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MDG target on water
In 2012, the MDG target on water had been reached.
But …
Still around 800 million people worldwide lack access to an improved drinking water source.
Water quality is not monitored.
Disparities among rich and poor, rural and urban, informal and formal settlements.
MDG Target on Sanitation
Sanitation is one of the most off-track targets of the MDGs.
2.5 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation, 70 per cent of which live in rural areas. Around 1 billion people practice open defecation.1.6 million people, mostly children under the age of 5, die each year from water and sanitation-related diseases.
Striking Inequalities in Access: Urban-Rural
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2010
All waterinfrastructure+surfacewater
All water infrastructure
Improved water sources
Safe water sources
safe water sources that iswithin 30mins of home
safe water sources at home
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2010
All waterinfrastructure+surfacewater
All water infrastructure
Improved water sources
Safe water sources
safe water sources that iswithin 30mins of home
safe water sources athome
Urban Rural
Urban-Rural disparities (2010) (source WHO-UNICEF)
Improved water: 93% vs. 44%, safe water at home: 45% vs. 0.2%
Striking Inequalities in Access: Rich-Poor
511
7
16
31
36
57
37
Poorest
1020
16
32
34
4840
0
Poor
1321
24
38
31
4132
0Middle
Open defecation
Unimproved facilities
Shared improvedfacilities
Improved facilities
2732
36
44
26
24
12
0Rich
47 51
3640
139
4 0Richest
Rich-poor gap (rural): 42%pt (2000), 40%pt (2008) (source WHO-UNICEF)
Legal basis for the human rights to water and sanitation
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (art. 25(1))
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 11)
Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 24(2)(h))
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 14(2)(h))
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (art. 18 (2)(a))UN General Assembly and Human Rights Council resolutions 292/64 and 15/9, respectivelyHuman Rights Council resolution 24/41 affirmed the normative content of the HR to water and sanitation
Equality and non-discrimination: Everyone is equal before the law; prohibition of arbitrary differences of treatment
Participation and inclusion: Every person is entitled to active, free and meaningful participation in and contribution to decision-making processes affecting them
Accountability and the rule of law: State and other duty-bearers should be accountable for the fulfilment of their obligations
Human rights-based approach: key elements
What is the Human Right to Water and Sanitation?
The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.
The human right to sanitationentitles everyone, without discrimination, to physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, which is safe, hygienic, secure, socially and culturally acceptable, which provides privacy and dignity.
Normative content of the rights to water and sanitation
AVAILABILITY: sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses; within immediate vicinity
QUALITY: safe for consumption and other personal uses; hygienically and technically safe to use
ACCESSIBILITY: to everyone without discrimination, within the immediate vicinity
AFFORDABILITY: price must be affordable for all without compromising the ability to secure other essential necessities guaranteed by human rights
ACCEPTABILITY: culturally acceptable and gender-specific, andto ensure privacy and dignity
1 ¿Qué es el acceso a la justicia?
Los Estados tienen la obligación de realizar los derechos humanos al agua y al saneamiento y se puede exigir su responsabilidad por el cumplimiento de dicha obligación. El derecho de acceso a la justicia es indispensable para poner en práctica este principio fundamental.
las personas pueden denunciar supuestas violaciones a los derechos humanos ante órganos independientes e imparciales.
1.1 Fundamentos legales
Los derechos humanos al A&S son componentes del derecho humano a un nivel de vida adecuado (Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales). Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (CDESC), Observación general Nº 15
“Toda persona o grupo que haya sido víctima de una violación del derecho al agua deberá contar con recursos judiciales o de otro tipo efectivos tanto en el plano nacional como en el internacional”.“Todas las víctimas de las violaciones del derecho al agua deberán tener derecho a una reparación adecuada”.
La Observación general Nº 15 se aplica igualmente al derecho humano al saneamento.
1.2 Las dimensiones del acceso a la justicia
La obligación de respetar (desconexiones, acceso a fuentes de agua, contaminación, reducción cuantidad)La obligación de proteger (prevención de violaciones…cambio de proveedores) La obligación de cumplir (universalización…)No discriminación e igualdad Participación Obligaciones extraterritoriales
3 Cómo hacer para que el acceso a lajusticia sea eficaz
Todos los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas deben resolver las denuncias de manera inmediata, expeditiva, eficaz, imparcial e independiente. Los recursos deben ser accesibles, asequibles, oportunos o rápidos y eficaces.
3.1 Cómo superar los obstáculos al acceso a la justicia
Acceso a la información.Accesibilidad física.AsequibilidadServicios jurídicosOtros obstáculos
Barreras sociales que enfrentan las mujeres.No familiaridad con regulaciones y tradiciones de los tribunales.Dependencia económica de personas o grupos que violan los derechos.Miedo a represalias, discriminación o estigmatización (privacidad y anonimato)
3.2 ¿Qué se requiere para garantizar el acceso a la justicia?
Expertise y capacitación.Independencia, imparcialidad, transparencia y rendición de cuentas.Toma de decisiones en forma inmediata y oportuna.Procesos y decisiones comprensibles.Interpretación del derecho nacional en consonancia con el derecho internacional.Los tribunales y los organismos de derechos humanos deben evaluar si el Estado ha utilizado el máximo de recursos disponibles.
3.3 Recursos apropiados y eficaces
Diseño de recursos apropiados, incluso recursos sistemáticos.Cómo garantizar el cumplimiento de las sentencias.
Rights to water and sanitation – what do they mean in practice?
Do States have to implement these rights overnight? Do States have to provide access directly?Is everyone entitled to piped water and a flush toilet connected to a sewerage network?Do States have to provide services free of charge?Do human rights contribute to providing access to water and sanitation?