SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF AN IMPROVED DESIGN FOR …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53453/25/SyahrulNizamMFKM2014.pdf · Therefore, releasing on this situation, by implementing plastic recycle

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF AN IMPROVED DESIGN FOR TEMPORARY

CRASH BARRIER USING PLASTIC RECYCLE MATERIAL

SYAHRUL NIZAM BIN KAMAR ZAMAN

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Mechanical – Advanced Manufacturing Technology)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2014

iii

To my beloved mother Sarah Binti Abdul Manaf

To my beloved wife Mizan Musfirah Binti Mustapha

To my beloved princess Nur Syauqina Mawaddah

To my beloved princess Nur Syauqina Mardhiyya

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I thank Allah S.W.T for enabling me to complete this study.

My sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Aini Zuhra Binti Abdul Kadir, for her

guidance and supervision throughout the tenure of this study. It would not be

possible without her invaluable support, advice, on-going motivation and

encouragement. I am also indebted to Majlis Amanah rakyat (MARA) for providing

funding assistant during my study.

I am also thankful to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for allowing me to use their

facilities in conducting the research. I gratefully acknowledge the technical

assistance provided by En. Mahzan bin Johar to assist and exposed me on getting

started and explore with the Abaqus software. I am also thankful to Universiti

Malaysia Perlis for the support and assistance in design the temporary barrier and to

conduct the analysis provided by En. Jamali Md Sah and Pn. Mashitah Binti Abu

Bakar. In addition, my appreciation goes to En Johan Iskandar from Universiti

Kuala Lumpur for the intense coaching and assistance in simulation the Abaqus

analysis. Without them, conducting the simulation test would not be possible.

Special thanks to all my Master colleagues that have morally helping me conducting

this research. As also thank you to the management of Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi

MARA (KKTM) Balik Pulau for allowing me to use their facilities in conducting the

research.

v

Last but not least, a special dedication to my beloved mother; Sarah Binti Abdul

Manaf, my beloved wife; Mizan Musfirah Binti Mustapha and both my princesses;

Nur Syauqina Mawaddah and Nur Syauqina Mardhiyaa, that has been the source of

my strength and inspiration, as well as siblings and close friends, for their

unconditional support and love.

vi

ABSTRACT

Plastic temporary barrier acts as a road safety device for protecting or

minimizing the risk of workers exposed to traffic flows as well as minimizing the

risk of injury to vehicle occupants in the event of collision. Plastic temporary barrier

is one of road safety device application which capable of absorbing the impact

energy during collision with errant vehicles, thus minimize the severity of injury

upon impact. Currently, all plastic temporary barriers were developed using Virgin

High Density Polyethylene (V-HDPE) material. Currently, most of production defect

and destruction temporary barrier will be scrapping which mean contributes into

plastic waste. Therefore, releasing on this situation, by implementing plastic recycle

material as alternative to control the plastic waste. Comprehending on this situation;

the study was conducted to identify the potential of using Recycled High Density

Polyethylene (R-HDPE) for road safety barrier application through make an

improvement design based on selected temporary barrier which have better energy

absorption and complies with road safety regulation.

In order to analyze the energy absorption capability of the recycled plastic, a

finite element method using Abaqus/Explicit was used to simulate a car impacting a

series of assembled temporary barrier at 90˚ and 20 ˚degrees angle following the Test

Level 0 (TL-0) of standard impact test regulation. Three types of conceptual designs

of the temporary barrier were proposed to improve the current barrier design. The

capabilities of all the barrier designs in terms of their internal energy, kinetic energy,

total energy, stress and displacement were analyzed. The tests were conducted using

both plastic material properties of primary recycle R-HDPE and V-HDPE from. The

vii

output results of both materials were compared to distinguish whether R-HDPE can

provide acceptable absorption capability as compared to V-HDPE. Overall results

showed a similar pattern of R-HDPE and V-HDPE materials in terms of energy

absorption regardless of any types of barrier design. However, Conceptual Design 2

(CD2) based on R-HDPE material that includes external ribs along the outer

structure of the barrier provides better energy absorption compared to the other two

of barrier designs. These show that the improvement design provide an influence to

the ability of R-HDPE as temporary barrier.

In conclusion, analysis of the simulated results on the primary recycled R-

HDPE temporary barrier showed a good potential of how this material can be an

alternative as a road safety device material. With the use of such recycled materials,

the amount of plastic waste can be controlled as well as supporting sustainable

manufacturing environment.

viii

ABSTRAK

Halangan sementara plastik bertindak sebagai alat keselamatan jalan raya

untuk melindungi atau mengurangkan risiko pekerja terdedah kepada aliran trafik

serta mengurangkan risiko kecederaan kepada penghuni kenderaan sekiranya berlaku

perlanggaran. Halangan sementara plastik adalah salah satu peranti keselamatan jalan

raya permohonan yang boleh menyerap tenaga kesan semasa perlanggaran dengan

kenderaan ingkar, sekali gus mengurangkan keterukan kecederaan apabila kesan.

Pada masa ini, semua halangan sementara plastik dibangunkan menggunakan bahan

baru ‘High Density Polyethylene (V-HDPE)’ yang ketara. Pada masa ini,

kebanyakan kecacatan pengeluaran dan kemusnahan halangan sementara akan

pelupusan yang bererti menyumbang ke dalam sisa plastik. Oleh itu, melepaskan

kepada keadaan ini, dengan melaksanakan bahan kitar semula plastik sebagai

alternatif untuk mengawal sisa plastik. Memahami keadaan ini; kajian ini dijalankan

untuk mengenal pasti potensi menggunakan dikitar semula ‘High Density

Polyethylene (R-HDPE)’ untuk keselamatan jalan raya melalui permohonan

halangan membuat reka bentuk penambahbaikan berdasarkan halangan sementara

dipilih yang mempunyai penyerapan tenaga yang lebih baik dan mematuhi peraturan

keselamatan jalan raya.

Untuk menganalisis keupayaan penyerapan tenaga plastik dikitar semula,

kaedah unsur terhingga menggunakan Abaqus/Explicit telah digunakan untuk

mensimulasikan sebuah kereta yang memberi kesan satu siri halangan sementara

dipasang pada 90 ˚ dan 20 ˚ darjah sudut berikut Ujian Level 0 (TL-0) standard

peraturan ujian kesan. Tiga jenis reka bentuk konsep halangan sementara telah

ix

dicadangkan untuk meningkatkan reka bentuk halangan semasa. Keupayaan semua

reka bentuk halangan dari segi tenaga mereka dalaman, tenaga kinetik, jumlah

tenaga, tekanan dan anjakan telah dianalisis. Ujian telah dijalankan menggunakan

kedua-dua sifat bahan plastik kitar semula utama R-HDPE dan V-HDPE dari.

Keputusan pengeluaran kedua-dua bahan dibandingkan untuk membezakan sama ada

‘R-HDPE’ boleh menyediakan keupayaan penyerapan boleh diterima berbanding

dengan ‘V-HDPE’. Keputusan keseluruhan menunjukkan corak yang sama iaitu ‘R-

HDPE’ dan ‘V-HDPE’ bahan dari segi penyerapan tenaga tanpa mengira apa-apa

jenis reka bentuk halangan. Walau bagaimanapun, Rekabentuk Konseptual 2 (CD2)

berdasarkan bahan R-HDPE yang termasuk tulang rusuk luar bersama-sama struktur

luar halangan menyediakan penyerapan tenaga yang lebih baik berbanding dua yang

lain reka bentuk halangan. Ini menunjukkan bahawa penambahbaikkan reka bentuk

memberi pengaruh kepada keupayaan R-HDPE sebagai penghalang sementara.

Kesimpulannya, analisis keputusan simulasi di kitar semula ‘R-

HDPE’ halangan sementara yang utama menunjukkan potensi yang baik bagaimana

bahan ini boleh menjadi alternatif sebagai bahan peranti keselamatan jalan raya.

Dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan kitar semula itu, jumlah sisa plastik boleh

dikawal dan juga menyokong persekitaran pembuatan mampan.

X

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

STATUS OF THESIS

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xviii

LIST ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xxiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xxv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background o f the Study 1

1.2 Research Aims 3

1.3 Objective o f the Study 3

1.4 Scope o f the Study 4

1.5 Outline o f the Thesis 4

X

CHAPTER

1

TABLE OF CO NTEN TS

TITLE PAGE

STATUS OF THESIS

SU PER VISO R D E CL AR ATIO N

TITLE PAGE i

DE CLARATIO N OF O RIGINALITY ii

DEDICATION iii

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T iv

AB STR AC T vi

AB STRAK viii

TABLE OF C O N T E N T S x

LIST OF T A BL ES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xviii

LIST AB BR EVIA TIO NS AN D SY M B O L S xx iv

LIST OF APPENDIC ES xxv

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background o f the Study 1

1.2 Research Aims 3

1.3 Objective o f the Study 3

1.4 Scope o f the Study 4

1.5 Outline o f the Thesis 4

xi

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Design Guidelines o f Road Safety Barrier 7

2.2.1 Types o f Crash Barrier 7

2.2.2 Design Requirement o f Crash Barrier 13

2.3 Temporary Safety Barrier 16

2.4 Material selection for Road Safety Barrier 38

2.5 Recycling o f Plastic Material 39

2.5.1 Processing o f Recycled Plastic 47

2.6 Recycled Plastic Material Usage for Road 50

Safety Barrier Application

2.7 Computer Simulation o f Road Safety 52

Barriers

2.8 Overview o f Abaqus Software 54

2.9 Summary o f Previous Research 55

M E T H O D O L O G Y

3.1 Overview o f Research Execution 64

3.2 Plastic Recycle Material 67

3.3 Temporary Barrier Parameters 68

3.4 Computer Simulation Analysis 76

3.4.1 Model Geometries 78

3.4.2 Requirement o f Data Analysis 80

RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Preliminary Testing 81

4.2 Simulation Test Parameters 86

4.3 Impact test o f V-HDPE and R-HDPE Tem porary 90

Barrier with 90° Angle

4.3.1 TestA -1 Conceptual Design 1 (CD1) 90

4.3.2 Test A-2 Conceptual Design 2 (CD2) 93

4.3.3 Test A-3 Conceptual Design 3 (CD3) 96

4.4 Analysis Result on 90° Angle Impact 99

4.4.1 Results o f R-HDPE Material for Internal 99

Energy, Kinetic Energy and Total Energy

at 90° Impact Angle

4.4.2 Displacement on R-HDPE Tem porary 102

Barrier at 90° Impact Angle

4.4.3 Stress on R-HDPE Tem porary Barrier at 90° 103

Impact Angle

4.4.4 Result o f V-HDPE Material for Internal 105

Energy, Kinetic Energy and Total Energy at

90° Angle

4.4.5 Stress on V-HD PE Tem porary Barrier at 90 108

"Impact Angle

4.4.6 Displacement on V-HD PE Tem porary 110

Barrier at 9 0 c Impact Angle

4.5 Comparison o f between V-HD PE and R-HDPE 111

Temporary Barrier at 90“ Impact Angle

4.5.1 Comparison o f Internal Energy, Kinetic 1 11

Energy and Total Energy o f R-HDPE and

V-HDPE temporary barrier

4.5.2 Displacement o f R-HDPE and V-HDPE 1 18

Temporary Barrier at 90° Impact Angle

4.6 Temporary Barrier o f V-HD PE and R-HDPE with 120

20° Impact Angle

4.6.1 TestB-1 Conceptual Design 1 (CD1) 120

4.6.2 Test B-2 Conceptual Design 2 (CD2) 123

4.6.3 Test B-3 Conceptual Design 3 (CD3) 126

4.7 Analysis Results on 20 Impact Angle 129

4.7.1 Results o f R-HDPE Material For Internal 129

Energy. Kinetic Energy and Total Energy at

20° Impact Angle

xiii

4.7.2 Displacement on R-HDPE Tem porary 132

Barrier at 20° Impact Angle

4.7.3 Stress on R-HDPE Temporary Barrier at 2 0 c 133

Angle

4.7.4 Result O fV -H D P E Material For Internal 135

Energy, Kinetic Energy And Total Energy at

20° Impact Angle

4.7.5 Stress on V-HD PE Temporary Barrier at 20° 138

Impact Angle

4.8 Comparison o f Energy between V -H D PE and R- 140

HDPE Tem porary Barrier at 20° Impact Angle

4.8.1 Comparison o f Internal Energy, Kinetic 140

Energy and Total Energy o f R-HDPE and

V-HDPE temporary barrier at 20° Impact

Angle

4.8.2 Comparison o f Displacement on R-HDPE 147

and V-HDPE Tem porary Barrier at 2 0 c

Impact Angle

4.9 Summary o f the Results 149

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Road Safety Barrier Selection 151

5.2 Material Selection o f Tem porary Barrier 152

5.3 Simulation Test Methods 153

5.4 Method o f Testing 154

5.5 Discussion o f the Simulation Results 154

5.5.1 Internal Energy, Kinetic Energy and Total 154

Energy o f Impact Test at 90° angles for R-

HDPE and V-HDPE

xiv

5.5.2 Displacement Effect between R-HDPE and 155

V-HDPE

5.5.3 Internal Energy, Kinetic Energy and Total 156

Energy o f Impact Test at 20° angles for R-

HDPE and V-HDPE

6 C O NC LU SIO N S A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

6.1 Conclusions 158

6.2 Recommendations 159

REFERENCES 160

BIBLIOGRAPHY 163

APPENDICES

XV [

LIST OF TABL E

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Categories o f Crash Barrier [12] 8

2.2 Design requirement o f Crash Barrier [12] 14

2.3 Types o f Temporary Barrier [14] 17

2.4 The most common barriers in use in Victoria

(Summarising from AS 3845 - and AS 1742.3)

18

2.5 Requirements specified in AS/NZS 3845[\A\ 18

2.6 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [ 1 ] 21


2.8 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [ 1] 23



2.11 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [1 ] 27

2.12 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [1] 28



2.15 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [ 1 ] J J

2.16 Summaries o f temporary barrier applications [1 ] 34


2.18 Physical and Chemical Properties [B ib-1] 38

2.19 Thermoplastic vs. Thermosetting Polymers [Bib-2] 40

2.20 Consumption o f plastic waste generation by sector in 41UK [3]

2.21 Performance for virgin HDPE and recycle HDPE [6] 45

2.22 Performance for virgin HD PE and recycle HDPE [16] 45

2.23 Comparison result for virgin and recycle HDPE [17] 46

2.24 Types o f mechanical recycling [7] 47

2.25 Result o f testing level 2 to Guardian Portable plastic 51

barrier (Recycle Polyethylene (PE)[10]

2.26 Summary o f previous Research from Journal and 56 Technical Paper

3.1 The properties o f recycle HDPE [17] 67

3.2 Conceptual design for Tem porary barrier using virgin 68 and recycles HDPE

3.3 Test Level 0 Specification 69

3.4 Summary o f properties as an input data planning for 80 the crash test

4.1 Results o f trial tests 81

4.2 Parameters for the temporary barrier impact test 86

4.3 Abaqus testing based on number o f element 88

4.4 Output o f impact behaviour on CD1 temporary barrier 91 at 90° impact angle

4.5 Output o f impact behaviour on CD2 temporary barrier 94 at 90° impact angle

4.6 Output o f impact behaviour on CD3 temporary barrier 97 at 90" impact angle

4.7 Output o f impact behaviour on CD 1 temporary barrier 121

at 20° impact angle

4.8

4.9

4.10

xvii

Output o f impact behaviour on CD2 temporary barrier 124at 20° impact angle

Output o f impact behaviour on CD3 temporary barrier 127at 20(l impact angle

show the summary o f the Test result for three 150conceptual design with different angle o f impact and material properties

xviii

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO.

2.1 Recommendation for barrier placements 9

[ 1 2 ]

2.2 Typical Detail o f th r ie b e a m section [12] 9

2.3 Barrier cast-in-situ design [12] 10

2.4 Barrier cast-in-situ designs [12] 10

2.5 Rigid guiderail and median barrier [13] 12

2.6 Semi Rigid guiderail and median barrier 12

[13]

2.7 Flexible guiderail and median barrier [13] 13

2.8 Concrete Temporary Barriers 19

2.9 Plastic Temporary Barriers 20

2.10 Percentage o f waste at U KM in 2009 42

2.11 Rates o f plastics produced and recycled in 42

the US [3]

2.12 Penetration grades o f V-LDPE and R- 43

HDPE/LDPE [5]

2.1 3 Marshall Stability o f virgin and recycle [5] 43

2.14 Flow value o f virgin LDPE and recycle 44

HD PE/LDPE material [5]

2.15 Tensile strength o f Recycle Material [7] 48

2.16 Primary recycle process o f plastic 49

2.17 Bottle crash barrier concept [8] 50

2.18 Complete analysis Abaqus/CAE 54

2.19 Abaqus Products 55

3.1 Research work flow chart for 1st semester 65

3.2 Research work flow chart for 2nd semester 66

3.3 Guardian temporary barrier [bib 4] 68

3.4(a) Impact force on the barrier - side view 69

3.4(b) Impact location on the barrier in Abaqus 70

view

3.5 Tem porary barrier condition before impact 70

3.6 The constrain are which will be declare as 71

coupling

3.7 location o f boundary condition on the 72

temporary barrier before conduct the

analysis

3.8 Single temporary barrier with contain o f 73

water

3.9 Pressure o f water inside the temporary 74

barrier

3.10 The impactor hit the temporary barrier with 75

velocity o f 13.89m/s. (TL-0 specification)

3.11 Simulation analysis process flow. 76

4.1 Comparison result o f Kinetic Enegy vs 88

time based on element size

4.2 Comparison result o f Internal Enegy vs 89


XX

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

Comparison result o f Internal Enegy vs 89


Impacted test on CD 1 Tem porary barrier at 90

90° impact angle

Impacted test on CD2 temporary barrier at 93

90° impact angle


90° impact angle

Internal Energy vs Time o f CD1, CD2 and 99

C D 3 o f R-HDPE

Kinetic Energy vs Time o f C D 1. CD2 and 100

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Total Energy vs Time o f CD 1. CD2 and 100

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Displacement vs Time o f CD 1. CD2 and 102

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Von-Mises stress contour plot o f CD 1 1 03

temporary barrier

Von-Mises stress contour p lo tof CD2 104

temporary barrier

Von-Mises stress contour plot o f CD3 1 04

temporary barrier


CD3 o f V-HDPE

Kinetic Energy vs Time o f CD1. CD2 and 106

C D 3 o f V-HDPE

Total Energy vs Time o f C D E CD2 and 106

4.17

4.18

4.19

4.20

4.21

4.22

4.23

4.24

4.25

4.26

4.27

4.28

4.29

4.30

4.31

4.32

4.33

Von-Mises stress contour plot o f CD 1 108

temporary barrier

Von-Mises stress contour plot o f CD2 109

temporary barrier


temporary barrier

Displacement vs Time o f CD1, CD2 and 110

CD3 o f V-HDPE

Internal Energy between CD1 -R and CD 1 - 111

Kinetic Energy between CD 1-R and CD1- 112

Total Energy between CD 1-R and CD1-V 112

Internal Energy between CD2-R and CD2- 114

Kinetic Energy between CD2-R and CD2- 1 14

Total Energy between CD 2-R and CD2-V 115

Internal Energy between CD3-R and CD3- 1 16

Kinetic Energy between CD 3-R and CD3- 1 16

Total Energy between CD3-R and CD3-V 11 7

Displacement value between CD1 -R and 118

CD1-V

Displacement value between CD2-R and 118

CD2-V

Displacement value between CD3-R and 1 19

CD3-V

Impacted test on CD1 Tem porary barrier at 120

2()n impact angle

CD3 o f V - H D P E

4.34

4.35

4.36

4.37

4.38

4.39

4.40

4.41

4.42

4.43

4.44

4.45

4.46

4.47

4.48

4.49

Impacted test on CD2 Temporary barrier at 123

20° impact angle


20° impact angle

Internal Energy vs Time o f CD1. CD2 and 129

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Kinetic Energy vs Time o f CD1, CD2 and 130

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Total Energy vs Time o f CD1, CD2 and 130

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Displacement vs Time o f C D l , CD2 and 132

CD3 o f R-HDPE

Von-Mises stress contour p lotof CD1 133

temporary barrier


temporary barrier


temporary barrier


CD3 o f V-HDPE

Kinetic Energy vs Time o f CD1, CD2 and 136

CD3 o f V-HDPE

Total Energy vs Time o f CD 1, CD2 and 136

CD3 o f V-HDPE


temporary barrier


temporary barrier

Von-Mises stress contour plot o f CD3 1 39

temporary barrier

Internal Energy between CD I -R and C'Dl- 140

4.50

4.51

4.52

4.53

4.54

4.55

4.56

4.57

4.58

4.59

4.60

Kinetic Energy between CD 1-R and CD1- 141

Total Energy between CD 1 -R and CD 1 -V 141


Kinetic Energy between CD2-R and CD2- 143

Total Energy between CD2-R and CD2-V 144



Total Energy between CD3-R and CD 3-V 146

Displacement value between CD1 -R and 147

CD 1 -V


CD2-V


CD3-V

xxiii

LIST OF A BBREVIATION AND SY M B O L S

R-HDPE Recycle High Density Polyethylene

V-HDPE Recycle High Density Polyethylene

HDPE High Density Polyethylene

LDPE Low Density Polyethylene

s Second

m meter

mm Millimetre

m3 Volume

11 Degree

kg Kilogram

% Percentage

°C Degree Celsius

J Joule

Pa Pascal

p Density

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

CAE Computer Aided Engineering

XXV

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX. TITLE PAGE

A Drawing O f Temporary Barrier 164

B1 Analysis Result o f 90" Impact Angle 168

B2 Analysis Result o f 20" Impact Angle 177

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Plastic is widely produced as consumer products, especially in food

industries, transportation, and communication, medical, electronic and many other

engineering applications. With high human usage of plastic material and the fact that

the world’s population has reached 7 billion, the garbage or waste material is also

increasing at a high rate every day. The increasing use of plastics has contributes

concerns among scientists and researchers regarding its disposal. Notably, plastic is

non-biodegradable and its existence will remain forever. Nearly every single plastic-

based item that was ever created, will still exists on the planet, and will for thousands

of years. Recycling plastics might be one possible solution but requires extensive

analysis before it can be fully utilized for its functionalities. Furthermore, previous

research concluded that the rate of recycle plastic is still not able to compete with the

rate of virgin plastic that has long been produced.

Realising such situation, many countries nowadays undergo research and

development on plastic recyclability and reusability. There is several high education

institutions conducting a research to study the possibilities on using plastic recycle in

daily life. Through technology and research advancement, nowadays, there many

2

types of recycle product that has been developed such as plastic bottle, food

container, equipment container and other types of simple product which can be used

by consumer. By implementing recycle and reuse of plastic products, reduction on

the amount of plastic waste can be greatly reduced. Comprehended on the effect of

plastic in human life, perhaps the application of recycle material can be extended to

road safety barrier application. All current road safety barriers which are using

plastic material had preferred to use virgin plastic material for their product.

Realizing that plastic recycle applications are still not widely used in road

safety barrier, therefore, this research aims to use plastic recycle material as an

alternative material for road safety barrier. There are many types of plastic which can

be recycled. Most of plastic recycle is widely used as simple product application.

Therefore, in selection for road safety barrier, the selection of recycle plastic material

must able to meet the standard requirement and specification as road safety device.

Most of road safety barrier manufacture was using virgin High Density Polyethylene

(HDPE) and virgin Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) as road safety barrier.

Therefore, Recycled High Density Polyethylene (R-HDPE) was selected based on

the current application and performance as road safety device. Furthermore, these

selections also are supported by previous research; where they had done a study of

recycle material as road safety device using R-HDPE material [5], W-beam guardrail

post [6] and barricades [4].

This study utilized the R-HDPE as the material of a road safety barrier. The

behaviour of the recycled material was then tested using simulation software

analysis. Simulation analysis was selected rather than performing the actual testing

since full scale testing will incur high setup cost and very time consuming. In

addition, using simulation may inject new insights into simulation technology and

estimation on the performance of crash scenes that are too complex can be analysed.

Over the years, finite element analysis has also rapidly become a fundamental part of

the analysis and design of roadside hardware because of its reliable results and

relatively inexpensive means of analysing and simulating impact events.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology

3

Moreover, a simulation test analysis can give results that are not

experimentally measurable with the current level of technology. Simulation test also

able to support the test sample since the differentiate result of simulation test and

actual simulation is around 5%. Consequently, the simulation test is one method

which simplifies the actual testing and produce result which considerably same to

actual test results.

Simulation test data were used in order to compare between R-HDPE based

barrier designs sample with virgin HDPE based safety barrier.

1.2 Research Aims

The aim of the study is to perform simulation analysis on plastic recycle

material based on current road safety barrier design and to propose an improved

barrier design in terms of its performance. This study focuses on using R-HDPE

plastic as temporary road safety barrier.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

i. To determine potential usage of recycle plastic material for road safety

barrier application

ii. To improve the design of current roadside crash barrier for better absorption

characteristic using simulation analysis

iii. To propose feasible crash barrier design that complies with the road safety

regulation.

4

1.4 Scopes of the Study

The scopes of the study are:

i. The material will be focused only to use recycled HDPE plastic

ii. Identify the guideline and specification of current crash barrier design

iii. Conduct computer simulation analysis on the crash barrier model based on

potential of recycles HDPE plastic using Abacus simulation software

iv. Determine the most feasible design by referring the result analysis.

1.5 Outline of the Thesis

The thesis is divided into six chapters; Chapter 1 is to introduction the

research which explains the overview about the recycle material of HDPE,

simulation test analysis as well as the objectives and scopes of the study. Chapter 2

is literature review which explains about the method of analysis, standard test

specification, and data collection of previous research regarding the recycle HDPE

and types of temporary barrier. Chapter 3 elaborates about the method to conduct

the analysis using Abaqus simulation software and explains about conceptual design

of temporary barrier. Two methods of analysis were analysed looking at900 impact

angle and 200 impact angle. Chapter 4 explains about the results and data analysis

covering all the analysis conducted on the temporary barrier. All the data were

evaluated in the data analysis comparing the virgin HDPE and recycled HDPE.

Chapter 5 discusses on the overall data analysis conducted on the temporary barrier

and all factors that affect the data analysis were identified. Chapter 6 concludes the

thesis and highlights the recommendation for future improvement.

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Documents

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF AN IMPROVED DESIGN FOR …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53453/25/SyahrulNizamMFKM2014.pdf · Therefore, releasing on this situation, by implementing plastic recycle