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SilvopastureinWisconsin:Researchobservations
DianeMayerfeld
ForesttosilvopastureAdvantages:
• Speed• Money??• Treeform
Disadvantages:• Lesscontrolof
species&loca8on• Riskoflogging
damage• Stumps
Sometimesconvertingwoodstosilvopastureisnotappropriate• IfthewoodsareinMFLorhaveanotherlegalrestric8onongrazing
• Ifthesoilsaretoowetortheslopesaretoosteep• Ifthewoodshavespringephemeralsorothersensi8veflorayouwanttokeep
• Ifthewoodshaveyoungtreesthatyouwanttokeep(<4”dbh)
• Ifthewoodshavehigh-quality8mber,weighthepoten8alcostofdamage
• Ifmanagementcapacityislimited
3
4
Step1:consultaforesterWhatisthesite’sforestryandwildlifepoten8al?hOps://dnr.wi.gov/topic/forestlandowners/locator/
Step2:whatareyourgoals?• Shade?• Firewood?• Controlshrubs?• Wildlifehabitat?• Savannahabitat?• Timber?• Emergencyfodder?• Other?
Silvopasture:Pastureintotrees
Plan• Canopymanagement• Forageestablishment• Rota8onalgrazing
ForageManagement
LivestockHusbandry
Tree/ShadeManagement
Designoptions
6
Silvopasture throughout Silvopasture with open pasture
Croptreeselection
7
CropTreeThinning
8
Patchtreethinning
9
10
Othertips• Aimforaround30-50%canopycoverage
• riskofwindthrow--but--treecanopieswillfillout• Marktreesbeforeyouthin• IfoaksarepresentavoidloggingApril1–July15• Conductthinningwhengroundisfrozenordry
11
Haveaplanforslash
12
Afterthinning:
• GrassseedcanbebroadcastbyhandorfromanATVifsiteisnotaccessibleformachinery
• Shade-tolerantgrassmix?Orchardgrass,meadowfescue,smoothbromegrass,Kentuckybluegrass,(reedcanarygrass)
• Regularfenceinspec8on
13
Lancastersilvopastureresearch
Researchques8ons:• Whatisthevalueoftheshade?• Howdoessilvopastureaffectvegeta8onandsoils?
4treatments:• Openpasture• Silvopasture• Grazedwoods• Woodlandcontrol(ungrazedwoods)
Funding provided by a USDA Hatch Grant
AnimalWelfare5Freedomsandgrazingsystems
• FREEDOMFROMHUNGERANDTHIRSTReadyaccesstofreshwateranddiettomaintainhealthandvigor.
• FREEDOMFROMFEARANDDISTRESS• FREEDOMFROMPAIN,INJURYORDISEASE• FREEDOMTOEXPRESSNORMALBEHAVIOR• FREEDOMFROMDISCOMFORTProvideanappropriateenvironmentincludingshelterandacomfortableres8ngarea.
Trees
Silvopastureisnot1treeinthepasture
…orcowsinthewoods
Silvopasturewelfaregoal:Provideshadeand/orshelterforlivestockwhile:• Protec8ngsoilandwaterquality• Providinggoodforage• Minimizingdamagetotrees• Maintaininganimalhealth
How?Goodforageandgrazingmanagement
Supplementarywelfaregoals?• Scratchingorrubbingresources• Medicinalornutri8onalbenefitsofwoodlandplants?
Establishment
• Thinnedwoodsto72m2basalarea
• Clearedslash• PlantedforageinSilvopastureunderstory
Silvopasture
Accesstoshade&welfare
• Didcowschoosetoaccessshade?• Didaccesstoshadereduceheatstress?
Whendocowsseekshade?Whenitiscoolerinthewoodsthanintheopen
Shade
• Cowsintheopenpasturemorelikelytoshowsignsofheatstress
HeatStressFactors
• Temperature• Radia8on(shade)• Humidity• Wind
Edges
Soilcompaction?
Woodland Characteristics Soil, Bulk Density
0.970.89
0.96
1.24 1.20 1.15
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Ungrazed Ungrazed Ungrazed Grazed Grazed Grazed
gr/cm3
Woodlands
BulkDensitygr/cm3
• Un-grazedaverage0.94±0.044gr/cm3
• Grazedwoodlotsaverage1.2±0.045gr/cm3
• (p-value:0.002)
Grazedwoodlandisnotsilvopasture
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5De
pth,cm
Coneindex,MPa
SP GW Ctl +TDSP +SDGW +SDCtl -SDSP -SDGW -SDCtl
SilvopasturevsGrazedWoods
• Grassinthesilvopastureslowsthespreadofspeciessuchasthistles,whitesnakeroot,andpokeweed.
• GrassinsilvopastureholdsupbeOertocaOleimpactthanthespeciesingrazedwoods,butnotaswellastheopenpasture.
Silvopasture
Canimproveanimalwelfare(esp.thermalcomfort),butrequiresthoughsulmanagementofgrazingtopreventenvironmentaldamage:• Managegrazing8mingtomaintaingoodforagelayer• Re-seedhightrafficareas• Manageshadetomaintaingoodforagelayer• Ensureanimalsalwayshaveaccesstogoodforage
WewillpostsilvopastureresourcesathOps://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/sustag/resources/in-service-training/
Thankyouto:
MarkRickenbachRhondaGildersleeveEricKrugerAdenaRissmanDanielSchaeferArinCrooksBillMeyerDougWiedenbeckBradleySelzerEliWhitneyKeefeKeeley
SavannaGraylessJoshuaKalmanCaitlinNeumanJoshCoadyFranciscoArriagaNickKeulerMaOhewSebas8anNicoleMinervaEmilyThierryTz-RaeLiu
andmanyothers…
Questions?