SI Engine Pollution & Control_FCP

8/2/2019 SI Engine Pollution & Control_FCP

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POLLUTION FROM SI ENGINES

& THEIR CONTROL

Seminar and Report submitted by

Ajay Badheka(09ESIAE201)To

HOD of Automobile Dept; S.I.T. Jaipur

Shri Kamal Saini Sir



S.I. ENGINE EMISSIONS

EVAPORATIVE CRANKCASE EXHAUST

FUEL CARB. CO, HC, NOX, PART. TANK FLOAT BOWL

UBHC UBHC

FOR THE S.I. ENGINE WITH CARBURETOR:

EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 20%

CRANKCASE EMISSIONS ACCOUNT FOR APPROXIMATELY 20%

EXHAUST EMISSIONS ACCOUNT FOR THE BALANCE 60%

Vehicular Emissions



Major Sources:

Dirunal Emissions

Take place from fuel tanks and carburetor float bowls

(in engines fitted with carburetors) of parked vehicles.

It draws in air at night as it cools down

Expels air and gasoline vapour as it heats up during the day.

These could be up to 50g per day on hot days.

EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS

Hot Soak Emissions This occurs after an engine is shut down.

The residual thermal energy of the engine heats up

the fuel system leading to release of fuel vapours.



Running Losses

Gasoline vapours are expelled from the tank (or float bowl)

when the car is driven and the fuel tank becomes hot.

This can be high if the ambient temperature is high.

Filling Losses (Refueling Losses)

Gasoline vapours can escape

when the vehicle is being refueled in the service station.



Evaporative Emission Control:

1. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System(for crankcase emissions)

2. Charcoal Canister System

(for Fuel tank and carburetor float bowl emissions)







Exhaust Emissions:

1. CO

1. NO

1. HC





CO Formation

• Primarily dependent on the equivalence ratio.

• Levels of CO observed are lower than the maximum values

measured within the combustion chamber

• but are significantly higher than equilibrium values

for the exhaust conditions

• The processes which govern CO exhaust levels are

kinetically controlled

• The rate of re-conversion from CO to CO2 is slower thanthe rate of cooling.

• This explains why CO is formed even with

stoichiometric and lean mixtures.



NO Formation:

• There is a temperature distribution across the chamber due to passage

of flame.

• Mixture that burns early is compressed to higher temperatures after

combustion, as the cylinder pressure continues to rise.

• Mixture that burns later is compressed primarily as unburned mixtureand ends up after combustion at a lower burned gas temperature.

• Using the NO formation kinetic model based on the extended

Zeldovich mechanism:

O + N2 NO + N

N + O2 NO + O

N + OH NO + H



• Assuming equilibrium concentrations for O, O2, N2, OH and H

corresponding to the equivalence ratio and burned gas fraction of the mixture

we obtain the rate-limited concentration profile. The NO concentration

corresponding to chemical equilibrium can also be obtained.

• The rate-controlled concentrations arise from the residual gas NO concentration,

lagging the equilibrium levels, then cross the equilibrium levels and

“freeze” well above the equilibrium values corresponding to exhaust conditions.

• Depending on details of engine operating conditions, the rate limited

concentrations may or may not come close to equilibrium levels at

peak cylinder pressure and gas temperature.

• The amount of decomposition from peak NO levels, which occurs

during expansion depends on engine conditions as well as whetherthe mixture element burned early or late.

• The earlier burning fractions of the charge contribute much more to

the exhausted NO than do later burning fractions of the charge.



• Frozen NO concentrations in these early-burning elements can be

an order of magnitude higher than concentrations in late burning elements.

• In the absence of vigorous bulk gas motion, the highest NO

concentrations occur nearest the spark plug.

• These descriptions of NO formation in the SI engine have been confirmed

by experimental observations.

Among the major engine variables that affect NO emissions are

1. Equivalence Ratio

2. Burned gas fraction (Residual gas plus EGR if any)3. Excess air

4. Spark Timing



HC Formation:

The sequence of processes involved in the engine out HC emissions is:

1. Storage2. In-cylinder post-flame oxidation

3. Residual gas retention

4. Exhaust oxidation

HC Sources

1. Quench Layers

• Quenching contributes to only about 5-10% of total HC. However, bulk

quenching or misfire due to operation under dilute or lean conditions

can lead to high HC.

• Quench layer thickness has been measured and found to be in the range

of 0.05 to 0.4 mm (thinnest at high load) when using propane as fuel.

• Diffusion of HC from the quench layer into the burned gas and

subsequent oxidation occurs, especially with smooth clean combustion

chamber walls.



2. Crevices

• These are narrow volumes present around the surface of the combustion

chamber, having high surface-to-volume ratio into which flame will not

propagate.

• They are present between the piston crown and cylinder liner, along the

gasket joints between cylinder head and block, along the seats of the intake

and exhaust valves, space around the plug center electrode and between spark

plug threads.

• During compression and combustion, these crevice volumes are filled with

unburned charge. During expansion, a part of the UBHC-air mixture leaves

the crevices and is oxidized by the hot burned gas mixture.

• The final contribution of each crevice to the overall HC emissions depends on

its volume and location relative to the spark plug and exhaust valve.



3. Lubricant Oil Layer

• The presence of lubricating oil in the fuel or on the walls of the combustion

chamber is known to result in an increase in exhaust HC levels.

• The exhaust HC was primarily unreacted fuel and not oil or oil-derived compounds.

• It has been proposed that fuel vapor absorption into and desorption from

oil layers on the walls of the combustion chamber could explain

the presence of HC in the exhaust.

4. Deposits

• Deposit buildup on the combustion chamber walls (which occurs in vehicles

over several thousand kilometers) is known to increase UBHC emissions.

• Deposit buildup rates depend on fuel and operating conditions.

• Olefinic and aromatic compounds tend to have faster buildup

than do paraffinic compounds.



5. Liquid Fuel and Mixture Preparation – Cold Start

• The largest contribution (>90%) to HC emissions from the SI engine during

a standard test occurs during the first minute of operation.

This is due to the following reasons:

• The catalytic converter is not yet warmed up

• A substantially larger amount of fuel is injected than the stoichiometricproportion in order to guarantee prompt vaporization and starting

6. Poor Combustion Quality

Flame extinction in the bulk gas before the flame front reaches the wall is a

source of HC emissions under certain engine operating conditions.



Exhaust Emission Control:

Four basic methods are used to control engine emissions:

1. Engineering of the combustion process

2. Optimizing the choice of the operating parameters and

3. Using after-treatment devices in the exhaust system.

4. Using reformulated fuels, for example, oxygenated gasoline in winter to

reduce CO and low volatility gasoline in summer to reduce

evaporative HC.

This requires advances in,

1. Fuel injector design

. 2. Oxygen sensors

3. on-board computers



Two NOx control measures have been used since the 1970s, namely,

1. Spark retard and

2. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).

Both methods reduce peak temperatures and hence NOx emissions.

If EGR is used, spark timing has to be advanced to maintain

optimal thermal efficiency.

EGR fraction increases with engine load up to the lean limit – about 15-20%

of the fuel-air mixture.

Currently, the most important after-treatment device is the Three-way catalyst (TWC),

which was first installed in the US in 1975.



Three-way catalyst consists of:

• Rhodium – the principal metal used to remove NO

• Platinum – the principal metal used to remove HC and CO

NO reacts with CO, HC and H2 via reduction reactions on the surface of the catalyst.

Remaining CO and HC are removed through an oxidation reaction

forming CO2 and H2O in the products.

Light-off temperature: The temperature at which the catalytic converter becomes

50% efficient. It is approximately 270oC for oxidation of HC

and about 220oC for oxidation of CO.

Conversion efficiency at fully warmed up condition is 98-99% for CO and 95% for HC,

depending on the HC components.



Catalytic Converter:

• Consists of an active catalytic material in a specially designed metal

casing, which directs the exhaust gas through the catalyst bed

• Active material (noble metals like platinum, palladium and rhodium or

base metals like copper and chromium)

Two types of configurations are commonly used,

• Ceramic honeycomb or matrix structure- also called monolith

• A bed of spherical ceramic pellets



Oxidation Catalysts:

The oxidation catalyst oxidizes CO and HC to CO2 and H2O.

Sufficient oxygen must be present to oxidize CO and HC.

Because of their higher intrinsic (inherent) activity, noble metals are

most suitable as catalytic material.

A mixture of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) is most commonly

used.

For oxidation of CO, olefins, and methane: specific activity of Pd is

higher than that of Pt.

For oxidation of aromatics: Pt and Pd have similar activity.

For oxidation of paraffins (molecular weight greater than C3): Pt

is more active than Pd.



Three-way Catalysts

• If the engine is operated at all times with an air-fuel ratio at or close to

stoichiometric then both NO reduction and HC/CO oxidation can be done in asingle catalyst bed.

• The catalyst effectively brings the exhaust gas composition to a near-equilibrium

state at their exhaust conditions, that is, a composition of CO2, H2O and N2.

• Enough reducing gases will be present to reduce NO and enough oxygen to oxidizeCO and HC. Such a catalyst is called a Three Way Catalyst (TWC).

• It requires an electronic carburetor or a fuel injection system (FIS), through closed

loop control of Φ.

• An oxygen sensor in the exhaust is used to indicate whether the engine isoperating rich or in the lean side of stoichiometric and provide a signal for

adjusting the fuel system to achieve the desired A/F.



• Commercial TWC contain Pt & Rh (Pt/Rh = 2 to 17), with some alumina,

NiO and CeO2. Alumina is the preferred support material.

• Catalyst must be quickly warmed up (20 – 30s) - current system takes 2 min.

• Catalytic reactors must have low thermal inertia, that is, it must be constructed

of material, which have low specific heat but high thermal conductivity. Hence

warm up time to operating temperature will be less.

• Methods for decreasing warm up time are:

1. Use of an after burner

2. Locating the converter or use of a start up converter closer to the exhaust

valve/manifold.

3. Electric heating - Additional cost plus a major drain in the battery;

requiredfor starting the engine. Up to 1.5 kW for short period may be required.

4. Absorb the UBHC during cold start and release it after warming up.







Any Queries ???

Thank You

Documents

SI Engine Pollution & Control_FCP