

Climate Change

No Pristine No Pristine Water Water SourcesSources

Challenges Ahead

14

2011 water demand = 1,730,000 cubic metres per day

2060 water demand = 2 x 2011 demand

15

Integrated Water Resource ManagementIntegrated Water Resource Management

16

17

seasearainrainstormwater stormwater managementmanagement

collection collection of rainfall of rainfall

in drains & in drains & reservoirsreservoirs

treatment oftreatment ofraw to potableraw to potable

waterwater

reclamationreclamationof of

used waterused water

collectioncollectionof used waterof used water

in sewersin sewerssupply of supply of

water to thewater to thepopulation & population &

industriesindustries

treatment treatment ofof


desalinationdesalination

Closing the Water LoopNatural Water Cycle:New drop NEWater:

2nd drop

Desalination: New drop

18

seasearainrainstormwater stormwater managementmanagement




waterwater




in sewersin sewers

supply of supply of water to thewater to the

population & population & industriesindustries



desalinationdesalinationdesalinationdesalination



1. Increase Water Resources



2. Water Recycling 3. Improve efficiency

4. Improve Water Quality 5. “Harden” the Water Loop

Managing The Complete Water Cycle

19

Integrated Water Resource Management

Local catchment

Imported water

NEWater

Desalinated water

4 National Taps

“Water for All”

3P Approach

“Conserve Water”

“Value Our Water”

“Enjoy Our Waters”

“Conserve, Value, Enjoy”

20

PunggolPunggol

Legend

Unprotected Water Catchment

Protected Water Catchment

Proposed Water Catchment

Protected Catchment

Unprotected Catchment Urban

Stormwater Collection

System

o Two third of Singapore is already water catchment

o Further increased to 90% in the future with Variable Salinity Plant

MacRitchie ReservoirMacRitchie Reservoir

Marina ReservoirMarina Reservoir

Punggol Serangoon ReservoirPunggol Serangoon Reservoir

Harvesting Every Drop1st

Bedok Storm Water Bedok Storm Water Collection SystemCollection System

21

Two water agreements with Johor, Malaysia

• 1961 to 2011 (expired)

• 1962 to 2061

State of Johor, Malaysia

PUB pipelines carrying water from Johor

Imported Water From Johor2nd

22

NEWater

NEWater pipeline

NEWater Plant

Service Reservoir

Legend

Kranji(9 mgd/40mld, Jan 2003)

Seletar(5 mgd/22mld, 2004)

Bedok(6 mgd/27mld, Jan03)

Ulu Pandan(32 mgd (145mld),

Mar 2007)

Kranji Expansion12mgd 17mgd(54mld) (77mld)

Bedok Expansion6mgd 18mgd

(27mld) (81mld)

Changi5th

NEWater completed

in 2010By 2060 to triple current By 2060 to triple current NEWater capacity to meet 50% NEWater capacity to meet 50% of future water demandof future water demand

3rd

23

• Infinite resource• Readily available• Enable water self-sufficiency in Singapore

By 2060, desalinated water will contribute 30% of Singapore’s water demand, increase from 10% currently

BUT…Energy consumption is high (about 3.5 kWh/m3 with RO)

Desalinated WaterDesalinated Water4th

24

USED WATER RUNS DEEPEnsures long term sustainability of Singapore’s water resources

(i.e. NEWater & catchment water)

Progressive phasing out of used water infrastructure with DTSS

• 3 WRPs and 45 pump stations will be phased out, freeing 161 ha of land

Progressive phasing out of used water infrastructure with DTSS

• 3 WRPs and 45 pump stations will be phased out, freeing 161 ha of land

Completed in Feb 2005

DEEP TUNNELDEEP TUNNEL

completed in 2009

25

Integrated Water Resource Management

Local catchment

Imported water

NEWater

Desalinated water

4 National Taps

“Water for All”

3P Approach

“Conserve Water”



“Conserve, Value, Enjoy”

26

~ 5%~ 5%

6 leaks per 6 leaks per 100 Km100 Km

Water Conservation

Water Conservation

Strategy

PricingReflect the strategic

importance and scarcity value of water

Voluntary3P approach

Promote ownership of water

conservation

MandatoryCut down on excessive

flow and wastage of water

Conserving our Waters

UFW Control via Integrated Network Management

WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT

155 l/per155 l/per

147 l/per by 2020147 l/per by 2020

27

““Conserve, Value and EnjoyConserve, Value and Enjoy””“Conserve Water”



NEWater Visitor Centre

Activities in Reservoirs and

CanalsMarina Barrage

28

.

“Conserve, Value, Enjoy” - ABC Waters Programme

A. ACTIVENew recreational spaces

B. BEAUTIFUL Integration of waters with urban landscape

C. CLEAN Improved water quality

“… Turn Singapore into a city of gardens and water”Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong,

At ABC Waters Public Exhibition Opening (Feb 07)

29

The Blue Map of Singapore

30Kallang River at Bishan Park

Existing

31Floating island in Sengkang (Sg Punggol)

Proposed

32

Ready for the FutureReady for the Future

33

Objectives of R&D:

1.Increase water resources

2.Protect water quality and security

3.Reduce production cost

Chemicals

Chemicals

UsageUsage

Ener

gyEn

ergy

Waste Waste MinimisationMinimisation

KeyKeyDriversDrivers

Driver: “Adequate Water Supply”:•Rainfall: 2.4 m•Land area: 700 km2

•Large domestic and industrial demand

Driver: “Good Water Quality”:•Water resources coming from unconventional sources

“Water for All” - Drivers for PUB’s R&DPUB’s strategy for long term sustainability of our water supply is to continue continue leveraging on technological innovation to overcome the water chaleveraging on technological innovation to overcome the water challenges. llenges.

34

PUB started its R&D programme in 2002.

•No. of Projects to‐date: 294

•Annual R&D Budget: o S$5 mil from 2004 to 2009o Increased to S$20 mil in 2010

•Total Project Value: S$160 mil

•Average annual R&D investment: S$18 mil

“Water for All” - PUB’s Investment in R&D Innovation

35

seasea

“Water for All” - R&D Projects in the Water Loop

rainrainstormwater stormwater managementmanagement




waterwater




in sewersin sewerssupply of supply of

water to thewater to thepopulation & population &

industriesindustries



desalinationdesalination

Variable Variable Salinity Salinity ProcessProcess

Low Energy MBR

Water Quality Modelling and

Prediction

Integrated Anaerobic &

Aerobic Treatment

Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring

and AnalysisRegenerative

Photocatalysts

BiomimeticBiomimeticMembranesMembranes

MicrobialFuel Cells

CapacitiveCapacitiveDeionisationDeionisation

Forward Forward OsmosisOsmosis

Source Control

Reducing Evaporation

Electrochemical Electrochemical DesaltingDesalting

Membrane Membrane DistillationDistillation

DOHS DOHS BackwashBackwash

Membrane Membrane Integrity Integrity SensorsSensors

Rainfall Prediction

Robust Sensors

Microbial Source

Tracking

Contaminants of Emerging Concerns

BiomimicryBiomimicry

SWROCurrent 3.5 kWh/m3

Short-term < 1.5 kWh/m3

– Variable Salinity Process : 1.7 kWh/m3

– Memstill (with waste heat): 1.0 kWh/m3

– Electrochemical Desalting: 1.5 kWh/m3

Breakthrough R&D

Biomimetic Membranes / Biomimicry of Natural Desalination Processes

Mangrove

Long- term < 0.75 kWh/m3

Aquaporins

Journey to Low Energy Seawater Desalination

37

Current Status:Nett energy of

0.5 kWh/m3

80% Energy Reduction: <0.1 kWh/m3 nett energy

Energy-Self SufficiencyNett Zero Energy

5 – 6 years

20 years?

PUB Manages the Entire Water LoopR&D Approach - Energy Self-Sufficiency for Used Water Treatment

38

KEEPING WATCH ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Image Source Page: http://www.our-energy.com/global_warming.html

Possible Impact:Rise in the mean sea level around Singapore by 24 to 65 cm by 2100

PUB adopts a four-pronged approach towards climate:Weather-resilient sources (NEWater and desalinated water)Continue investment in R&D to help develop capabilities and innovative solutions to further enhance our water resilienceWorking closely with its international government and industry partners to help bring water solutions to the region and the worldLong-term approach to infrastructure planning e.g. reclaimed land to be constructed to a platform level of 125 cm above the highest tide level

39

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success

40

Close coordination among government agencies Urban Redevelopment AuthorityHousing Development BoardNational Environment Agency

Land use planning and catchment managementAnti-pollution design incorporated at planning stage of developmentPollution control measures – strict erosion control, street sweeping, drain maintenance etc. Phasing out undesirable activities (pig, chicken and duck farming)

Reasons for Success

41

Separation of stormwater from sewageSingapore does not have combined sewer and stormwater drainage systems

Integrated water and wastewater managementPUB manages the entire water loop, including rainwater and wastewater collection, drinking water and wastewater treatment, as well as NEWater productionPolicies in place to protect stormwater runoff quality

Reasons for Success

42

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

43

Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption

44

Unaccounted-for-water (1989 -2010)

45

Annual Leakage per 100 km of Mains (1994-2010)

Documents

Singapore Water