What Is Syntax?

So, whatis syntax?Youve probably heard ofit before, but never really known what it was. Syntax is basically the structure of sentences. Sentences have to follow certain structural rulesin order to make sense. You cant just throw any words together to make a sentence!Order words make sense need to this doesnt make sense!Words need order to make sense. Ahh! Much better!So what is the structure of a sentence? How do we know what is supposed to go where? We all havetacit knowledgeofsentence structure. This means weseem to instinctively know things but can't quite explain them.We can tell the first sentence doesnt make any sense, but the second sentence is perfectly fine. So lets investigate what sentences are made up of in order to understand the structure.PhrasesSentences are made up of smaller phrases. There are several difference types of phrase that can be used in a sentence, but the two phrases whichmustbe used in a sentence for it to make sense are anoun phraseand averb phrase.In a phrase, wemusthave a word which is called thehead. This is the core of the phrase, what the phrase cant exist without. So in a phrase like the dog or ran far away, in the first phrase dog is the head because it is the main part of the phrase, and in the second phrase ran is the head because it is essential for the phrase to exist. We can have dog ran, which isnt grammatical, butthis still makes sense since we can understand that the dog ran. But we cant have the far away, this makes no sense to us!ModifiersSo the and far away have to be given a name to distinguish them from the head. We call thesemodifiers. They modify the head and give it specific meaning. Thedeterminerthe modifies the dog because it lets us know which dog we are referring to. The phrase far away modifies the verb ran by letting us know the extent to which the dog ran.Dont worry, this will all becomea loteasier with some practise. Lets look at some types of phrases now!Noun PhraseA noun phrase is usually the person or thing that is performing the verb in the sentence. Itmay also be the person or thing that the verb is being done to in a sentence.The person doing the verb in a sentence is known as thesubject. For example, in the sentence Tom pushed the car,'Tom' is the subject of the sentence as he is pushing the car. 'The car' is the object in the sentence as the car is the object that the verb is being done to. Both of these are noun phrases.A noun phrase has to be made up of anoun, such as a name or a tangible object. Sometimes, a determiner is needed in a noun phrase, for example acat, thedog. 'A' and'The' are called determiners becausethey tell us which person or thing is involved in the sentence.SyntaxTrees

To explain sentence structures, we draw trees. Sounds silly, right? Youll soon find out that it's a lot more complicated than it looks. Lets start with this noun phrase. We know a noun phrase is made up of a determiner and a noun. First, we must label what parts of speech each of these are.

Next, we can draw two lines to join them together, creating a noun phrase!

If we look at a proper noun, we find it is a little bit different. A proper noun does not need a determiner, so we can go straight to making it another noun phrase!

Now, we can draw noun phrases for both'Tom' and'The Car'in our sentence! But we arent quite finished yet, now we need to talk aboutverb phrases.Verb PhrasesNow that we have made some noun phrases, we can move on toverb phrases. The good news is a basic verb phrase can be made up of one word. The bad news is not every sentence has a basic verb phrase. For now let's look at the basic verb phrase.So weve looked at the noun phrases of this sentence,now how does the verb phrase fit in? Well first, we identify the verb and label its part of speech.

Next, we can label it as a verb phrase. Thisis connected to the noun phrase 'The Car', so we connectthem and write the label above. But why is this the case?

We need to link all of this together. In this sentence, we must join up all of the phrases to make a tree that says 'Sentence'at the top. But we cant just simply join up the lines, we need a structure! In order to figure out the structure, we need to look at constituents and relationships in a tree next.

SyntaxPart of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of sentences and their structure.

Rules of SyntaxCombine words into phrases and phrases into sentences-Rules specify the correct word order for a language-describe the relationship between the meaning of a particular group of words and the arrangement of those words. (I say what I mean; I