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Silvopastoral Systems(SPS)inBrazil
FelipePinheiroPhDStudent.SchoolofNaturalResourceandEnvironment
UniversityofFlorida
Site Ambiente e EnergiaGuito Moreto / Agência O Globo
Largestworldbeefexporter2012–13(Fao 2014)/ MaincauseofAmazondeforestation
1. Introduction Cattle production in Brazil
http://exame.abril.com.br/mundo/noticias/areas-degradadas-no-brasil-equivalem-a-duas-francas
• Degradedpastures:50%ofAmazonand80%ofCerrado (Braziliansavannah)(Macedo etal.,2014;Perón &Evangelista2004)
1. Introduction Soil degradation
Dodó Rebouças
Caatinga biome:
and Desertification.
• Overgrazing,• Slashandburnwithafallowperiod<45years
J. Araujo FilhoJ. Araujo Filho J. Araujo Filho
1. Introduction Soil degradation
28%soildegradedinsomelevel(FAO)=140mihectare,2Frances
Brazil:SPSiscalledasanintegratedsystem.Twocategories:1) ThetraditionalSPS.livestock+trees
Sorgum andSunflower
1. Introduction SPS Alternative
2)Integrationofcrop-livestock-forest(iCLF).a)inthefirstyearsofimplementationorb)asacroprotationwiththepastureandtheanimals.(Balbino etal.2011)
2) Questions
1)ArecasesorstudiesinBrazilsupportinguseofSPSforeitherbenefits:productivity,soilmanagement,biodiversity?2)WhataretheSPSmanagementsbeingconsideredinBrazil?
3) Objectives
a)IdentifytheEcosystemServicesandEconomicsofSPSinBrazilb)Highlightmanagementpracticesthatmaybeapplicableinthecountryandinsimilarecologicalregionsaroundtheworld.
4)Results:4.1)EcosystemServicesandEconomicsofSPSinBrazil.4.2)GeneralSPSManagement.4.3)ManagementsbyEcological/GeographicalregionsofBrazil.
• SPSwithPinus elliotimitigateGHGemissionsof3,58cows/ha bythewoodcomponent(Oliveiraetal.2008).
4 )Results 4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil
ruralcentro.uol.com.br
Carbon Sequestration
Top20cm(Lossetal.2014):SPS>OpenPasture(OP).
Top40cm(Maiaetal.2007):SPS>OP.SPS>IntensiveCroppingSPS>OtheragroforestrytypeSPS=Nativeforest.
1meteronetimecollection(Tonucci etal.2011):SPS=OP**Soilstructure:SPSbetterthanOP
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil
FelipePinhero
SantaRitaExperimentalFarm/EPAMIG,PrudentedeMorais,MG,Brazil,
Hymenoptera(Auad etal.2015)
Abundance:SPS(3.889individuals)>OP(1.473ind.)Richness: SPS(305spp.)>OP(173spp.)
www.naturespot.org.uk
www.houstonzoo.org
www.hngn.com
Insects Biodiversity
4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil
www.realh.com.br
www.embrapa.br
ComparedtoOP:
• Milkyield+1kg/cowperday(Paciullo etal.2014)
• Treecover>30%increasedforageandmeatproductionintheCaatinga (Menezes&Sancedo 2009)
• Lowinvestmentrisk(CoelhoJunioretal.2008,Rodigheri 1998)
>profitability(Baggio&Schreiner1988,Santos&Grzebieluckas 2014)
• CropproductioninthefirstyearscanreturnallcostsoftheSPSimplementation(soilrecovery,seedlings,etc.).
Profitability ~ Microclimate amelioration
4.1 ) Ecosystem Services and Economics of SPS in Brazil
PRONAFandABCProgram(LowCarbon Agriculture):2billion$(2013/2014).
- Impediments to SPS implementation
1) + intensiveandqualifiedlabor,2) +costsoftheestablishmentcomparedtoanOP.3) Findtreeseeds4) Protectyoungtreesfrom:cows,excessivesolarradiation,wind,competitionwith
theforageandweedsandants.5)Culturalconceptthattreesinthepasturedecreasecattleproduction.
- Government support
fotos.noticias.bol.uol.com.br
• Dispersedtrees *SmallgroupoftreesspreadinthepastureCanbebynaturalregeneration=nocost.
www.goldmarkfarm.com
Tree planting arrangements4 )Results 4.2 ) General SPS Management
www.marietta.edu
• Livefences(fodderbank,etc.)
Tree planting arrangements4.2 ) General SPS Management
• Lines
Tree planting arrangements4.2 ) General SPS Management
Protectedduringtheirinitialdevelopment1) physicalbarrierssuchasfencesaround
immaturetrees2) byalleycroppingsystems
Cattle damage to trees
Eucalyptusspp:1year,cowsareallowed.+somevarieties/speciesaremoresusceptibletopredationbycows.(Balbino etal.2011,Guerreiro etal.2015).
4.2 ) General SPS Management
Forage: Stylosanthes guianensisXavier et al. (2014)
Nitrogen fixing plants4.2 ) General SPS Management
Tree: Gliricidia sepium
Pantanal
Caatinga
Cerrado Atlantic Forest
Amazon
Pampa
4 )Results 4.3 Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil
4 )Results 4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil
Ricardo Mercadante
Pampa
Southern Brazil
Varellaetal(2016)
southwestfarmpress.com
Southern Brazil Main animal: Bos taurus
• Soybeans(Glycinemax)• Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus),• Wheat(Triticum spp)
Watermelon Plant care Guide
pixabay.com
www.aguia.agr.br
Southern Brazil
iCFL : Crop Component
Southern Brazil Grass Selection : C3 or C4 / Annual or Perennial?
Varellaetal(2016)
Grevillea (Grevillea robusta) Corymbia citriodora
en.wikipedia.org
Southern Brazil Exotic trees in SPS
(Varella etal.2016)
Canafístula - Peltophorum dubium
www.seedshelf.com
www.bookmyfoliage.com
Southern Brazil
Ipe - Tabebuia spp.(Varella etal.2016)
Native trees
Southern Brazil Native trees
Aracauria angustifolia(Brazilianpine)
• Threatened species• Fruit and wood
AndréBonacin
4 )Results
Cerrado
4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil
Bos indicus
www.quebracho.net
revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
www.cpac.embrapa.br
• Crops:RiceandSoybeans,SorgoandCorn.• ResearchCenters+~14.000ha
CerradoiCFL : Crop Component
http://www.repileite.com.br/m/blogpost?id=5899308%3ABlogPost%3A90149
Cerrado Rotational Grazing
*http://senarms.org.br/embrapa-lanca-regua-de-manejo-de-pastagem/
Megathyrsus maximus:Allow grazing:90cmStopgrazing:40cm*
Panicum maximum:Allow grazing:55cmStopgrazing:25cm*
Eucalyptusspp.
www.ifriresearch.net
Cerrado Exotic trees in SPS
Africanmahogany- Khaya ivorensis
Instituto Brasileiro deFlorestas
4 )Results 4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil
Amazon
bmeditores.mx
• SPSConceptionrateof53.84% /Openpasture(OP):43.33%.(Silvaetal.2010).
Animal component * Cows + Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Amazon
cites.org
Africanmahogany(Khaya ivorensis)
Roots Viveiro Ambientalpousodaroca.blogspot.com
Exotic trees in SPS
Indianneem (Azadirachta indica)
Amazon
cites.org www.guiaflorestal.com.br
Rubbertree(Hevea brasiliensis) Brazilianmahogany(Swietenia macrophylla)
Amazon
Native trees in SPS
4 )Results
Caatinga
Eciene Araújo
4.3) Managements by. Ecological / Geographical regions of Brazil
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/02/70/b6/0270b617decd69a597bc578077ee57e3.jpg
• 90%ofcattle,sheepandgoatproductionassociatedwithnativevegetation.
MMA
Caatinga Traditional use of SPS
• 30%ofthetreecoverincreasedforageandmeatproduction(Menezes &Sancedo2009).
Sheeps GoatsCattle
%grazing time
Grazinghe
ight
(m)
Adapted from Lechner-Doll etal.,1995by Carvalho&Rodrigues,1997).
http://paduacampos.com.br/2012/tag/bioma-caatinga/
http://www.cabraeovelha.com.br/placeholders/80/manejo.jpg
Caatinga Grazing height by grazing time
http://www.fitoterapicos.info/juazeiro.php
+Medicinalandfruits
Glauco Umbelino.j
Caatinga
Juazeiro,Ziziphus joazeiro:Increasessoilorganicmatterandnutrients(N,P,K,Ca,andMg)(Menezes &Sancedo 2009).
Native trees in SPS
Multipurposetree:1)ModeratelyNfixation2)Fruitsinthedryseason3)Strongwood
www.naturalmedicinefacts.info
Glauco Umbelino.j
Caatinga
Algaroba, Prosopis juliflora.:Increasessoilorganicmatterandnutrients(N,P,K,Ca,andMg)(Menezes&Sancedo2009).
Native trees in SPS
Caatinga Leguminous trees in SPS
Forweedmanagementandmanurea)Irrigatedlands:Goiaba (Psidium guajava)andAcerola(Malpighia glabra).b)Nonirrigatedlands: CajuAnacardium occidentale (Pereiraetal.,2009).
br.pinterest.com www.boutique-vegetale.com www.imagejuicy.com
theparamananda.com
www.feedipedia.orgCaatinga Orchards conversion to SPS
Caatinga Caatinga – Buffel – Leguminous Systems
PaulodeAraújo/MMA
+ Firewood
Caatinga
Fodderproduction Foodsecurity:Riceand beans
• Milk/meat• Forewood• Honey• Medicinals• Biodiversity Conservation
Nativevegetation+Livestock
Model of an Integrated Crop Livestock Forest Production
http://www.cnpgl.embrapa.br/sistemaproducao/3532-palma-forrageira-adensada
• Nomanagement:Lowproductivity(~20kgwinweightanimal/ha/y)
• Reducingnumberoftreesintheplot(>30%treecover):
Productivityincreasesto~37kg.
• Toppingat30– 40cmhigh:Productivity~50kg.
• Plantingforagingplants,grassesortrees.Productivity~80kg*
Caatinga Native Forest Management
*Araujo Filho(1992,1997)
>Soilquality >Resilience. >Biodiversity.>Profitability. +Fightagainstclimatechange.
8- Conclusions
SPSinBrazilbenefits:
ManagementsattestedinallecologicalregionsofBrazil.
Possibilitytousedifferenttreespeciesfordifferentpurposes(wood,firewood,fruits,medicinal,etc.).
ImportantmorestudiesandeducationalprojectsandcapacitationtospreadtheuseofSPS.
9- Bibliography:
• ABCObservatory,2013.Agricultura deBaixa Emissão deCarbono – AEvolução deumnovoparadigma.FGV,SãoPaulo.
• Aguiar,M.I.;Maia,S.M.F.;Xavier,F.A.S.;Mendonca,E.S.;AraujoFilho,J.A.&Oliveira,T.S.2010.Sediment,nutrientandwaterlossesbywatererosionunderagroforestrysystemsinthesemi-arid regioninnortheasternBrazil.AgroforestrySystems.79:277–289
• Auad,A.M.;Braga,A.L.F.;Fonseca,M.G.;Resende,T.T.;Toledo,A.M.O.;Lucindo,T.S.&Vilela,E.F.2015.DoestheSilvopastoral SystemAlterHymenopteranFauna(Insecta:Hymenoptera)inBrachiaria decumbensMonocultures?.AnnalsoftheEntomologicalSocietyofAmerica,108(4):468-473.
• Baggio,A.J.&Schreiner,H.G.1988.Análise deumsistema silvipastoril comPinus elliottii egado decorte.Boletim dePesquisa Florestal,n.16,p.19-29.
• Balbino,L.C.;Cordeiro,L.A.M.;Porfirio-da-Silva,V.;DeMoraes,A.;Martinez,G.B.,Alvarenga,R.C.,Kichel,A.N.,Fontaneli,R.S.,DosSantos,H.P.,Franchini,J.C.&Galerani,P.R.2011.Evolucao tecnologica earranjos produtivos desistemas deintegracao lavoura-pecuaria-floresta noBrasil.Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira.46:i–xii.
• Carvalho,M.M.;Silva,J.L.O.&CamposJúnior,B.A.1997.Produção dematéria seca ecomposição mineraldaforragem deseis gramíneas tropicais estabelecidas em umsub-bosque deangico vermelho.Revista BrasileiraZootecnia,v.26,p.213-218.
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• Dias-Filho,M.B.2006.Sistemas Silvipastoris na recuperação depastagens tropicais degradadas.Revista Brasileira deZootecnia,v.35,p.535-553.
• FAO,2014.TheStatisticsDivisionoftheFAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations).
• Guerreiro,M.F.;Nicodemo,M.L.F.&Porfírio-da-Silva,V.2015.Vulnerabilityofteneucalyptusvarietiestopredationbycattleinasilvopastoral system.AgroforestrySystems.Volume89,Issue4,pp743-749.
• Hermuche,P.M.;Vieira,D.L.M.&San,E.E.2013.Modelingtreecoverchangesinapasture-dominatedlandscapebyadoptingsilvopastoral practicesinadryforestregioninCentralBrazil.AgroforestrySystems.Volume87,Issue4,pp881-890;
• Kirchner, R; Soares, A. B; Sartor, L. R; Adami, P. F; Migliorini, F & Fonseca, L. 2010. Desempenho de forrageiras hibernais sob distintos níveis de luminosidade. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. Viçosa, v. 39, n. 11, p. 2371 – 2379.
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• Loss, A.; Ribeiro, E.C.; Pereira, M. G. & Costa, E. M. 2014. Atributos físicos e químicos do solo em sistemas de consórcio e sucessão de lavoura, pastagem e silvipastoril em Santa Teresa. Bioscience Journal. Vol 30. No 5. 1981-3163.
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9- Bibliography:
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