1Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301‐855 Bragança, Portugal (apinto@ipb.pt)2 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843‐2475, USA

3 Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain4D f F d N l R P d U i i 715 W S S W L f I di 4797 2061 USA

SIGNATURES OF SELECTION IN THE IBERIAN HONEY BEE: A GENOME SIGNATURES OF SELECTION IN THE IBERIAN HONEY BEE: A GENOME WIDE APPROACH USING SINGLE NYCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs) WIDE APPROACH USING SINGLE NYCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs) 

J. Chávez Galarza1 J. S. Johnston2 J.C. Azevedo1 Irene Muñoz3 Pilar de la Rúa3 J.C. Patton4 M. Alice Pinto1

4 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 4797‐2061, USA

Detection of signatures of selection across genomes and identification of their rolein adaptive population divergence is a central issue in evolutionary biology.

The Iberian Peninsula harbours the greatest honey bee geneticdiversity and complexity in Europe. The challenge of deciphering themechanisms underlying such complexity has led to numeroussurveys of the Iberian honey bee (IHB) Yet the evolutionary

A total number of 665 georeferenced drone samples wascollected across 3 transects in the Iberian Peninsula.Thirty colonies were sampled in each location. A referencecollection of the African A. m. intermissa (N=28) and thewestern European A. m. mellifera (N=33) was also made.

BACKGROUNDSAMPLING

SAMPLING TRANSECTS

With the sequencing of the honey bee genome and development ofhigh density SNPs, the IHB genome can now be scrutinized foradaptive divergence. Herein, we show a preliminary exploration of agenome scan to detect signatures of selection on the Iberian honeybee genome.

surveys of the Iberian honey bee (IHB). Yet, the evolutionaryprocesses underlying patterns of IHB genetic diversity remain poorlyunderstood.

GENOTYPING

All individuals were genotypedfor a panel of 1536 SNP’s withIllumina BeadStation 500G usinga custom Oligo Pool Assay

MAF 0  ≥0.005 ≥0.01 ≤0.02 ≥0.05 ≥0.1

Nº ofSNPS

63 1292 1214 1120 629 352

SNPS SUMMARY

Of the 1536 SNPs, 99 were unscored for everyindividual. For the remaining 1437 SNPs, 63 wereinvariable. The minimum allele frequencies (MAF) areshown in the table.

Coordinate System WGS 1984

Candidate loci under selection were identified using a Bayesian likelihood method implemented with the software BayeScan. Simulations were run consideringeach Iberian transect separately and the total Iberian data set. Simulations were performed including reference populations (right) and monomorphic (0.98 cutoff)loci (top) and removing reference populations (left) and monomorphic loci (down).

SCANS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF OUTLIER LOCI POTENTIALLY UNDER SELECTION

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MEDITERRANEAN TRANSECTATLANTIC TRANSECT CENTRAL TRANSECT

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS

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The greatest number of potential loci under selection is detected for the total data set (Iberia with reference populations)

Exclusion of monomorphic loci reduces the number of potential loci under selection.

Inclusion of reference populations increases the number of potential loci under selection.

IBERIAN PENINSULA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNumerous people have contributed for this work. We owe special thanks to Antonio Gómez Pajuelo, Ana, Anabela Mendes, Antonieta Susana Caeiro, Armada Nunes, Amilcar Fernandes, Beatriz, Blai Llambrich Subirats, Bruno Martins, Eládio TorrenteRodriguez, Fernando Cataynd, Francisco Iglesias, Gonzalo Calvo, Henrique Simó, Inmaculada Segura Guimerá, Ismael Llaria, Isidro, Jaume Cambra, José Pires, Julia Goméz Zardoya, Laura Garcia Peña, Lola Moreno, Maria José, Marta Rebelo,Manuel Jardim, Miguel Gil, Miguel Maia, Nazario Fernander, Paulo Varela, Pascual Domingo, Pau Bars, Ricardo Pereira, Rita, Simeó Parareda, Telma Marreiros, Vicente Garcia Fernandez, and Xesús Asorey for providing beekeepers contacts andhelping with sampling. We are deeply indebted to numerous beekeepers who gave permission for collecting. They are: Adérito Serpa, Adolfo, Albano Barros, Alberto, Alberto Manuel Teixeira Aguiar, Alfredo Oliveira Gomes Silva, António Guerreiro Sousa,António Hermenegildo, António Mateus Rosende, Antonio Nuno Fernandes Tavares, Arlindo Justino, Armindo Almeida, Aurora Gonzalez Azevedo, Abel Dias Mateo, Adelino Gilabert Ortega, Adolfo Gamo, Afonso Montes, Agostin Romero Guerrero, AlbertTort, Algel Andres Redondo, Anastasio, Antonio, Antonio Campoy, Antonio Domingo, Antonio Malvel, Antonio Tortosa, Apicola Brull Casanova, Atanasio Moron Sabio, Blai Llambrich Subirats, Bruno Monteiro, Calisto Gordo, Carmen Fusti, CeciclipoLopez, Celestino Arroyo, Constancio Barquero, Carlos Batista, Carlos Manuel Cardozo Mendes, Carlos Teixeira , Centro de Formacion Experimentacion Agro-Florestal de Seguda, Claudino Tregeiro, Claudio, Cristina Martins Peres, Custódio JoséPitadas, David Godinho, David Perucha, Diego Alberto, Diego Jiminez, Domingo Gordo, Eládio Torrente Rodriguez, Escuela Forestal Santa Coloma de Farners, Esperanza Fernandez, Ester, Esther Muñoz, Emilio Ramirez, Fernando da Silva Oliveira,Francisco Iglesias, Francisco Ribeiro, Fernando Cataynd, Floran Jimenez, Francisca Jimenez, Francisco Martinez Azorin, Francisco Mira Yala, Francisco Soler Bonillo, Gabriel Morgada, German, Guillerme Rosell Carbonell, Harildo Davila, HenriqueSimó, Ignacio Rodriguez, Ildefonso soler soler, Isabelo Gareia, Isel Espirito, Ismael Llaria, Inácio dos Santos Mamel, João Esteves Manso, João Gandino Dias, Joaquim Gomes, Joaquim Marques, Joaquim Neves Alexandre, Joaquim Romão, JoaquimRomão, Jorge Novais, José Afonso, José António Sequeira, José Augusto Alves, José Carneiro, José Coelho, José da Costa Guerreiro Silva, José Heleno Ferreira, José Janeiro Lamas, José Lourenço, José Luís Pinho, José Luís Rubianes Rei, JoséMaria Pais do Nascimento, José Manuel Duarte Silva, José Manuel Flores Serrano, José Ribeiro, Juan José Garrido, Julio Agra Blanco, Júlio Jesus Jorge, Julio Rivas, Jaime Gutierrez, Jordi Guaspe, Jordi Murato Balmes, Jordi Sacot, Jorge Bela Mora,José, José Antonio, José Antonio Altamirano, José Francisco, José Gabriel Gonsalez, Jose Garcia, José Gil, José Gonsalez, José Luis Gonzalez, Jose Maria Oliva, Jose Mascarelle Sanchez, José Masi, José Navarro, José Robledo, Jose Vicente,Josicarmen Martin, Juan, Juan Bautista, Juan José, Juan Jose Lleixà, Juan Jose Martinez Martinez, Juan Jose Nauboliver, Juan Pedro, Julia Goméz Zardoya, Jullian, Luís Esperança Ferreira Lourenço, Manuel Barbosa Rodrigues, Manuel Dovampo,Manuel Francisco Merca, Manuel Jardim, Manuel Marques, Manuel Terceiro, Manel Simon Vallemajor, Marco Pereiro, Marina Lopez Loureiro, Melchior Silva Ferreira, Miguel Mendes Lopes, Maria Carmen, Maria José Ponce Carbajal, Manuel GonsalezMelo, Manuel Robledo, Marcian Rico, Maria Tereza Sierra, Mariano, Martin Coñuelo Cano, Martin Esteves, Miguel Serrano Martinez, Nicolas Espino, Norbina Gomes da Mata, Nuno Lopes, Paulo Manuel Dionísio, Pedro Jorge Carneira Barreiro, PascualDomingo, Pau Bars, Pedro, Rafael Anton Palacios, Rafael Ribas, Ramon Ferre, Raul Molina Rimenez, Ricardo Gonzalez, Rogelio Rodriguez Alvarez, Rogme Lena Varela, Rui Vasco Martins Caetano, Rodolfo Montalva Palau, Ruan Garcia, Ruan RubioAsensi, Sadurni, Salvador Lopez, Salvador Mallofre, Severiana Salgado, Sérgio Candeias, Simões Alegria, Simeó Parareda, Tiago Moreira, Vitorino Martin, Xavier, Xavier Colado, Xavier Llobet Guiy, Xesus Raimundez Rodriguez. Numerous peopleprovided samples for the reference populations collection: Andrew Abrahams, Bjørn Dahle, Gabriele Soland, Gilles Fert, Jevrosima, Lionel Garnery, raffaele dall'olio, Romee Van der Zee, Said Abdoulfaraj, Santiago Saenz, Wahida Loucif. Special thanksto Per Kryger, who provided samples and contacts. Per’s contribution was very precious. Andreia Brandão and Inês Moura assisted with sampling. Special thanks to Margarida Neto for her precious assistance in the Atlantic transect sampling. DNAextractions and SNP genotyping was performed by Colette Abbey, who was deeply committed to this project. Special thanks to Colette. We owe apologize and thank the people whose names were unintentionally undeclared. Julio Chávez Galarza issupported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia through the scholarship SFRH/BD/68682/2010. Spanish Ministry of Education provided financial support to Irene Muñoz (FPU program). This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência eTecnologia and COMPETE/QREN/EU through the project PTDC/BIA-BEC/099640/2008 .

Refine simulations with BayeScan.

Employ other frequentist (e.g. DetSel, Fdist) and haplotype-based methods and landscape genetics tools to alleviate the problem of detecting false positives and excluding positives.

Identify and interpret the spatial structure generated by loci under selection

Reveal the molecular basis of the observed adaptive differentiation.