Sight Seeing in Paris

7/30/2019 Sight Seeing in Paris

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EIFFEL TOWER

Once the tallest structure in the world, the Eiffel Tower is probably Europe's best known landmarkand Paris's most famous symbol.

You couldn't possibly visit Paris without seeing the Eiffel Tower. Even if you donot want to visit this world famous structure, you will see its top from all overParis. The tower rises 300 meters tall (984 ft); when it was completed at theend of the 19th century it was twice as high as the Washington Monument, atthe time the tallest structure in the world.

1889 World ExhibitionThe Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition in 1889, held in celebration ofthe French Revolution in 1789.

The construction was only meant to last for the duration of the Exposition, but itstill stands today, despite all protests from contemporary artists who feared theconstruction would be the advent of structures without 'individuality' anddespite the many people who feared that this huge 'object' would not fit into thearchitecture of Paris.

Today, there is no such aversion anymore among the Parisians, and one couldnot imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower, in fact it has become the symbol ofthe City of Light.

Gustave Eiffel
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The man behind the Eiffel Tower was Gustave Eiffel, known from hisrevolutionary bridge building techniques, as employed in the great viaduct atGarabit in 1884. These techniques would form the basis for the construction ofthe Eiffel Tower. He was also known for the construction of the Statue ofLiberty's iron framework.

The structure took more than two years to complete. Each one of the about12,000 iron pieces were designed

separately to give them exactly the shape needed. All pieces were prefabricated

and fit together using approx. 7 million nails.

The TallestInaugurated March 31, 1889, the Eiffel Tower would be the tallest structure inthe world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1930.

NOTRE DAME CHAPELNot the largest cathedral in the world, the Notre-Dame might be the most famous of all cathedrals.The gothic masterpiece is located on thele de la Cit, a small island in the heart of the city.

A Religious siteThe site of the Notre dame is the cradle of Paris and has always been thereligious center of the city. The Celts had their sacred ground here, the Romansbuilt a temple to worship Jupiter. A Christian basilica was built in the 6thcentury and the last religious structure before the Notre-Dame constructionstarted was a Romanesque church.
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ConstructionBishop Maurice de Sully started the construction in 1163. The Cathedral was tobe built in the new gothic style and had to reflect Paris's status as the capital ofthe Kingdom France. It was the first cathedral built on a monumental scale andbecame the

prototype for future cathedrals in France, like the cathedrals of Amiens,Chartres or Rheims, just to name the most famous.

The BuildingIt took until 1345 before the cathedral was completed, partly because thedesign was enlarged during construction. The result is an overwhelmingbuilding, 128m long (420 ft) with two 69 meter tall towers (226 ft). The spire,which reaches 90m (295 ft), was added in the 19th century by Viollet-le-Duc.The Notre-Dame Cathedral has several large rose windows, the northern 13thcentury window is the most impressive.

Gargoyle

The massive window has a diameter of 13.1 meter.

The frontal west facade features 3 wide portals; above the portals is the Galleryof Kings - 28 statues of Judean Kings - and higher up are the famous gargoylesand grotesques. The spectacular eastern flying buttresses at the east side of thebuilding are 15m wide.

RestorationDuring the Revolution, many of the cathedral's sculptures, gargoyles andinterior was removed or demolished. Even the gallery of Kings was severelydamaged: the revolutionaries though the statues represented


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Oriental art. There is also a section with 'Objects d'Art', where objects such asclocks, furniture, china and tapestries are displayed.

Some of the most famous works of art in the museum are the Venus of Milo,the Nike of Samothrake, the Dying Slave by Michelangelo and of course

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa.

History of the LouvreThe Louvre was created in several phases.

Louvre seen from acrossthe Seine

Originally built as a 12th century fortress, it was converted into a royal palace inthe 14th century.

Its current appearance goes back to the 15th century, when the original fortresswas demolished and the wing along the Seine river was built. The palace wasextended during the 16th century by architect Pierre Lescot, who expanded thepalace into a complex with two courtyards. A decade later Catharina de Mediciadded the Tuileries palace to the west of the Louvre. Construction on the Louvrewas halted for some time when king Louis XIV decided to move to the Versailles

Palace.

In the 19th century, during the Second Empire, the Louvre was expanded againwith the addition of the Richelieu wing.

East Wing

The Louvre now had four symmetric wings surrounding a large courtyard. Thiswould not last long, as the Communards burned the Tuileries palace in 1871,opening up the west side of the palace.

The collection of the Louvre Museum was first established in the 16th centuryby King Francis I. One of the works of art he purchased was the now famous
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Mona Lisa painting. The collection grew steadily thanks to donations andpurchases by the kings. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the private royalcollection opened to the public.

Glass Pyramid

The most recent addition to the Louvre was the

Louvre Pyramid

construction of the glass pyramid, which functions as the museum's mainentrance. The pyramid was built in 1989 by the renowned American architect

I.M. Pei. The glass pyramid allows the sunlight to come in on the undergroundfloor.

The modern addition originally received mixed reviews, as it contrasts sharplywith the classical design of the surrounding buildings, but today it is generallyaccepted as a clever solution which has given the museum a spacious centralentrance without the need to touch the historic patrimony.

The Louvre, originally a palace but now one of the largest and most visited museums in the world,is a must-visit for anyone with a slight interest in art. Some of the museum's most famous worksof art are the Mona Lisa and the Venus of Milo.

Louvre MuseumOriginally a royal palace, the Louvre became a public museum at the end of the18th century. It is located in the 1st arrondissement,

Venus of Milo

at the heart of Paris.

There are about 35.000 objects on display, spread out over three wings of the
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former palace. The museum has a diverse collection ranging from the antiquityup to the mid 19th century. A large part of the collection consists of Europeanpaintings and sculptures. Other rooms contain Roman, Egyptian, Greek andOriental art. There is also a section with 'Objects d'Art', where objects such asclocks, furniture, china and tapestries are displayed.

Some of the most famous works of art in the museum are the Venus of Milo,the Nike of Samothrake, the Dying Slave by Michelangelo and of courseLeonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa.

History of the LouvreThe Louvre was created in several phases.

Louvre seen from acrossthe Seine

Originally built as a 12th century fortress, it was converted into a royal palace inthe 14th century.

Its current appearance goes back to the 15th century, when the original fortresswas demolished and the wing along the Seine river was built. The palace wasextended during the 16th century by architect Pierre Lescot, who expanded the

palace into a complex with two courtyards. A decade later Catharina de Mediciadded the Tuileries palace to the west of the Louvre. Construction on the Louvrewas halted for some time when king Louis XIV decided to move to the VersaillesPalace.

In the 19th century, during the Second Empire, the Louvre was expanded againwith the addition of the Richelieu wing.

East Wing

The Louvre now had four symmetric wings surrounding a large courtyard. Thiswould not last long, as the Communards burned the Tuileries palace in 1871,opening up the west side of the palace.
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The collection of the Louvre Museum was first established in the 16th centuryby King Francis I. One of the works of art he purchased was the now famousMona Lisa painting. The collection grew steadily thanks to donations andpurchases by the kings. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the private royal

collection opened to the public.

Glass PyramidThe most recent addition to the Louvre was the

Louvre Pyramidconstruction of the glass pyramid, which functions as the museum's mainentrance. The pyramid was built in 1989 by the renowned American architectI.M. Pei. The glass pyramid allows the sunlight to come in on the undergroundfloor.

The modern addition originally received mixed reviews, as it contrasts sharplywith the classical design of the surrounding buildings, but today it is generallyaccepted as a clever solution which has given the museum a spacious centralentrance without the need to touch the historic patrimony.

ARC DE TRIOMPHE


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In the middle of the Place Charles de Gaulle, at the border of the 8th, 16th and 17tharrondissement stands one of the greatest arches in history: the Arc de Triomphe (arch oftriumph).

Napolon's Triumphal ArchThe arch was commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to commemorate his victories,but he was ousted before the arch was completed. In fact, it wasn't completeduntil 1836 during the reign of Louis-Philippe. The Arc de Triomphe is engravedwith names of generals who commanded French troops during Napoleon'sregime.

DesignThe design of the arch by Jean Chalgrin is based on the Arch of Titus in Rome.The Arc de Triomphe is much higher (50m versus 15m), but it has exactly thesame proportions.The triumphal arch is adorned

Detail of theMarseillaise Relief

with many reliefs, most of them commemorating the emperor's battles. Amongthem are the battle of Aboukir, Napoleons victory over the Turkish and theBattle of Austerliz, where Napoleon defeated the Austrians.The best known relief is the Departure of the Volunteers in 1792, also known asthe Marseillaise. At the top of the arch are 30 shields, each of them bears thename of one of Napoleon's successful battles.
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The arch also includes the Grave of the Unknown Soldiers from the first WorldWar.

Place Charles de GaulleThe arch is located at the end of the Champs-Elyses, in the middle of the PlaceCharles de Gaulle, a large circular square from which no less than 12 streetsemanate. The streets are named after French military leaders.

Observatory

View from Arc de Triomphe

The top of the arch features a viewing platform from where you have greatviews ofLa Defense, the Champs-Elyses and the Sacr-Coeur. Make sure youtake one of the underpasses to the arch, it is too dangerous to try and cross thestreet. There is no elevator in the arch, so be prepared to walk up 234 steps.

SAINTE CHAPEL

Erected by Louis IX, this magnificent chapel was originally designed to house precious religioustreasures. At the time known as the stairway to heaven, the chapel is one of the masterpieces ofmedieval architecture.

HistoryLocated on the Ile de la Cit in the center of Paris,
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Sainte-Chapelle

the idea for the Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) originated in 1241 with Louis IX,who was looking for a proper place to house the Crown of Thorns and afragment of the True Cross, relics from the Passion that he had purchased twoyears prior from Byzantine Emperor Baldwin II. The king had paid quite a pricefor these relics, about 135,000 livres, nearly 4 times what it would cost to buildthe chapel to display them.

Stained-glass windows

More relics were added at later dates.

The plans for Sainte-Chapelle are attributed to Pierre de Montreuil, who hadalso created designs for Saint-Denis and part of the Notre-Dame Cathedral.Groundbreaking occurred in 1242 and the chapel was completed in an amazingsix years time.Considered a perfect example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture(common in France), Saint-Chapelle is 36 m long, 17 m wide, and 42.5 m high(118 x 56 x 139 ft). It has a single nave, culminating in a chevet with sevenpanels. Outside, youll find heavy buttresses at the base, contrasting
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with a much lighter feeling throughout the upper parts. The slate roof is toppedby a 33-meter-high (108 ft) cedar spire that was crafted in the 19th century,but is an exact replica of the 15th century spire that previously sat atop thechapel.

Saint-Chapelle suffered much damage during the French Revolution. Some partsof the chapel like furniture and stalls disappeared altogether, the organ wasmoved elsewhere, and the precious relics were scattered, some never to befound again. The ones that were recovered are now housed at Notre-Dame.

The Upper Chapel

Upper Chapel

Consecrated by the Pope's legate, Eudes of Chteauroux, in April 1268, theUpper Chapel is an incredible example of ecclesiastical Gothic architecture. Thepart of the building that housed the relics and was reserved for the king, hisfriends, and his family, the Upper Chapel is an artistic masterpiece. Visitors

marvel at the tall stained glass windows and the wonderful statues of Jesustwelve apostles.

The stained glass covers a total of 600 square meters (6,456 sq ft) in area andtwo-thirds of them are still 13th century originals. The western rose window,however, was crafted in the 15th century. The windows were removed brieflyduring the early 19th century and again during World War II to protect themfrom harm. They were painstakingly reinstalled after the war.
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The Lower Chapel

Lower Chapel

The Lower Chapel is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and was once reserved for thekings staff. Its somewhat more humble design includes a low vaulted ceilingpainted to resemble a starry sky and arched columns decorated with medallionsthat represent the Apostles. The columns are also adorned with French fleur-de-lis. Guests to the Lower Chapel can also visit tombstones representing some ofthe chapels former reverends.

PALACE DE VERSAILLES

The magnificent Chteau de Versailles is a testimony of the Sun King's extravaganza. The Palaceand its magnificent formal garden became the quintessential model for palaces in Europe.

Brief HistoryThe town of Versailles sits about 20 kilometers outside of Paris. The firstmention of the town and estate was in 1038, when the name appeared in acharter of the Abbey of Saint-Pre de Chartres. By the end of the 11th century,Versailles was a country village


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Statue of Louis XIV

enveloping a castle and the church of Saint-Julien, remaining prosperous untilwell into the 13th century. After the Hundred Years War, however, only ahandful of people lived there.

Royal PresenceIn the 16th century, the Gondi family became the rulers of Versailles and thetown began to gain acclaim when future King Louis XIII visited and becameenamored with the site. He purchased land in the area and proceeded to build asmall brick and stone lodge there in 1622. Ten years later, he became the lordof Versailles and began enlarging his lodge. Soon, he purchased more land aswell as Gondis estate. Louis XIII dies in 1643.

The Sun KingIn 1662, the new king Louis XIV took an earnest interest in Versailles. LouisXIV, also known as The Sun King, distrusted the Parisians and wanted to move

his Royal Residence away from the Louvre Palace, which was at the heart ofconstant political turbulence. The Sun King was largely responsible for theexpansion that resulted in the building that still stands today. He hired architectLouis Le Vau along with artist

Royal Chapel

Charles Le Brun to carry out the work on this Baroque masterpiece, whichbecame the quintessential model for all palaces in Europe. Famed gardenerAndr le Ntre was responsible for the unequalled Versailles Garden.
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After Le Vau's death, Jules Hardouin- Mansart was commissioned to triple thesize of the palace. Under his watchful eye, the northern and southern wings, theOrangerie, the Grand Trianon (a chateau) and the Royal Chapel wereconstructed. Later additions included the Opera and the Petit Trianon (a small

chateau), which was built between the years 1761 1764 for Louis XV andMadame de Pompadour.

The French RevolutionDuring the French Revolution, the incredible collection of paintings, antiques,and other works of art that had been amassed at Versailles were transferred tothe Louvre and other important items went to the National Library andConservatory of Arts and Crafts. Most of the furniture, historians say,

Royal palace

was sold at auction.

A Palatial MuseumAfter the Revolution, Napoleon spent his summers at Versailles until heabdicated. Later, it was Louis-Phillipe who, in 1830, transformed the chateauinto a grand museum, dedicated to the glory of France. The Chapel, theOpera, and the Hall of Mirrors were preserved but many smaller apartmentswere destroyed to make room for spacious exhibition halls. In the 1960s,however, curator Pierre Verlet was responsible for getting some of thefurnishings back and restoring a number of the royal apartments.

Today, visitors to Versailles can visit much of the interior of this spectacularpalace, as well as its world-famous garden.

InteriorNotable rooms include:

The Hall of Mirrors Some call this Louis XIVs
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Hall of Mirrors

most notable contribution to Versailles. The mainfeature of the hall is the seventeen mirrored archesthat reflect the seventeen arcaded windows whichlook out onto Versailles equally- magnificent garden.Each arch contains twenty-one mirrors, for a total of357 in all. This magnificent hall measures 73 meters

long, 10.5 meters wide, and 12.3 meters high(240x34x40ft). Statues and busts line the walls. TheHall of Mirrors has always played an important role inhistory including in 1919, as the First World Warofficially ended when Germany signed the Treaty ofVersailles in this hall.

Chapel of Versailles The current chapel ofVersailles is the fifth at the palace.

Painted Ceiling, Royal Chapel

Construction began in 1689 and was completedaround 1710. It features a tribune on the same

level as the royal apartments, overlooking the nave,where the kings would sit when they attended mass.The architecture is a combination of Gothic andBaroque. Many of its features resemble cathedrals ofmedieval times, including the gargoyles and pointedroof, but other features are more reminiscent of theera in which it was built, including colored marble tilefloors, columns, and carved pillars.


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The Grand Apartment Originally known as theApartment of the Planets (the 7 salons of thisapartment each featured a painting of a planet), thiswas King Louis XIVs apartment. While the entireapartment and all its salons are amazing, most

notable are the ceilings, painted by Painter to theKing, Charles Le Brun and his team of artists. Royal Opera The auditorium of the Opera isfashioned entirely from wood, making it one of themost acoustically live theaters in the world. Thoughit was a court theater and not meant for a hugepublic audience, it seats more than 700. Gold, pink,and green dominate the decor for the Opera, whichwasnt constructed until 1770. It was first used forthe wedding ball of future king Louis XVI and MarieAntoinette and boasts a unique mechanical system

that raises the floor to the level of the stage. Today,it is still used for concerts and operas.

The Garden

Geometric Garden

At 100 hectare (about 250 acre), the garden of the Versailles Palace is Europe'slargest palace garden. It was created in the 17th century by landscape gardenerAndr Le Ntre who designed what could be considered the quintessentialformal French garden. The garden is laid out in a geometric pattern of paths,bushes, flowerbeds and trees. Le Ntre also drained the swampy, sloping terrainand created a series of basins and a large canal, known as the Grand Canal.

Several fountains adorn the basins. The most famous are the Latona Fountain -with a statue of the goddess Latona - and the Apollo Fountain - named after the

sun god and depicting the Sun King riding a chariot. There are several otherfountains in the garden, such as the Neptune Fountain.


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Latona Fountain

The fountains were installed to entertain the many guests invited to the lavishparties organized by King Louis XIV.Another noteworthy decoration in the garden is the Colonnade, a circular row ofmarble columns, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart.

There are also a couple of smaller palaces in the garden: the Grand Trianon andthe Petit Trianon. Some 10,000 people worked in the Versailles Palace, soprivacy was minimal. Hence King Louis XIV ordered the construction of the

Grand Trianon, a palace almost as luxurious as the main palace where the kingcould escape the formalities of the court and arrange rendezvous with hismistress. His successor, king Louis XV later built the smaller Petit Trianon forthe same reason.

MOULIN ROUGE

Ever since it opened its doors more than 120 years ago, Moulin Rouge has set the standard for theworld's most famous cabarets.

History of the Moulin RougeIn October 1889, Paris was all abuzz concerning the opening of a new musichall. The owners of this new establishment, Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler,who had chosen the name Moulin Rouge (Red Mill) for their

theatre, gave it the nickname Le Premier Palais des Femmes (The First Palaceof Women) and claimed that Moulin Rouge would soon become a temple ofmusic and dance.

Moulin Rouge quickly gained a reputation for being the place where men couldview young Parisian girls whose unique and amazing dance moves were asflexible as their morals. And though the famous Can-Can dance had been


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present in working class ballrooms since the 1830s, the early days of the MoulinRouge cemented its popularity, though during the first few decades that theestablishment was open, it was little more than a bawdy dance performed bycourtesans to entertain their male clientele. At times

Moulin Rouge Poster

from 1891 byToulouse-Lautrec

it was downright vulgar and what went on inside the Moulin Rouge caused muchpublic outrage. During this time period, one of the music halls most notablepatrons was artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who painted a number of famousMoulin Rouge scenes.

In later years, the establishment cleaned up its act (so to speak), eventuallylost its reputation as a brothel, and became a fashionable music hall known forits extravagant cabaret shows, attracting a high-class clientele.

The Can-Can itself was toned down as well, though even modern patrons willtell you that this signature dance is still a bit naughty. Still, its the main reasonpatrons come to Moulin Rouge and they always go away entertained by thedancers high-kicking moves, cartwheels, splits, and other

Contemporary poster

amazing acrobatic tricks.

Visiting Moulin Rouge


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Today, a visit to the Moulin Rouge is still very popular with adult visitors toParis. Youll find myriad tourists snapping photos of the huge red windmill thatsits on top of the theatre and many visitors make reservations here for a nightlyshow.

The show features more than 100 performers decked out in the mostextravagant costumes, which include lots of feathers, rhinestones, and sequins.The sets are equally as spectacular. But remember, this is adult entertainment,so those with kids should choose a different activity or find a reliable baby-sitterand enjoy a night out sans children.

HOTEL DES INVALIDES

Design & Construction

Originally only a number of barracks were planned, but king Louis XIV chose adesign by architect Liberal Bruant which consisted of a large impressive buildingwith a royal courtyard and church.

Cour d'Honneur

The front facade facing the Seine river is 196 meter long (643 ft). The wholecomplex features 15 courtyards, the largest being the cour d'honneur (court ofhonor). This courtyard was used for military parades.The building was completed in 1676 and housed up to 4,000 war veterans. Awide, 500 meter long esplanade designed by Robert de Cotte separates theHtel des Invalides from the late 19th century Pont Alexandre III and
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Soldiers' Church

Seine river.

Church Saint-LouisStarting in 1676 on request of the Sun King's war minister, the church Saint-

Louis was added as an annex to the complex.It was built by Jules Hardouin Mansart after the design by Libral Bruant, thearchitect of the Htel des Invalides. The church, then known as the pensioners'Choir but later referred to as the Soldiers' church was opened for the soldiers in1679. They were required to attend the daily mass here.

Dme des InvalidesThe church is connected directly with the Royal chapel, better known as theDme des Invalides. This chapel with a 107 meter high dome (351 ft) was forexclusive use of the royal family. Construction of the dome was completed in1708, 27 years after the first stone was laid.

Plans to bury the remains of the Royal Family here were set aside after thedeath of king Louis XIV,

Dme des Invalides

and in 1840 king Louis-Philippe repatriated the remains of the EmperorNapoleon from st. Helena - where he was buried after his death 19 years earlier- to have Napoleon entombed here. The Dme des Invalides now also houses
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the tombs of several other military leaders like Turenne, Vauban and marshallFoch.

MuseumsThe Htel des Invalides is now home to several museums:

- The Muse de l'Arme is a large military museum located on both sides of thecour d'honneur. It covers military history from the early Middle Ages to thesecond World War. It features weapons, uniforms, maps and banners, not onlyfrom the western world, but also

Armory at theMuse de l'Arme

from countries like Turkey, China, Japan and India.- The Muse des Plans-Reliefs or Relief maps museum displays detailed scalemodels of French fortresses and fortified cities, going back to the 17th century.- The Muse de l'ordre de la Libration is dedicated to the liberation of France in

the Second World war and to its leader, general Charles de Gaulle.

LocationThe Htel des Invalides is located in the 7th arrondissement, south of the Seineriver, just east of the Ecole Militaire.
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Sight Seeing in Paris