SINDO KOU Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706 Phone: (608) 262-0576; e-mail: kou@engr.wisc.edu

PRESENT POSITION Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of

Wisconsin

CITIZENSHIP United States of America RESEARCH

Welding: Al alloys, Mg alloys, stainless steels and steels Casting: Al alloys, Mg alloys, Al- and Mg-matrix nano composites Crystal Growth: bulk crystals of metals, semiconductors and oxides

TEACHING Welding Metallurgy: development and control of microstructure, properties, and

defects (lack of fusion, lack of penetration, cracking, loss of strength, loss of ductility, porosity, inclusions, microsegregation, macrosegregation, etc.)

Joining of Materials: joining metallic, plastic, ceramic, composite, electronic, nano and bio materials by fusion welding, solid-state welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding, etc.

Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing: heat transfer, fluid flow and mass transfer in casting, welding, crystal growth, heat treating, chemical vapor deposition, etc.

EXPERIENCE

Director, NSF I/UCRC (Industry/University Collaborative Research Center) for Integrative Materials Joining Science for Energy Applications (2010-2015), UW-Madison along with Colorado School of Mines, Lehigh University, Ohio State University (lead)

Department Chair (2000-2004), Professor (1985-present), Associate Professor

(1983-85), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Professor (2000-present), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Associate Professor (1982-83), Assistant Professor (1979-82), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

Associate Senior Research Engineer (1978-79), General Motors Research Laboratory, Warren, MI Research Associate (1977-78), Department of Materials Science and

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL

EDUCATION PhD, 1978, Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA MS, 1974, Materials Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI BS, 1971, Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH ACCOMPLSHMENTS (Highlighted in Section C. PAPERS)

1. Susceptibility to cracking during welding and casting predicted (NSF DMR, 2001-2004 and 2015-2018): Simple methods for predicting the crack susceptibility of Al and Mg alloys (for vehicle weight reduction) during solidification were proposed and verified – useful guides to alloy design and filler-wire selection to avoid cracking.

2. Science and technology of Mg welding advanced (NSF I/UCRC, 2010-2015): Mechanisms of formation of major Mg weld defects were established and effective remedies demonstrated – making arc welding feasible for Mg alloys.

3. Weld-pool fluid flow modeling pioneered (NSF DMR): 1st computer simulation (calculating pool shape and its influence by heat/fluid flow) and 1st physical simulation were conducted. Lack of penetration or fusion due to improper pool shapes is a common cause for serious weld failures.

AWARDS AND HONORS

A. Research – American Welding Society (AWS) 1. Honorary Member, AWS, 2016 2. Fellow, AWS, 2002 3. Comfort A. Adams Lecture Award, AWS, 2012

Most prestigious AWS award in welding research, presented to “an outstanding scientist or engineer for a lecture describing a new or distinctive development in the field of welding” Lecture title: “Fluid Flow and Solidification in Welding: three decades of fundamental research at the University of Wisconsin”

4. Warren F. Savage Memorial Award, AWS, 2012, 2009, 2008, 2006 For the best welding metallurgy paper

5. Charles H. Jennings Memorial Award, AWS, 2014, 2010, 2002, 2001 For the best university (fundamental) paper

6. Lincoln Gold Medal, AWS 2016 For the best original contribution to the advancement and use of welding by a single author

7. William Spraragen Award, AWS, 2007, 2016 For the best paper in all categories

B. Research – Materials Societies 8. Fellow, American Society for Metals (now ASM International), 1997 9. Bruce Chalmers Award, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 2013

For “outstanding contributions to the science and/or technology of materials processing” Highlights: “Sindo Kou has made outstanding contributions to better understanding and control of cracking, segregation and transport phenomena during solidification in welding, casting and crystal growth.”

10. John Chipman Award, Iron and Steel Society of AIME, 1980 For “excellence and originality in contributing to process technology of iron and steel”

C. Research – Universities and Institutions 11. Byron Bird Award, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 2013

For “the comprehensive, authoritative book Welding Metallurgy, which contributes significantly to the science of welding and is widely used in research, industry and education”

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12. National Science Council Chair Professor, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2012

13. Mexican Academy of Sciences Distinguished Visiting Professor, COMIMSA (an industrial research institute under the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology), 2010,

14. Outstanding Alumnus Award, Department of Materials Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2010.

D. Education 15. Chancellor’s Award, University of Wisconsin, 1999

For “distinguished teaching” 16. Benjamin Smith Reynolds Award, College of Engineering, University of

Wisconsin, 1999 For “excellence in teaching”

17. Outstanding Instructor Award, Polygon Engineering Council, University of Wisconsin, 1996,

18. Adams Memorial Membership Award, AWS, 1986 For “outstanding activities in teaching welding”

ACTIVITIES AND PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES Member of American Welding Society (1979-90, 2000-present) Member of ASM International (1985-present) Member of TMS (1980-1991, 2007-present) Member of American Association for Crystal Growth (1990-2000) Member of the Materials Research Society (1998-2000) Editorial Board, Welding Journal (1988-1990, 2006-present) Editorial Board, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining (2008-present) Key reviewer of Metallurgical Transactions (1982-1988) Conference Organization Committee, American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy (1998, 1999) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS A. BOOKS

1. S. Kou: Welding Metallurgy, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 2003 (461 pages). Cited 1065 times since 2010 (Google Scholar Citations)

Welding metallurgy is the materials science and engineering of welding, including development and control of microstructure, properties and defects of welds. Weld defects cause failures of welded structures.

Standard text on welding metallurgy; used in more than a dozen countries; translated into Portuguese, Persian, Korean and Chinese (Turkish pending on publisher’s approval).

2. S. Kou: Transport Phenomena and Materials Processing, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996 (669 pages).

Transport phenomena (i.e., fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer) dominate the development of microstructure, properties and defects in materials processing, such as welding, casting, crystal growth, heat treating, semiconductor processing, etc. Used by MIT, University of Michigan, University of Toronto, National Tsing-Hua University, etc.

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The book has been used as a text and reference by Materials Science and Engineering departments and Mechanical Engineering departments in US and other countries.

3. S. Kou and R. Mehrabian (editors), Modeling and Control of Casting and Welding Processes, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA, 1986 (624 pages).

B. PATENTS

1. V. Firouzdor and S. Kou, “Method of Friction Stir Welding Dissimilar Metals and Workpiece Assemblies Formed Thereby,” US Patent 8,464,926, 2013. Modified the conventional lap and spot friction stir welding processes to improve the strength of welds between two different metals.

2. S. Kou and G. Cao, “Arc-Enhanced Friction Stir Welding,” US Patent 7,078,647, 2006. Used a simple welding arc to preheat (without melting or filler metal) the workpiece to reduce tool wear and increase the welding speed.

3. S. Kou and Y. Tao, “Method for Preparing Homogeneous Bridgman-Type Single Crystals,” US Patent 5,650,008, 1997. Modified the Bridgman crystal growth process by zone-leveling to eliminate macrosegregation along single crystals, e.g., Cd1-xZnxTe.

4. S. Kou and M. S. Lin, “Shape and Segregation Control in Czochralski Growth,” US Patent 5,370,078, 1994. Modified the Czochralski crystal growth process by zone-leveling to eliminate macrosegregation along single crystals, e.g., Ga1-

xInxAs. 5. S. Kou and C. W. Lan, “Contactless Heater Floating Zone Refining and Crystal

Growth,” US Patent 5,217,565, 1993. Modified the floating-zone crystal growth process to grow single crystals significantly larger in diameter, by fast counter-rotating the crystal and the feed rod to suppress surface tension-driven flow and hence reduce the zone height.

6. S. Kou, “Edge-Defined Contact Heater Apparatus and Method for Floating-Zone

Crystal Growth,” US Patent 5,114,528, 1992. Modified the floating-zone crystal

growth process to grow shaped single crystals.

C. PAPERS

C.1 WELDING

C.1.1 Solidification and Solidification Cracking in Fusion Zone (evolution of grain structure in fusion zone and cracking during solidification of weld metal)

1. S. Kou: “A Criterion for Cracking during Solidification”, Acta Materialia, vol. 88, 2015, pp. 366-374.

2. J. Liu and S. Kou: Effect of Diffusion on Susceptibility to Cracking during Solidification”, Acta Materialia, vol. 100, 2015, pp. 359-368.

3. S. Kou: “A Simple Index for Predicting the Susceptibility to Solidification Cracking”, Welding Journal, vol. 94, 2015, pp. 374s-388s.

4. J. Liu and S. Kou: “Crack Susceptibility of Binary Aluminum Alloys during Solidification”, Acta Materialia, vol. 110, 2016, pp. 84-94.

5. T. Yuan and S. Kou: “Grain Refining by Ultrasonic Stirring of the Weld Pool”, Acta Materialia, vol. 106, 2016, pp. 144-154.

6. S. Kou, “Fluid Flow and Solidification in Welding: Three Decades of Fundamental Research at the University of Wisconsin”, Welding Journal, vol. 91, 2012, pp. 287s-302s. (AWS 2012 Comfort A. Adams Lecture)

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7. S. Kou, “Solidification and Liquation Cracking Issues in Welding,” Invited review article, JOM (Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials), June 2003, pp. 37-42.

8. S. Kou: on "Grain Structure Development in Weld Fusion Zone", in Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology, edited by S. A. David and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1990, p. 137 (Keynote Address).

9. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Welding Parameters and the Grain Structure of Weld Metal - A Thermodynamic Consideration", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 19A, 1988, p. 1075.

10. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Nucleation Mechanisms and Grain Refining of Weld Metal - A Fundamental Study": Welding Journal, vol. 65, 1986, p. 305s.

11. S. Kou: Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of High Strength Aluminum Alloys, Welding Research Council, New York, NY, Bulletin 320, December 1986.

12. Y. Le and S. Kou: "Formation of Three Types of New Grains in the Weld Metal", in Advances in Welding Science and Technology, edited by S. A. David, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1986, p. 139.

13. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Improving Weld Quality by Low-Frequency Arc Oscillation", Welding Journal, vol. 64, 1985, p. 51 (Feature Article).

14. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Alternating Grain Orientation and Weld Solidification Cracking", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 16A, 1985, p. 1887.

15. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Grain Structure and Solidification Cracking in Oscillated Arc Welds of 5052 Aluminum Alloy", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 16A, 1985, p.1345.

16. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Three-Dimensional Heat Flow and Solidification During the Autogenous GTA Welding of Aluminum Plates", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 14A, 1983, p. 2245.

17. S. Kou and Y. Le: "The Effect of Quenching on the Solidification Structure and Transformation Behavior of Stainless Steel Welds", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 13A, 1982, p. 1141.

18. S. Kou: "Weldability and Weld Microstructure of Stainless Steels", Modern Engineering and Technology Seminar, vol. 4, August 1982, Taipei, Taiwan, p. 307.

19. S. Kou and T. Kanevsky: "Heat Flow and Solidification During the Welding of Thin Aluminum Plates", in Trends in Welding Research in the United States, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1982, p. 77.

C.1.2 Liquation Cracking in Partially Melted Zone (Successfully predicted and eliminated susceptibility to cracking caused by tension in the partially melted zone, where liquid formation, i.e., liquation, occurs during welding along and hence weaken grain boundaries)

20. T. Yuan, X. Chai, Z. Luo, and S. Kou: “Predicting susceptibility of magnesium alloys to weld-edge cracking”, Acta Materialia, vol. 90, 2015, pp. 242-251.

21. S. Kou, V. Firouzdor and I. Haygood, Keynote Lecture on “Hot Cracking in Welds of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys”, Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds III, edited by J. C. Lippold, Th. Böllinghaus and C. E. Cross, Springer-Verlag, 2011, pp. 3-23.

22. C. Huang, G. Cao and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Aluminum Welds,” Materials Science Forum, vols. 539-543 (2007), pp. 4036-4041.

23. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Predicting and Reducing Liquation-Cracking Susceptibility Based on Temperature vs. Fraction Solid,” Welding Journal, vol. 85, 2006, pp. 9s to 18s.

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24. C. Huang, G. Cao and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Aluminum Welds: A Necessary Condition for Crack Susceptibility,” in Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, edited by S. A. David, T. DeRoy, J. C. Lippold, H. B. Smartt, and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006, pp. 345-352.

25. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Partial-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Effect of Welding Conditions,” in Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, edited by S. A. David, T. DeRoy, J. C. Lippold, H. B. Smartt, and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006, pp. 353-360.

26. S. Kou, “Liquation and Liquation Cracking in Aluminum Welds,” in Frontiers of Welding and Joining – Process, Materials and Automation for the Future,” Proceedings of the Inter-University Research Seminar (IURS) on Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, August 15-16, 2005, pp. 264-275.

27. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Al-Si Welds,” Welding Journal, vol. 84, 2005, pp.63s-71s.

28. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Al-Cu Welds,” Welding Journal, vol. 83, 2004, pp. 50s-58s.

29. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Full-Penetration Al-Mg-Si Welds,” Welding Journal, vol. 83, 2004, pp. 111s-122s.

30. C. Huang, G. Cao and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Partial-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Assessing Tendencies to Liquate, Crack and Backfill,” Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 9, 2004, pp. 1-9.

31. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Partial-Penetration Aluminum Welds: Effect of Penetration Oscillation and Backfilling,” Welding Journal, vol. 82, 2003, pp.184s-194s.

C.1.3 Liquation, Solidification and Microsegregation in Partially Melted Zone (loss of ductility and strength near weld edge - even in absence of cracking)

32. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Partially Melted Zone Phenomena in Aluminum Welds: Binary Al-Cu Alloys,” in Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, edited by S. A. David, T. DeRoy, J. C. Lippold, H. B. Smartt, and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2003, pp. 633-637.

33. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Liquation Mechanisms in Multicomponent Aluminum Alloys during Welding,” Welding Journal, vol. 81, 2002, pp. 211s to 222s.

34. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Partially Melted Zone in Aluminum Welds – Planar and Celluar Solidification”, Welding Journal, vol. 80, 2001, pp. 46s to 53s.

35. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Partially Melted Zone in Aluminum Welds – Solute Segregation and Mechanical Behavior”, Welding Journal, vol. 80, 2001, pp. 9s to 17s.

36. C. Huang, S. Kou and J. R. Purins, “Liquation, Solidification, Segregation and Hot Cracking Adjacent to the Fusion Boundary of Al-4.5wt%Cu Welds”, Proceedings of Merton C. Flemings Symposium, June 28-30, 2000, MIT, Cambridge, MA, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2001, pp. 229-234.

37. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Partially Melted Zone in Aluminum Welds – Liquation Mechanism and Directional Solidification”, Welding Journal, vol. 79, 2000, p. 113s to 120s.

38. C. Huang and S. Kou, “Partially Melted Zone in Gas-Metal Arc Welds of 2219 Aluminum”, Proceedings of ICAWT 2000: Gas Metal Arc Welding for the 21st

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Century, December 6 – 8, 2000, Orlando, Florida, American Welding Society, Miami, FL, p. 299, 2000.

C.1.4 Arc Welding of Mg Alloys (weldability of Mg, which is 1/3 lighter than Al and being increasingly used for vehicle weight reduction)

39. X. Chai, Y. K. Yang, S. Kou, “Oxide Films, High Crowns and Fingers in Gas-Metal Arc Welds of Mg Alloys: Mechanisms of Formation and Mitigation”, Welding Journal, vol. 94, 2015, pp. 16s-33s.

40. X. Chai, T. Yuan and S. Kou: "Liquation and Liquation Cracking in Partially Melted Zones of Magnesium Welds", Welding Journal, vol. 95, 2016, pp. 57s to 67s.

41. D. C. Wagner, X. Chai, X. Tang and S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Arc and Friction-Stir Welding of Mg-Zn Alloys”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, (2015) 46:315-327.

42. D. C. Wagner, Y. K. Yang and S. Kou, “Spatter and Porosity in Gas-Metal Arc Welding of Magnesium Alloys: Mechanisms and Elimination”, Welding Journal, vol. 92, 2013, p.347-s.

43. T. Yuan, X. Chai, S. Kou, “Effect of Filler Wire on Cracking along Edges of Magnesium Welds”, Magnesium Technology 2016, Edited by: Alok Singh, Kiran Solanki, Michele V. Manuel, and Neale R. Neelameggham, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2016.

44. Y. K. Yang and S. Kou, “Butt Welding AZ31B Mg Alloy by CSC MIG,” General Motors report, March 15, 2008.

45. Y. K. Yang, and S. Kou, “Lap Welding AZ31B Mg Alloy by CSC MIG,” General Motors report, June 15, 2008.

46. Y. K. Yang, R. A. Dodd and S. Kou, “Corrosion Protection and Testing of AZ31B Mg Welds Made by CSC MIG,” General Motors report, September 15, 2008.

47. Y. K. Yang, R. A. Dodd and S. Kou, “CSC MIG Welding of Al-Coated AZ31B Mg Alloy,” General Motors report, December 15, 2008.

C.1.5 Friction Stir Welding (effect of welding conditions on joint strength, liquid formation and cracking in stir zone during welding)

48. V. Firouzdor and S. Kou, “Al-to-Cu Friction Stir Lap Welding”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 43, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 303-315.

49. V. Firouzdor and S. Kou, “Al-to-Mg Friction Stir Butt Welding: Effect of Material Position, Travel Speed and Rotation Speed”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 41, Issue 11, 2010, pp. 2914-2935.

50. V. Firouzdor and S. Kou, “Formation of Liquid and Intermetallics in Al-to-Mg Friction Stir Welding”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 41, Issue 12, 2010, pp. 3238-3251.

51. R. Heideman, C. Johnson and S. Kou, “Metallurgical Analysis of Aluminum/Copper Friction Stir Spot Welding”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 15, No. 7, 2010, pp. 597-604.

52. V. Firouzdor, J. H. Fournelle and S. Kou, “PENEPMA: A Useful Tool in Intermetallic Phase Identification along the Joint Interface of Al-Mg Dissimilar Metal Friction Stir Welds”, Microsc. Microanal. 16 (Suppl 2), 2010, pp. 1500-1501.

53. V. Firouzdor and S. Kou, “Al-to-Mg Friction Stir Welding: Effect of Positions of Al and Mg with Respect to the Welding Tool,” Welding Journal, vol. 88, 2009, pp. 213s-224s.

54. Y. K. Yang, H. Dong, H. Cao, Y. A. Chang and S. Kou, “Liquation of Mg Alloys in Friction-Stir Spot Welding,” Welding Journal, vol. 87, 2008, pp. 167s-177s.

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55. Y. K. Yang, H. Dong and S. Kou, “Liquation Tendency and Liquid-Film Formation in Friction-Stir Spot Welding,” Welding Journal, vol. 87, August 2008, pp. 202s-211s.

56. G. Cao and S. Kou: “Friction Stir Welding of 2219 Aluminum: Behavior of (Al2Cu) particles,” Welding Journal, vol. 84, 2005, pp. 1s-8s.

C.1.6 Macrosegregation in Fusion Zone (Mechanisms proposed and verified for macroscopic solute segregation caused by welding two different materials or by using filler metals different from the workpiece in composition, which is common practice in welding but can cause cracking and corrosion)

57. T. Soysal, S. Kou, D. Tat and T. Pasang, “Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Metal Fusion Welding”, Acta Materialia, vol. 110, 2016, 149-160.

58. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Macrosegregation in Al-Si Welds Made with Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 15, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1-14.

59. Y. K. Yang and S. Kou, “Macrosegregation Mechanisms in Arc Welds Made with Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 15, No. 1, 2010, pp. 15-30.

60. S. Kou and Y. K. Yang, “Macrosegregation in Arc Welds Caused by Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Trends in Welding Research, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, edited by S. A. David, T. DebRoy, J. N. DuPont, T. Koseki, H. B. Smartt, p. 53-59, 2009 ASM International.

61. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Macrosegregation in Cu-30Ni Welds Made with Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 13, No. 4, 2008, pp. 318-326.

62. S. Kou and Y. K. Yang, “Fusion-Boundary Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Filler Welds”, Welding Journal, vol. 86, 2007, pp. 303s to 312s.

63. Y. K. Yang and S. Kou, “Fusion-Boundary Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Filler Al-Cu Welds”, Welding Journal, vol. 86, 2007, pp. 331s to 339s.

64. Y. K. Yang and S. Kou, “Weld-Bottom Macrosegregation Caused by Dissimilar Filler Metals, Welding Journal, vol. 86, 2007, pp. 379s to 387s.

65. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Mechanisms of Macrosegregation Formation along Fusion Boundary in Welds Made with Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Materials Science and Technology (MS&T 2007), V. L. Acoff, P. W. Hochanadel, J. Schneider, J. F. Quinn, T. J. Lienert, L. Li and Y. Zhou, September 16-20, 2007, Detroit, MI, 2007, pp. 329-340.

66. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Evidence of Macrosegregation along Fusion Boundary in Welds Made with Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Materials Science and Technology (MS&T 2007), organized by V. L. Acoff, P. W. Hochanadel, J. Schneider, J. F. Quinn, T. J. Lienert, L. Li and Y. Zhou, September 16-20, 2007, Detroit, MI, 2007, pp. 349-360.

67. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Filler Metals and Fusion-Boundary Macrosegregation in Welds,” Proceedings of the Inter-University Research Seminar (IURS) on Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, November 29 – 30, 2007, pp. 1-11.

C.1.7 Dissimilar-Metal Welding (weldability of Al and Mg to steel, which is needed as Al and Mg are increasingly used for vehicle weight reduction)

68. H. Dong, L. Yang, C. Dong and S. Kou, “Improving arc joining of Al to steel and Al to stainless steel”, Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 534, 2012, pp. 424–435.

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69. H. Dong, L. Yang, C. Dong and S. Kou, “Arc Joining of Aluminum Alloy to Stainless Steel with Flux-cored Zn-based Filler Metal”, Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 527, 2010, pp. 7151-7154.

70. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Joining Mg to Coated Steel,” report submitted to General Motors, November 2007.

71. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Intermittent Gas-Metal Arc Lap Welding of Aluminum to Galvanized Steel,” report submitted to General Motors, June 2007.

72. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Gas-Metal Arc Lap Welding of Aluminum to Galvanized Steel along and within the Aluminum Edge,” report submitted to General Motors, March 2007.

73. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Friction Stir Welding; Part I. Friction Stir Lap Welding,” report submitted to General Motors, October 2006.

74. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Friction Stir Welding; Part II. Friction Stir Spot Welding,” report submitted to General Motors, October 2006.

75. H. Dong and S. Kou, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum to Steel and Mg, report submitted to General Motors, June 2006.

76. G. Cao, S. Kou and R. A. Dodd, “Dissimilar Metal Joining – Friction Stir Welding of Al to Steel,” report submitted to General Motors, December 2005.

77. W. Tan, S. Kou, Y.-L. Chen and X. Q. Gayden, “Welding Aluminum to Galvanized Steel: Regular Gas-Metal Arc Welding,” submitted to General Motors for approval for publication in Welding Journal, June 2005.

78. W. Tan, S. Kou, Y.-L. Chen and X. Q. Gayden, “Welding Aluminum to Galvanized Steel: Adaptive-Pulsed vs. Regular Gas-Metal Arc Welding,” submitted to General Motors for approval for publication in Welding Journal, June 2005.

79. W. Tan, R. A. Dodd, S. Kou, Y.-L. Chen and X. Q. Gayden, “Welding Aluminum to Coated Steels: Effect of Coatings on Strength and Corrosion,” submitted to General Motors for approval for publication in Welding Journal, June 2005.

80. C. Huang and S. Kou, and R. A. Dodd, “Dissimilar metal joining,” reported submitted to General Motors, August 2003.

81. C. Huang and S. Kou, and R. A. Dodd, “Dissimilar metal joining,” reported submitted to General Motors, February 2003.

C.1.8 Transport Phenomena in Welding (fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in welding, which dominate the weld microstructure and shape (adequate penetration and fusion critical for weld safety)

82. B. Wang, F. Zhang, W. Cao, S. Chen, S. Kou, “Computational Kinetics Simulation of Precipitation and Dissolution of Gamma Prime (γ’) in Heat Treating and Welding of 718plus Superalloy”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 46A, 2015, pp. 115-122.

83. B. Wang, F. Zhang, S. Chen, S. Kou, “Computational simulation of diffusion process in multicomponent and multiphase systems in diffusion bonding”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining”, vol. 18, 2013, No. 6, pp. 451-457.

84. S. Kou, C. Limmaneevichitr and P. S. Wei, “Oscillatory Marangoni Flow: A Fundamental Study by Conduction-Mode Laser Spot Welding”, Welding Journal, vol. 90, 2011, pp. 229-s to 240-s.

85. S. Kou, “Recent Developments in Transport Phenomena in Fusion Welding,” Keynote paper on Transport Phenomena in Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research, edited by S. A. David, T. DeRoy, J.

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C. Lippold, H. B. Smartt, and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2003, pp. 104-111.

86. T. DebRoy and S. Kou, “Chapter 3: Heat Flow in Welding”, in Welding Handbook, 9th edition, vol. 1, American Welding Society, Miami, FL, 2001, p. 88.

87. C. Limmaneevichitr and S. Kou, “Flow Visualization Demonstrating Surface-Tension Driving Convection in the Weld Pool”, in Proceedings of 4th UICEE Annual Conference on Engineering Education, Bangkok, Thailand, 7-10 February 2001, edited by Z. J. Pudlowski, UNESCO International Center for Engineering Education, pp. 383-386.

88. C. Limmaneevichitr and S. Kou, “Visualization of Marangoni Convection in Simulated Weld Pools”, Welding Journal, vol. 79, 2000, p. 126-s.

89. C. Limmaneevichitr and S. Kou, “Experiments to Simulate Effect of Marangoni Convection on Weld Pool Shape”, Welding Journal, vol. 79, 2000, p. 231-s.

90. C. Limmaneevichitr and S. Kou, “Visualization of Marangoni Convection in Simulated Weld Pools Containing a Surface-Active Agent”, Welding Journal, vol. 79, 2000, p. 324-s.

91. C. Limmaneevichitr and S. Kou, “Physical Simulation of Marangoni Convection in Weld Pools”, Proceedings of NASA Microgravity Materials Science Conference, February 1999, p. 393.

92. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "Weld Pool Convection and Expansion Due to Density Variations", Numerical Heat Transfer, part A, vol. 17, 1990, p. 73.

93. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "Electromagnetic-Force-Induced Convection in Weld Pools with a Free Surface", Welding Journal, vol. 69, 1990, p. 241-s.

94. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Welding Arcs Produced by Sharpened and Flat Electrodes", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33, 1990, p. 2089.

95. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "Marangoni Convection in Weld Pools with a Free Surface", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, vol. 9, 1989, p. 1503.

96. M. Lu and S. Kou: "Power Inputs in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum-Part I. Droplet Heat Content", Welding Journal, vol. 68, 1989, p. 382-s.

97. M. Lu and S. Kou: "Power Inputs in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum - Part II. Arc and Cathode Heating", Welding Journal, vol. 68, 1989, p. 452-s.

98. M. Lu and S. Kou: "Power and Current Distributions in Gas-Tungsten Arcs", Welding Journal, vol. 67, 1988, p. 29-s.

99. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "Laser Beam Welding - A General Line Heat Source Solution", in Power Beam 88, edited by E. A. Metzbower, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1988, p. 131.

100. M. C. Tsai and S. Kou: "The Advantages of Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates in Simulating Marangoni Convection in Deformed Weld Pools", in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes IV, edited by A. F. Giamei and G. J. Abbaschian, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988, p. 409.

101. S. Kou, E. Friedman, H. Ferguson and S. S. Glickstein: Chapter 3, Heat Flow in Welding, Welding Handbook, 8th edition, vol. 1, American Welding Society, Miami, FL, 1987, p. 65-87.

102. S. Kou and Y. H. Wang: "Weld Pool Convection and Its Effect", Welding Journal, vol. 65, 1986, p. 63s.

103. S. Kou and Y. H. Wang: "Three-Dimensional Convection in Laser Melted Pools", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 17A, 1986, p. 2265.

104. S. Kou and Y. H. Wang: "Computer Simulation of Convection in Moving Arc Weld Pools", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 17A, 1986, p. 2271.

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105. Y. H. Wang and S. Kou: "3-D Weld Pool Convection - A Dimensionless Presentation", in Modeling and Control of Casting and Welding Processes, edited by S. Kou and R. Mehrabian, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA, 1986, p. 197.

106. Y. H. Wang and S. Kou: "Driving Forces for Convection in Weld Pools", in Advances in Welding Science and Technology, edited by S. A. David, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1986, p. 65.

107. S. Kou and D. K. Sun: "Fluid Flow and Weld Penetration in Stationary Arc Welds", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 16A, 1985, p. 203.

108. S. Kou and M. C. Tsai: "Thermal Analysis of Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding Electrodes", Welding Journal, vol. 64, 1985, p. 266s.

109. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Heat Flow During the Autogenous GTA Welding of Pipes", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 15A, 1984, p. 1165.

110. S. Kou and Y. Le: "Three-Dimensional Heat Flow and Solidification during Autogenous GTA Welding of Aluminum Plates”, Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 14A, 1983, pp. 2245-2253.

111. S. Kou: "Welding, Glazing and Heat Treating - A Dimensional Analysis of Heat Flow", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 13A, 1982, p. 363.

112. S. Kou, T. Kanevsky and S. Fyfitch: "Welding Thin Plates of Aluminum Alloys: A Quantitative Heat-Flow Analysis", Welding Journal, vol. 62, 1982, p. 175s.

113. S. Kou: "Simulation of Heat Flow During the Welding of Thin Plates", Metallurgical Transactions A, 1981, vol. 12A, p. 2025.

114. S. Kou: "3-Dimensional Heat Flow During Welding (of Infinitely Thick Sections)", in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA, 1981, p. 129.

C.1.9 Welding of Steels 115. T. Zhang, Z. Li, S. Kou, S. Ma and H. Jing, “Metal-cored wires for

welding 600-900 MPa ultra low carbon bainitic steels: microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited metals", Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, accepted, July 2015.

116. X. Chai, J. C. Bundy, M. A. Amata, S. S. Babu C. Zhang, F. Zhang, S. Chen and S. Kou, “Creep Rupture Performance of Welds of P91 Pipe Steel”, Welding Journal, vol. 94, 2015, pp. 145s-157s.

117. T. Zhang, Z. Li, S. Kou, H. Jing, G. Li, H. Li and H. J. Kim, “Effect of inclusions on microstructure and toughness of deposited metals of self-shielded flux cored wires”, Materials Science and Engineering A, 628 (2015) 332-339.

C.2 CASTING

C.2.1 Casting of Metal-Matrix Composites with Nano Particles (nano particles of ceramics dispersed in Mg melts by ultrasonic waves before casting)

118. H. Choi, Y. Sun, H. Konishi, S. Kou, X. C. Li, “Nanoparticles-Induced Superior Hot Tearing Resistance of A206 Alloy”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2013, Volume 44, Issue 4, pp. 1897-1907.

119. M. De Cicco, H. Konishi, G. Cao, H. Choi, L. Turng, J. H. Perepezko, S. Kou, R. Lakes and X. Li, “Strong, Ductile Magnesium-Zinc Nanocomposites,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 40A, No. 12, 2009, pp. 3038-3045.

120. G. Cao, H. Choi, H. Konishi, S. Kou, R. Lakes and X. Li, “Mg-6Zn/1.5%SiC Nanocomposite Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification

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Processing,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, No. 16, August 2008, pp. 5521-5526.

121. G. Cao, H. Choi, H. Konishi, S. Kou, R. Lakes and X. Li, “Mg-6Zn/1.5%SiC Nanocomposite Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification Processing,” Magnesium Technology 2008, edited by M. Pekguleryuz, E. Nyberg, R. S. Beals and N. Neelameggham TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2008, pp. 133-138.

122. X. Li, R. Lakes, S. Kou, J. Groza and K. Gall, “Study on Magnesium/SiC Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification Processing,” Proceedings of 2008 NSF Engineering Research and Innovation Conference, Knoxiville, TN, Grant # 0506767.

123. X. Li, R. Lakes, S. Kou, J. Groza and K. Gall, “NIRT/GOALI: Fundamental Study of Bulk Magnesium Alloy Matrix Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification Processing,” Proceedings of NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees Conference, Dec. 4-6, 2006, Grant # 0506767.

C.2.2 Hot Tearing in Castings (cracking during solidification in casting)

124. J. Liu and S. Kou, “Crack Susceptibility of Binary Aluminum Alloys”, Shape Casting: 6th International Symposium, Edited by: Murat Tiryakiogˇlu, Mark Jolly, and Glenn Byczynski, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2016.

125. G. Cao, C. Zhang, H. Cao, Y. A. Chang and S. Kou, “Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Ternary Mg-Al-Sr Alloy Castings,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 41A, 2010, pp. 706-716.

126. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Onset of Hot Tearing in Ternary Mg-Al-Sr Alloy Castings,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 41A, 2010, pp. 2139-2150.

127. I. Haygood and S. Kou, “Hot Tearing/Composition Map for the Mg-Al-Zn System”, in preparation.

128. S. Kou and I. Haygood, “Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Nine Ni-Base Superalloys”, Report submitted to ALCOA-Howmet, September 30, 2009.

129. I. Haygood and S. Kou, “Minor Phases and Hot Tearing in Three Ni-Base Superalloys,” Report submitted to ALCOA-Howmet, May 19, 2009.

130. I. Haygood and S. Kou, “Assessing Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Ni-Base Superalloys by Constrained-Rod Casting,” Report submitted to ALCOA-Howmet, October 15, 2008.

131. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Real-Time Monitoring of Hot Tearing in AZ91E Magnesium Casting,” Transactions of the American Foundry Society, vol. 115, 2007, paper 07-034.

132. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Hot Cracking of Mg-Al-Ca Alloy Castings,” in Magnesium Technology 2007, ed. R. S. Beals, A. A. Luo, N. R. Neelameggham, and M. O. Pekguleryuz, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2007, pp. 133-138.

133. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Hot Tearing in Ternary Mg-Al-Ca Alloy Castings,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 37A, 2006, pp. 3647-3663.

134. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Ternary Mg-Al-Ca Alloys,” Advanced Materials Research, vols. 15-17 (2007), pp. 501-506.

135. G. Cao, S. Kou and Y. A. Chang, “Hot Cracking Susceptibility of Binary Mg-Al Alloys”, in Magnesium Technology 2006 (Editors: A. A. Luo, N. R. Neelameggham and R. S. Beals), TMS (The Minerals, Metals and materials Society), 2006, pp.57-61.

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136. G. Cao and S. Kou, “Hot Cracking of Binary Mg-Al Alloy Castings,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 417, 2006, pp. 230-238.

C.2.3 Microsegregation, Solidification Paths and Microstructure (which govern properties and performance of resultant castings)

137. C. Zhang, H. Cao, V. Firouzdor, S. Kou and Y. A. Chang, “Microstructure Investigations of Directionally Solidified Mg-rich Alloys Containing Al, Ca and Sn,” Intermetallics, 2010, vol. 18, pp. 1597-1602.

138. H. Cao, C. Zhang, J. Zhu, G. Cao, S. Kou, R. Schmid-Fetzer and Y A. Chang, “Experiments Coupled with Modeling to Establish the Mg-rich Phase Equilibria of Mg-Al-Ca”, Acta Materialia, volume 56 , issue 18 , 2008, pp. 5245 – 5254.

139. H. Cao, C. Zhang, J. Zhu, G. Cao, S. Kou, R. Schmid-Fetzer and Y.A. Chang, “A computational/directional solidification method to establish saddle points on the Mg-Al-Ca liquidus”, Scripta Materialia (2008), 58(5), 397-400.

140. C. Zhang, H. B. Cao, G. P. Cao, S. Kou and Y. A. Chang, “The Solidification of Magnesium-Rich Alloys Containing Al, Ca and Sr,” JOM (Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials), 2008, 12, pp. 48-51.

141. C. Zhang, D. Ma, K-S Wu, H-B Cao, G-P Cao, S. Kou, Y. A. Chang, X. –Y. Yan, “Microstructure and Microsegregation in Directionally Solidified Mg-4Al Alloy”, Intermetallics, 2007, 15, pp. 1395-1400.

142. H. Cao, C. Zhang, J. Zhu, G. Cao, S. Kou, Y.A. Chang, “Microstructural Examination of Directionally Solidified Mg Alloys Confirming Mg-rich Phase Equilibria of Mg-Al-Ca”, in Automotive Light Metal Castings (Editors: Mei Li, Qigui Wang, Thomas Prucha, Douglas Matson), MS&T (Materials Science & Technology) 2007, pp. 423-434.

143. C. Zhang, D. Ma, K. Wu, H. Cao, J. Zhu, G. Cao, S. Kou and Y. A. Chang, “Microsegregation and Microstructure in Directionally Solidified Mg-4Al, Mg5Al3Ca and AXJ520 Alloys”, in Magnesium Technology 2006 (Editors: A. A. Luo, N. R. Neelameggham and R. S. Beals), TMS (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society), 2006, pp. 45-50.

C.2.4 Macrosegregation in Ingots (solute segregation across ingots and methods to reduce it)

144. S. Kou: "Macrosegregation in ESR Ingots", Modern Engineering and Technology Seminar, vol. 4, August 1982, Taipei, Taiwan, p. 127.

145. S. D. Ridder, R. Mehrabian and S. Kou: "A Review of Our Present Understanding of Macrosegregation in Axi-Symmetric Ingots", in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA, 1981, p. 261.

146. S. Kou, D. R. Poirier, M. Flemings, "Macrosegregation in Rotated Remelted Ingots," Metallurgical Transactions B, vol. 9B, 1978, pp. 711-719.

147. D. R. Poirier, S Kou, T. Fujii, and M. C. Flemings: “Electroslag Remelting”, Final Report prepared for Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, MA, June 1978.

148. S. Kou, D. R. Poirier and M. C. Flemings: "Macrosegregation in Electroslag Remelted Ingots", Electric Furnace Proceedings, 1977, vol. 35, p. 221.

149. S. Kou, D. R. Poirier and M. C. Flemings: "Electroslag Remelting", Report prepared for Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, MA, 1977.

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150. D. R. Poirier, S. Kou, R. Furlong and M. C. Flemings: "Electroslag Remelting", Report prepared for Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, MA, 1976.

C.2.5 Transport Phenomena in Casting (fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in melt and its effect on castings)

151. Y. H. Wang, Y. J. Kim and S. Kou: "Thermal Measurement and Computer Modeling of Heat and Fluid Flow in Crystal Growth by Ohno Continuous Casting," Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 91, 1988, p. 50.

152. Y. J. Kim and S. Kou: "An Experimental Study on Process Variables in Crystal Growth by Ohno Continuous Casting", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 19A, 1988, p. 1849.

153. Y. J. Kim, C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Directional Solidification by Ohno Continuous Casting," in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes IV, edited by A. F. Giamei and G. J. Abbaschian, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1988, p. 447.

154. S. Kou and C. W. Lan: "An Experimental and Computer-Aided Study on a Pressurized-Gas Continuous Casting Process," in Continuous Casting of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, edited by H. D. Merchant and D. E. Tyler, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, PA, 1989, p. 153.

155. S. Ridder, S. Kou and R. Mehrabian: "The Effect of Fluid Flow on Macrosegregation in Axi-Symmetric Ingots," Metallurgical Transactions B, 1981, vol. 12B, p. 435.

C.3 CRYSTAL GROWTH

C.3.1 Crystal Growth of Metallic, Ceramic and Organic Materials (for structural, electronic and optical applications)

156. X. Fan and S. Kou, “Czochralski Growth of NiAl Single Crystals”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 204, 1999, p.108.

157. W. Li and S. Kou,” Ni-base Superalloy Rods Pulled from Melts”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 177, 1997, p.140.

158. S. Kou and C. P. Chen: "Modified Floating-Zone Growth of Organic Single Crystals", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 137, 1994, p. 663.

159. M. H. Lin and S. Kou: "Crystal Pulling with a Floating Nonwetted Shaper", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 130, 1993, p. 507.

160. M. H. Lin and S. Kou: "Crystal Pulling With a Floating Wetted Shaper", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 132, 1993, p. 467.

161. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "A Simple Method for Improving Stability of a Floating Melt Zone", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 118, 1992, p. 151.

162. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Shortened Floating Zone Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 119, 1992, p. 281.

163. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Floating-Zone Crystal Growth with a Heated and Immersed Shaper - Experiments", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 108, 1991, p. 541.

C.3.2 Macrosegregation along Crystals and Its Elimination (methods to keep dopant or solute concentration uniform along crystals - against the natural tendency to segregate)

164. J. He and S. Kou, “Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski Growth of Ga1-xInxAs Single Crystals with Uniform Compositions,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 308, 2007, pp. 10-18.

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165. S. C. Tsaur and S. Kou, “Czochralski Growth of Ga1-xInxSb Single Crystals with Uniform Compositions,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 307, 2007, pp. 268-277.

166. S. C. Tsaur and S. Kou, “Growth of Ga1-xInxSb Crystals by Conventional Czochralski Pulling,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 249, 2003, pp. 470-476.

167. J. He and S. Kou, “A New Double Crucible Technique for LEC Growth of In-doped GaAs Crystals,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 208, 2000, p. 42.

168. J. He and S. Kou, “Double Crucible LEC Growth of In-doped GaAs Using Inner Crucibles with a Bottom Tube,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 211, 2000, p. 163.

169. J. He and S. Kou, “LEC Growth of In-doped GaAs with Bottom Solid Feeding”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 216, 2000, pp. 21-25.

170. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, “Czochralski Pulling of InSb Single Crystals from a Molten Zone on a Solid Feed”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 193, 1998, p. 443.

171. Y. Tao and S. Kou, “Segregation Reduction in Vertical Bridgman Crystal Growth of CdZnTe”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 181, 1997, p.301.

172. Y. Tao and S. Kou, “Segregation Control in Horizontal Bridgman Crystal Growth”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 165, 1996, p. 195

173. Y. Tao and S. Kou, "Segregation Control in Vertical Bridgman Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 169, 1996, p. 368.

174. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, “Shape and Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Growth”, Solidification Science and Processing, ed. by I. Ohnaka and D. M. Stefanescu, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1996, p. 241.

175. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, "Segregation Control in Czochralski Pulling of InSb Single Crystals," Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 152, 1995, p. 256.

176. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, "Further Report on Dopant Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Growth with a Wetted Float", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 135, 1994, p. 643.

177. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, "Dopant Segregation in Crystal Pulling with Bottom Melt Replenishing", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 142, 1994, p. 392.

178. M. H. Lin and S. Kou, "Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Pulling", International Conference on Novel Techniques in Synthesis and Processing of Advanced Materials, ed. by J. Singh and S. M. Copley, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, 1994, p. 385.

179. M. H. Lin and S. Kou: "Dopant Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Growth with a Wetted Float", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 132, 1993, p. 461.

180. M. H. Lin and S. Kou: "Simultaneous Segregation and Shape Control in Crystal Pulling Using a Nonwetted Float", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 134, 1993, p. 287.

C.3.3 Transport Phenomena in Crystal Growth (fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in melt and their effect on crystal growth)

181. Y. Yang and S. Kou, “Temperature Oscillation in a Tin Liquid Bridge and Critical Marangoni Number Dependency on Prandtl Number”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 222, 2001, p. 135.

182. M. C. Cheng and S. Kou, “Detecting Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Bridge of Molten Silicon”, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 218, 2000, p. 136.

183. M. Cheng and S. Kou, “Thermocapillary Convection in a Low Pr Material Under Simulated Reduced-Gravity Conditions”, Fourth Microgravity Fluid Physics Conference, Cleveland, OH, August 12-14, 1998, p. 86.

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184. Y. Tao and S. Kou, “Thermocapillary Convection in a Low Pr Material Under Simulated Reduced-Gravity Conditions”, Third Microgravity Fluid Physics Conference, Cleveland, OH, June 13-15, 1996, NASA Conference Publication 3338, 1996, p. 301.

185. Y. Tao, R. Sakidja and S. Kou, "Computer Simulation and Flow Visualization of Thermocapillary Flow in a Silicone-Oil Floating Zone", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 38, 1995, p. 503.

186. Y. Tao and S. Kou: "Flow Visualization in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth - A Videotape Movie", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 137, 1994, p. 72.

187. Y. Tao, B. Xiong and S. Kou, "Thermocapillary Convection in Floating Zones Under Simulated Reduced-Gravity Conditions", Second Microgravity Fluid Physics Conference, Cleveland, OH, June 21-23, 1994, NASA Conference Publication, 3276, p. 45.

188. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Formulation for Correcting Optical Distortions Due to a Transparent Floating Zone", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 132, 1993, p. 471.

189. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Radial Dopant Segregation in Zero-Gravity Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 132, 1993, p. 578.

190. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Effect of Rotation on Radial Dopant Segregation in Microgravity Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 133, 1993, p. 309.

191. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth with a Mostly Covered Melt Surface", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, 1992, p. 433.

192. C. W. Lan, S. Kou and B. C. Liao: "Effect of Rotation on Microgravity Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", 8th European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, 1992, p. 103.

193. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Thermocapillary Flow and Natural Convection in a Melt Column with an Unknown Melt/Solid Interface", International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids, vol. 12, 1991, p. 59.

194. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Floating-Zone Crystal Growth with a Heated and Immersed Shaper - Computer Simulation", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 108, 1991, p. 340.

195. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Floating-Zone Crystal Growth with a Heated Ring Covering the Melt Surface", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 108, 1991, p. 1.

196. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow and Interface Shapes in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 108, 1991, p. 351.

197. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Effects of Rotation on Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow and Interfaces in Normal Gravity Floating Zone Crystal Growth", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 114, 1991, p. 517.

198. C. W. Lan and S. Kou: "Thermocapillary Flow and Melt/Solid Interfaces During Floating-Zone Crystal Growth Under Microgravity", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 102, 1990, p. 1043.

199. C. W. Lan, Y. J. Kim and S. Kou: "A Half-Zone Study of Marangoni Convection in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth Under Microgravity", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 104, 1990, p. 801.

200. Y. J. Kim and S. Kou: "Thermocapillary Convection in Zone-Melting Crystal Growth -An Open-Boat Physical Simulation", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 98, 1989, p. 637.

C.4 RAPID SOLIDIFICATION

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(heat transfer during rapid solidification by laser surface melting)

201. J. A. Sekhar, S. Kou and R. Mehrabian: "Heat Flow Model for Surface Melting and Solidification of an Alloy", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 14A, 1983, p. 1169.

202. S. Kou, S. C. Hsu and R. Mehrabian: "Rapid Melting and Solidification of a Surface due to a Moving Heat Flux", Metallurgical Transactions B, 1981, vol. 12B, p. 33.

203. S. C. Hsu, S. Kou and R. Mehrabian: "Rapid Melting and Solidification of a Surface due to a Stationary Heat Flux", Metallurgical Transactions B, 1980, vol. 11B, p. 29.

204. R. Mehrabian, S. Kou and S. C. Hsu: "Laser Surface Melting and Solidification -Moving Heat Flux", The Applications of Lasers in Materials Processing, American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 213.

205. R. Mehrabian, S. C. Hsu, C. G. Levi and S. Kou: "Heat Flow Limitations in Rapid Solidification Processing", in Proceedings of Sagamore Conference on Recent Advances in Metal Processing, January, 1979.

206. R. Mehrabian, S. C. Hsu, S. Kou and A. Munitz: "Laser Surface Melting and Subsequent Solidification", Laser-Solid Interactions and Laser Processing, 1978, p. 129.

C.5 HEAT TREATING

(surface hardening of steels with a defocused laser beam)

207. S. Kou and D. K. Sun: "A Fundamental Study of Laser Transformation Hardening", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 14A, 1983, p. 643.

208. S. Kou and D. K. Sun: "Heat Flow during the Laser Transformation Hardening of Cylindrical Bodies", Metallurgical Transactions A, vol. 14A, 1983, p. 1859.

C.6 THERMODYNAMICS (thermodynamics of alloys and intermetallic compounds)

209. S. Kou and W. W. Liang: "A Critical Evaluation of the Solid and Liquid

Phases in the Ag-Cd System", Chinese Journal of Materials Science, 1980, vol. 12, p. 7.

210. S. Lau, Y. A. Chang and S. Kou: "Thermodynamic Properties of the 1-NiZn

Intermetallic Phase Exhibiting the CsCl-Structure", Metallurgical Transactions, 1974, vol. 5, p. 1979.

211. S. Kou and Y. A. Chang: "Thermodynamics of Ordered Alloys", Acta Metallurgia, 1975, vol. 2, p. 1185.

212. S. Kou and Y. A. Chang: "Thermodynamics of 1-NiZn and -NiZn Phases",

Metallurgical Transactions, 1975, vol. 6, p. 245.

213. S. Kou and Y. A. Chang: "Thermodynamics of the -AuZn and '-AuZn Phases", Metallurgical Transactions, 1975, vol. 6, p. 39.

D. INVITED LECTURES

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1. S. Kou: “Gas-Metal Arc Welding of Magnesium Alloys”, Keynote Lecture, 21th Beijing ESSEN Welding & Cutting Fair, Shanghai, China, June 15, 2015 (declined).

2. S. Kou, “Arc Welding of Mg Alloys”, Keynote Lecture, Conference of Metallurgists 2015, Vancouver, Canada, September 29, 2014.

3. S. Kou, Gas Porosity and Liquation Cracking in Mg Welds, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan June 5, 2015.

4. S. Kou, “Metallurgical Issues in Welding of Magnesium Alloys”, Keynote Lecture, International Conference on Processing and Characterization of Materials, IUMRS-ICEM 2014, June 10-14, 2014, Taipei, Taiwan.

5. S. Kou, “Formation and Elimination of Defects in Magnesium Arc Welds”, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, June 12, 2015.

6. S. Kou, International Institute of Welding International Congress 2014 on Advancement in Welding, Cutting & Surfacing Technologies for Improved Economy, Reliability & Sustainable Environment organized by the Indian Institute of Welding at New Delhi during 9–11 April 2014 – Invitation to give invited talk (declined).

7. S. Kou, 3rd International Welding Technology Conference and Exhibition, (http://icwet14.cbu.edu.tr/) Manisa, Turkey, May 21-23, 2014 – Invitation to give invited talk (declined).

8. S. Kou, C. Limmaneevichitr and P. S. Wei, Keynote Speaker (S. Kou), “Effect of Surface-Active Agent on Weld Pool and Marangoni Flow”, International Welding and Joining Conference, Jeju, South Korea, 2012 (declined),

9. S. Kou, “Fundamental Metallurgical Issues in Welding Mg Alloys”, Invited lecture, International Workshop on Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys, July 28-29, 2011, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

10. S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Friction Stir Welding”, COMIMSA, Saltillo, Mexico, August 12, 2010.

11. S. Kou, “Hot Cracking in Welds of Al and Mg Alloys”, Keynote lecture at the 3rd International Hot Cracking Workshop, March 15-16, 2010, Columbus, OH.

12. S. Kou, “Friction-Stir Welding: Some Recent Progress at UW-Madison,” National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, May 27, 2009.

13. S. Kou, Macrosegregation in Steel Welds”, China Steel Corporation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, May 26, 2009.

14. S. Kou, “Macrosegregation and Cracking along Fusion Boundary of Arc Welds,” University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 29, 2008.

15. S. Kou and Y. K. Yang, “Macrosegregation in Arc Welds Caused by Dissimilar Filler Metals”, Keynote lecture at 8th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research (organized by ASM International and American Welding Society), Pine Mountain, GA, June 1-6, 2008.

16. S. Kou, “Hot Cracking in Arc Welding, Friction-Stir Spot Welding and Casting,” Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA, July 20, 2007.

17. S. Kou, “Assessing and Detecting Hot Tearing in Mg-alloy Castings,” Alcoa-Howmet Inc., Whitehall, MI, June 11, 2007.

18. S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Aluminum Welds,” THERMEC 2006, Vancouver, Canada, July 3-8, 2006.

19. S. Kou, “Role of Transport Phenomena in Welding,” National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, July 19, 2006.

20. S. Kou, “Liquation Cracking in Aluminum Welds,” National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, July 17, 2006.

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21. S. Kou, “Hot Tearing in New Mg Alloys during Casting,” Tsinghua University, Beijing, June 28, 2006.

22. S. Kou, “Lectures on Welding Metallurgy,” Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, June 14-26, 2006.

23. S. Kou, “Liquation and Liquation Cracking in Aluminum Welds,” Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, August 15-16, 2005.

24. “Liquation-Induced Problems in Aluminum Welding”, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, July 3, 2000.

25. “Liquation in Aluminum Welds”, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, July 1999.

26. “Marangoni Convection and Weld Pool Shape”, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, July 6, 1999.

27. “Physical Simulation of Weld-Pool Marangoni Convection and Its Effect”, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA October 25, 1999.

28. “Thermocapillary Convection in Materials Processing”, Lindbergh Lecture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, December 9, 1999.

29. “Czochralski Growth of GaInSb Crystals”, Workshop held at General Electric R&D Center, Schenectady, NY, February 1998.

30. “Crystal Growth Technology”, Orbital Technologies Corporation, Madison, WI, September 1996.

31. “Shape and Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Growth”, 117th Meeting of Japanese Institute of Metals, Honolulu, Hawaii, December 1995.

32. "Shape and Segregation Control in Czochralski Crystal Growth", Howmet Corporation, White Hall, MI, August 1994.

33. "Laser and Electron Beam Welding Technology", 35th H. R. Bergmann Memorial Seminar, ASM, Milwaukee, WI, April 1993.

34. "Computer Simulation in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", Keynote Speaker, Second Conference on Computer Modeling in Crystal Growth, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, May 1992.

35. "Flow Visualization in Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, June 1992.

36. "Improving Stability of the Melt Zone in Floating Zone Crystal Growth", Albert-Ludwig-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany, October 1992.

37. "Floating-Zone Crystal Growth", Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH, September 1990.

38. "Computer Modeling in Materials Processing", National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, July 1988.

39. "Computer Modeling in Electronic Materials Processing", National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, July 1988.

40. "Solidification Cracking in Welds", Chun-San National Academy of Science, Tao Yuan, Taiwan, July 1988.

41. "Computer Modeling in Materials Processing", Chun-San National Academy of Science, Tao Yuan, Taiwan, July 1988.

42. "Welding Metallurgy", five lectures given at the National Research Council Workshop, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, July 1988.

43. "Computer Simulation in Solidification Processing", DARPA Workshop on Computer Modeling and Materials Processing, Greenbrier, VA, August 1988.

44. "Power Inputs in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum", ALCOA Technical Center, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, September 1987.

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45. "Experimental Study and Computer Simulation of Ohno Continuous Casting", Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, December 1987.

46. "Review of Solidification Phenomena in Aluminum Welds", ALCOA Hall Centennial Conference on Solidification, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1986.

47. "Computer Simulation of Ohno Continuous Casting", Ohno Research Center, Tokyo, Japan, September 1986.

48. "Ohno Continuous Casting", R&D Center, China Steel Corporation, Taiwan, September 1986.

49. "Ohno Continuous Casting of Single Crystals", Metals Industry Development Center, Taiwan, September 1986.

50. "Welding of Aluminum Alloys", Metals Industry Development Center, Taiwan, September 1986.

51. "Reducing Solidification Cracking in Aluminum Welds", ALCOA Technical Center, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1985.

52. "Heat Transfer and Solidification in Arc Welding", National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, April 1983.

53. "Laser Transformation Hardening and Computer Simulation", Science Center, Rockwell International, Thousand Oaks, April 1982.

54. "Macrosegregation in Electroslag Remelted Ingots", Special Metals Corporation, New Hartford, NY, December 1982.

55. "Heat Transfer and Solidification in Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding", University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, December 1982.

56. "Macrosegregation in Electroslag Remelted Ingots", China Steel Corporation, Taiwan, August 1981.

57. "Solidification of Stainless Steel Welds", China Steel Corporation, Taiwan, August 1981.

58. "Heat Transfer Modeling in Arc Welding", Cabot Corporation, Kokomo, IN, November 1981.

59. "Laser Materials Processing", Amoco Research Center, Standard Oil of Indiana, Naperville, IL, June 1981.

60. 11. "Laser Transformation Hardening of Cylindrical Bodies", R&D Center, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, August 1981.

61. "Heat Flow in GTA Welding of Thin Sheets", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, July 1980.

62. "Macrosegregation in Ingot Casting", Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1979.

63. "Heat Transfer in Laser Surface Melting", Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1979.

64. "Macrosegregation in Ingot Casting", National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, October 1979.

65. "Electroslag Remelting", ALCOA Technical Center, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, April 1978.

66. "Ingot Casting by Electroslag Remelting", General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI, April 1978.