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Significant Figures
• Every measurement has a limit on its accuracy based on the properties of the instrument used.
• we must indicate the precision of the measurement by using the correct number of significant figures
• Precision – the consistency of a measurement, how repeatable it is
Object A, measured with Ruler I should be recorded as ________ but as measured with Ruler II should be recorded as _________
Check your answer with the person next to you
Object B, measured with Ruler I is _______________Object B, measured with Ruler II is _______________
Check your answer with the person next to you
what is its smallest division? _________How should measurements using Ruler IV be recorded (to how many decimal places)? ________
Check your answer with the person next to you
Rules for SigFigs
• Nonzero digits are ALWAYS significant
• Zeroes are only sometimes significant…– All final zeroes after a decimal point are significant – Zeroes between two other significant digits are
always significant – Zeroes used soley as placeholders are NOT
significant – Zeroes between a decimal point and a nonzero digit
are NOT significant.
• 1. Give the number of sig. fig. and the number of decimal places in each of the number below.
• a) 72.32 b) 10.002 c) 0.003 d) 0.00170 e) 3,000 f) 3,000. g) 3,000.00
# of sig. fig. # of decimal places
a) 72.32 4 2
b) 10.002 5 3
c) 0.003 1 3
d) 0.00170 3 5
e) 3,000 assume 1 0
f) 3,000. 4 0
g) 3,000.00 6 2
• 2. These numbers have ambiguous zeroes. Remove the ambiguity by expressing them in scientific notation.
• a) 42000 in 2 sig. fig. b) 42000 in 3 sig. fig. c) 42000 in 4 sig. fig. d) 2100 in 3 sig. fig. e) 790,000 in 4 sig. fig. f) 3800 x 10-7 in 3 sig. fig.
Answers
a) 42000 in 2 sig. fig. 4.2 x104
b) 42000 in 3 sig. fig. 4.20 x 104
c) 42000 in 4 sig. fig. 4.200 x 104
d) 2100 in 3 sig. fig. 2.10 x 103
e) 790,000 in 4 sig. fig. 7.900 x 105
f) 3800 x 10-7 in 3 sig.fig. 3.80 x 10-4
• When you perform any arithmetic operation, it is important to remember that the result can never be more precise than the least precise measurement.
Adding and Subtracting
• To add or subtract measurements, first perform the operation, then round off the result to correspond to the least precise value involved. For example, add these values:
• 24.686 m + 2.343 m + 3.21 m = 30.239 m
Least precise measurement? ______
Round answer to _______
3.21m
30.24m
Multiply and Divide
• After performing the calculation, note the factor that has the least number of significant digits. Round the product or quotient to this number of digits. For example, multiply
• 3.22 cm by 2.1 cm = 6.762 cm2
• corrected to _________6.8 cm2
• Divide these two measurements and report answer with correct number of significant digits
• 36.5 m divided by 3.414 s = 10.691 m/s corrected to ________10.7 m/s
Let’s review…
• Some Practice problems
1) 2804m 2) 2.84km 3)0.029m
4)0.003068m 5) 4.6x105m 6) 4.06x105m
7) 750m 8) 75m 9)75,000 m
10) 75,000. m 11) 75,000.0m 12) 10 cm
Answers• Some Practice problems
1) 2804m 2) 2.84km 3)0.029m
4)0.003068m 5) 4.6x105m 6) 4.06x105m
7) 750m 8) 75m 9)75,000 m
10) 75,000. m 11) 75,000.0m 12) 10 cm